S2O8^2-／TiO2-SiO2催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯

以固体超强酸S2O8^2-／TiO2-SiO2为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯，考察了醇酸摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度及催化剂重复使用对酯化反应的影响。结果表明酯化反应的最佳条件为：酸醇摩尔比为1：5．4，催化剂用量为反应物总质量的0．94％，反应时间为6小时，反应温度为130℃，此条件下酯化率可达93．4％。该催化剂具有制备简便，与产品分离容易，不易腐蚀设备，重复使用后仍保留良好的活性等优点。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成异戊酸异戊酯的研究

利用硫酸氢钠作为酯化反应催化剂合成了异戊酸异戊酯，其最佳反应条件为：催化剂用量1.Og，醇酸摩尔比1．5：1．0，带水剂甲苯10ml，反应时间1．5h，酯化率可达90．3％。该催化剂易分离回收，可重复使用。     

无毒增塑剂乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯的合成

用固体氯化物催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯,柠檬酸三丁酯和乙酸酐反应合成乙酰柠檬酸三丁酯。研究了催化剂用量、原料配比、反应温度、反应时间对合成反应的影响,确定了最佳工艺条件：（１）酯化反应：柠檬酸∶正丁醇为１∶３．５（ｍｏｌ）;反应温度为１３０℃;反应时间５ｈ,催化剂用量０．７％;（２）乙酰化反应：柠檬酸三丁酯∶乙酸酐为１∶１．６,反应温度为８５℃,反应时间为１ｈ,催化剂用量为０．０６％。酯化收率为９６．３％,乙酰化收率为９８．５％。     

氨磺酸催化合成异丁酸丁酯

以氨磺酸为催化剂催化合成了异丁酸丁酯，确定了酯化优化条件，实验结果表明，醇酸摩尔比为1．8，异丁酸用量为0．2mol的情况下，催化剂用量1．0g，带水剂甲苯15mL,反应时间2．0h，反应温度107－116℃是最佳反应条件，酸的酯化率达到97．5％。     

十二烷基硫酸钠催化合成氯乙酸异丙酯

研究了十二烷基硫酸钠催化氯乙酸与异丙醇酯化反应中各种因素对酯化率的影响．在醇酸摩尔比1．2／l、催化剂用量1．0％(以酸的摩尔数计量)、反应时间2．5h、反应温度为回流温度以及5mL苯作为带水剂的反应条件下，酯化率可达97．2％．与其他酯化催化剂相比较，十二烷基硫酸钠的催化活性与硫酸氢钠、对甲苯磺酸等Bronsted酸相当，比大多数Lewis酸的催化活性高．由FTIR方法推测出十二烷基硫酸钠水解生成的硫酸氢钠在催化过程中起到了关键性作用．     

氨基磺酸催化合成甲酸环己酯

用氨基磺酸为催化剂，实现了甲酸与环己醇反应合成甲酸环己酯。考察了催化荆用量，原料配比．酯化时间，带水剂种类等因素对合成反应的影响，确定了最佳反应条件，最佳条件为n（醇）：n（酸）：1：2，催化剂用量为醇质量的5．3％，反应时间为1．Oh，产率可这80．7％，催化剂具有可循环使用等优点。     

硫酸氢钠催化合成丁酸丁酯

以硫酸氢钠为催化剂催化正丁酸和正丁醇进行酯化反应合成了丁酸丁酯，讨论了反应时间、催化剂用量、酸醇摩尔比等因素对酯化率的影响，确定了最佳反应条件：酸醇摩尔比1：1．1，催化剂用量0．1g，反应时间60min，反应温度120－140℃，酯化率达98．8％。     

丙烯酸十八酯的合成

以丙烯酸和十八醇为原料,由酯化反应合成丙烯酸十八酯。研究了丙烯酸与十八醇的摩尔比、催化剂和阻聚剂的用量、反应温度及反应时间对反应的影响。由实验得出最佳合成条件是：丙烯酸与十八醇的摩尔比为1．2对甲苯磺酸、对苯二酚的用量（质量分数）分别为1．0％和0．8％,反应温度为120℃,反应时间为8h。在此反应条件下,酯化产率可达98％。其酯化产物的熔点、元素分析、红外光谱及核磁共振分析证明所得产物为丙烯酸十八酯。     

漆酚树脂固载化三氯化铁催化合成醋酸异戊酯

用漆酚树脂固载化三氯化铁高分子催化剂合成醋酸异戊酯，对催化剂进行了红外光谱表征．考察了原料配比、反应时间、催化剂用量等因素对酯化反应的影响．实验表明，该催化剂有很好的催化活性，当醇酸物质的量之比为0．6：1，反应3h，催化剂用量为醇质量的2．3％-3．4％时，酯化收率可达88％，产品纯度达99．5％．且该催化剂具有腐蚀性小，可以重复使用等优点．     

硫酸钛催化合成丙酸丙酯

以硫酸钛为催化剂催化丙酸与正丙醇的酯化反应合成了丙酸丙酯,研究了催化剂用量，醇酸摩尔比，反应时间，带水剂用量对酯化反应的影响，在最佳工艺条件下丙酸丙酯的收率为96．5％。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with