Identification of a G1-type cyclin puc1+ in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe

In rapidly growing cells of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the cell cycle is regulated chiefly at Start, just before the G1-S boundary, whereas in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, the cycle is predominantly regulated at G2-M. Both control points are present in both yeasts, and both require the p34cdc2 protein kinase. At G2-M, p34cdc2 kinase activity in S. pombe requires a B-type cyclin in a complex with p34cdc2; this complex is the same as MPF (maturation promoting factor). The p34cdc2 activity at the G1-S transition in S. cerevisiae may be regulated by a similar cyclin complex, using one of the products of a new class of cyclin genes (CLN1, CLN2 and WHI1 (DAF1/CLN3)). At least one is required for progression through the G1-S phase, and deletion of all three leads to G1 arrest. WHI1 was isolated as a dominant allele causing budding yeast cells to divide at a reduced size and was later independently identified as DAF1, a dominant allele of which rendered the cells refractory to the G1-arrest induced by the mating pheromone alpha-factor. The dominant alleles are truncations thought to yield proteins of increased stability, and the cells are accelerated through G1. Without WHI1 function, the cells are hypersensitive to alpha-factor, enlarged and delayed in G1. Heretofore, this G1-class of cyclins has not been identified in other organisms. We have isolated a G1-type cyclin gene called puc1+ from S. pombe, using a functional assay in S. cerevisiae. Expression of puc1+ in S. pombe indicates that it has a cyclin-like role in the fission yeast distinct from the role of the B-type mitotic cyclin.     

A new tropomyosin essential for cytokinesis in the fission yeast S. pombe.

Mutations in the Schizosaccharomyces pombe cdc8 gene impair cytokinesis. Here we clone cdc8+ and find that it encodes a novel tropomyosin. Gene disruption results in lethal arrest of the cell cycle, but spore germination, cell growth, DNA replication and mitosis are all unaffected. Haploid cdc8 gene disruptants are rescued by expression of a fibroblast tropomyosin complementary DNA. Immunofluorescence microscopy of wild type and cdc8 gene disruptants indicates that cdc8 tropomyosin is present in two distinct cellular distributions: in dispersed patches, and during cytokinesis as a transient medial band. Collectively these results indicate that cdc8 tropomyosin has a specialized role which, we suggest, is to form part of the F-actin contractile ring at cytokinesis. These results establish the basis for further genetic studies of cytokinesis and of contractile protein function in S. pombe.     

The genome sequence of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

We have sequenced and annotated the genome of fission yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe), which contains the smallest number of protein-coding genes yet recorded for a eukaryote: 4,824. The centromeres are between 35 and 110 kilobases (kb) and contain related repeats including a highly conserved 1.8-kb element. Regions upstream of genes are longer than in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), possibly reflecting more-extended control regions. Some 43% of the genes contain introns, of which there are 4,730. Fifty genes have significant similarity with human disease genes; half of these are cancer related. We identify highly conserved genes important for eukaryotic cell organization including those required for the cytoskeleton, compartmentation, cell-cycle control, proteolysis, protein phosphorylation and RNA splicing. These genes may have originated with the appearance of eukaryotic life. Few similarly conserved genes that are important for multicellular organization were identified, suggesting that the transition from prokaryotes to eukaryotes required more new genes than did the transition from unicellular to multicellular organization.     

粟酒裂殖酵母snR41 snoRNA的鉴定及其结构进化的意义

采用计算机分析和分子生物学实验的方法,在粟酒裂殖酵母Schizosaccharomyces pombe中发现和鉴定了一种新的反义snoRNA,命名为snR41,与酿酒酵母Sacharomyces cerevisiae snR41同源分子比较,粟酒裂殖酵母snR41只具有一个指导rRNA核糖甲基化的反义序列,这一发现进一步揭示了反义snoRNA同源分子在一级结构上的多样性,为研究反义SnoRNA结构及进化提供了新的线索。     

粟酒裂殖酵母Z15 snoRNA的鉴定及结构与功能分析

运用计算机及实验的方法,在粟酒裂酵母（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓ ｐｏｍｂｅ）中发现和鉴定了一个新的,结构特殊的ｓｎｏＲＮＡ－Ｚ１５。该ｓｎｏＲＮＡ由一个独立转录的基因编码,位于酵母２号染色体上,Ｚ１５长达９２个核苷酸,属于反义ｓｎｏＲＮＡ家族,它除了具有典型的ｂｏｘＣ／Ｄ结构元素和末端配对区外,还含有分别与酿酒酵母Ｚ１５和Ｚ２相同的两个反义序列,反映了粟酒裂残酵母Ｚ１５ｓｎｏＲＮＡ基     

粟酒裂殖酵母SnoRNA snR90基因缺失株的筛选鉴定

snR90是在粟酒裂殖酵母中发现的一种单基因编码的box H/ACA类snoRNA.在利用遗传手段在粟酒裂殖酵母基因组中敲除了snR90基因后,通过选择性培养基、PCR、Northern杂交这一系列方法筛选鉴定出snR90基因缺失株.该基因缺失株ΔsnR90的成功构建对snR90功能的分析很有的意义.     

粟酒裂殖酵母质膜ATP酶的制备及活性测定

用小玻璃珠破碎处于对数生长中期的粟酒裂殖酵母（Ｓｃｈｉｚｏｓａｃｃｈａｒｏｍｙｃｅｓｐｏｍｂｅ）细胞,将所得到的匀浆液经差速离心,酸处理,不连续蔗糖密度梯度离心,得到质膜ＡＴＰ酶,并对其进行鉴定及活性测定．发现所制备的质膜ＡＴＰ酶对ＮａＮ３不敏感,而对Ｎａ３ＶＯ４具有高度的敏感性,半抑制浓度为１２μｍｏｌ／Ｌ,表明所制备的质膜ＡＴＰ酶较纯,不混杂线粒体ＡＴＰ酶．该酶的最适ｐＨ为６．３,对Ｍｇ２＋有很强的依赖性,对ＡＴＰ有较强的亲和性,Ｋｍ值为１．３ｍｍｏｌ／Ｌ．     

Ca~(2 )对酿酒酵母与粟酒裂殖酵母细胞增殖的影响

SD培养基中外加不同浓度的Ca2 可促进酿酒酵母与粟酒裂殖酵母细胞的增殖 ,但在促进增殖方式上存在明显差异 .随SD培养基中外Ca2 浓度增加 ,酿酒酵母到达稳定期的细胞终浓度也越高 ;而粟酒裂殖酵母生长到达稳定期细胞终浓度随Ca2 浓度增加而增加的效应不明显 .同时SD培养基中外加Ca2 对酿酒酵母的促进作用主要是通过加快生长对数期细胞分裂速度 ;对粟酒裂殖酵母主要是靠缩短生长延滞期来促进增殖 .     

辅酶Q_(10)生产菌株粟酒裂殖酵母原生质体制备和再生研究

研究对辅酶Q10生产菌株粟酒裂殖酵母原生质体制备和再生条件进行了优化,确定了原生质体制备及再生的最佳条件为:茵龄20 h,蜗牛酶浓度2 g/L,酶溶液pH值6.5,酶解温度25℃,酶解时间2 h.通过对粟酒裂殖酵母原生质体制备及再生条件的研究,建立了制备粟酒裂殖酵母原生质体的方法,以期进一步通过原生质体诱变获得辅酶Q10高产菌株.     

Identification and characterization of two novel box H/ACA snoRNAs from Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Ineukaryotes,alargenumberofsmallnucleolar RNAs(snoRNAs)accumulatedwithinthenucleolus playimportantrolesinprecursorribosomalRNA(pre RNA)processingandmaturation[1].AllsnoR NAs,withtheexceptionofRNaseMRP,canbe broadlydividedintotwoexpendinggroups,boxC/D andH/ACAsnoRNAs,basedonconservedsequence elements[2].BoxC/DsnoRNAscontaintwocon servedshortsequencemotifs,boxC(UGAUGA)and boxD(CUGA),locatedonlyafewnucleotidesaway fromthe5′and3′ends,respectively,generallyas partofatypical5′3…     

Epistatic gene interactions in the control of division in fission yeast

THERE is currently much interest in the mechanism which controls the timing of cell division. Certain features of the control have been found to be common to a variety of eukaryotes. In particular, the importance of cell size as a parameter affecting cell cycle progress has been reported for mammalian cells(1,2) and for several single-celled eukaryotes(3-6). Another feature common to several systems is that growth conditions have a direct effect on the timing of division cycle events(7-9), and on cell size(9,10). In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, both cell size(6) and nutritional conditions(9) have been shown to affect cycle kinetics. The organism has been used extensively as a model eukaryotic system, largely because of the ease of measuring cell size and because division occurs by binary fission(11). More recently, its genetic tractability has led to the isolation of cell division cycle (cdc) mutants(12), and also of wee mutants altered in the control coordinating growth with the division cycle(13-15). The existence of such control mutants allows a more direct approach to the investigation of the molecular basis of division control, in contrast to the indirect methods used in other systems(4,16-18). wee mutants are so far unique to S. pombe. The most conspicuous property of wee mutants is their reduced cell size(13,14). Analysis of these mutants(15,19) and other evidence(9) has shown that control over cell division timing normally acts at entry to mitosis. As the function of a number of cdc genes is specifically required for mitosis(12), interactions between wee and cdc mutants which affect mitosis might be expected. I report here that the mitotic defect caused by a defective cdc25 allele is suppressed in wee mutants. Suppression by wee1 mutants is almost complete, while the wee2.1 mutation is a less effective suppressor. The significance of these findings for genetic models of the control of mitosis is considered.     

Actin dynamics in the contractile ring during cytokinesis in fission yeast

Cytokinesis in many eukaryotes requires a contractile ring of actin and myosin that cleaves the cell in two. Little is known about how actin filaments and other components assemble into this ring structure and generate force. Here we show that the contractile ring in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe is an active site of actin assembly. This actin polymerization activity requires Arp3, the formin Cdc12, profilin and WASP, but not myosin II or IQGAP proteins. Both newly polymerized actin filaments and pre-existing actin cables can contribute to the initial assembly of the ring. Once formed, the ring remains a dynamic structure in which actin and other ring components continuously assemble and disassemble from the ring every minute. The rate of actin polymerization can influence the rate of cleavage. Thus, actin polymerization driven by the Arp2/3 complex and formins is a central process in cytokinesis. Our studies show that cytokinesis is a more dynamic process than previously thought and provide a perspective on the mechanism of cell division.     

Ca^2＋对酿酒酵母与粟酒裂殖酵母细胞增殖的影响

ＳＤ培养基中外加不同浓度的Ｃａ＾２＋可促进酿酒酵母与粟酒裂殖酵母细胞的增殖,但在促进增殖方式上存在明显差异。随ＳＤ培养基中外Ｃａ＾＋浓度增加,酿酒酵母到达稳定期的细胞终浓度也越高;而粟酒裂殖酵母生长到达稳定期细胞终浓度随Ｃａ＾２＋浓度增加而增加的效应不明显。同时ＳＤ培养其中外加Ｃａ＾２＋对酿酒酵母的促进作用主要是通过加快生长对数明细胞分裂速度;对粟酒裂殖酵母主要是靠缩短生长延滞期来促进增殖。