Annual fluxes of carbon from deforestation and regrowth in the Brazilian Amazon

The distribution of sources and sinks of carbon among the world's ecosystems is uncertain. Some analyses show northern mid-latitude lands to be a large sink, whereas the tropics are a net source; other analyses show the tropics to be nearly neutral, whereas northern mid-latitudes are a small sink. Here we show that the annual flux of carbon from deforestation and abandonment of agricultural lands in the Brazilian Amazon was a source of about 0.2 Pg Cyr(-1) over the period 1989-1998 (1 Pg is 10(15) g). This estimate is based on annual rates of deforestation and spatially detailed estimates of deforestation, regrowing forests and biomass. Logging may add another 5-10% to this estimate, and fires may double the magnitude of the source in years following a drought. The annual source of carbon from land-use change and fire approximately offsets the sink calculated for natural ecosystems in the region. Thus this large area of tropical forest is nearly balanced with respect to carbon, but has an interannual variability of +/- 0.2 PgC yr(-1).     

长江中游流域水资源禀赋特征及其与自然保护地的空间关系研究

【目的】定量分析长江中游流域水资源禀赋格局及其与自然保护地的空间关系,为流域型自然保护地的合理规划与布局提供科学依据。【方法】通过构建水资源禀赋综合评价模型,结合ArcGIS技术,从数量和密度的角度定量揭示长江中游流域水资源禀赋格局与不同类型自然保护地的空间关系。【结果】长江中游流域水资源高、较高、中、较低和无禀赋区分别占研究区的2.61%、29.13%、40.01%、18.58%和9.67%,其中高禀赋区位于鄱阳环湖,无禀赋区位于唐白河流域;除地质公园外,其他自然保护地均与水资源禀赋存在较高空间关系,且在不同类型水资源及其生态系统功能、社会经济价值方面表现的相关性具有明显差异;具有水资源高禀赋的鄱阳南湖和较高禀赋的梁子湖群四级流域自然保护地分布极少,应加强对该地区水资源的保护和开发管控力度。【结论】结合ArcGIS技术,以自然保护为目标的水资源禀赋综合评价模型能够定量揭示水资源禀赋格局与快速识别其保护空缺现状,有利于我国水资源保护与流域型自然保护地体系建设。     

The Amazon basin in transition

Agricultural expansion and climate variability have become important agents of disturbance in the Amazon basin. Recent studies have demonstrated considerable resilience of Amazonian forests to moderate annual drought, but they also show that interactions between deforestation, fire and drought potentially lead to losses of carbon storage and changes in regional precipitation patterns and river discharge. Although the basin-wide impacts of land use and drought may not yet surpass the magnitude of natural variability of hydrologic and biogeochemical cycles, there are some signs of a transition to a disturbance-dominated regime. These signs include changing energy and water cycles in the southern and eastern portions of the Amazon basin.     

Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas

The rapid disruption of tropical forests probably imperils global biodiversity more than any other contemporary phenomenon. With deforestation advancing quickly, protected areas are increasingly becoming final refuges for threatened species and natural ecosystem processes. However, many protected areas in the tropics are themselves vulnerable to human encroachment and other environmental stresses. As pressures mount, it is vital to know whether existing reserves can sustain their biodiversity. A critical constraint in addressing this question has been that data describing a broad array of biodiversity groups have been unavailable for a sufficiently large and representative sample of reserves. Here we present a uniquely comprehensive data set on changes over the past 20 to 30 years in 31 functional groups of species and 21 potential drivers of environmental change, for 60 protected areas stratified across the world’s major tropical regions. Our analysis reveals great variation in reserve ‘health’: about half of all reserves have been effective or performed passably, but the rest are experiencing an erosion of biodiversity that is often alarmingly widespread taxonomically and functionally. Habitat disruption, hunting and forest-product exploitation were the strongest predictors of declining reserve health. Crucially, environmental changes immediately outside reserves seemed nearly as important as those inside in determining their ecological fate, with changes inside reserves strongly mirroring those occurring around them. These findings suggest that tropical protected areas are often intimately linked ecologically to their surrounding habitats, and that a failure to stem broad-scale loss and degradation of such habitats could sharply increase the likelihood of serious biodiversity declines.     

三江并流地区兰坪县地表覆盖类型变化及驱动力研究

本研究运用国家基础地理信息中心提供的GlobeLand30，分析兰坪县2000-2020期不同地表覆盖类型之间的转变趋势；借助GIS空间分析功能，研究高程、坡度、坡向、居民点、道路和耕地对林地变化的影响。结果表明：该县林地、灌木地和湿地面积呈先增后减趋势，草地为持续减少趋势，人造地表呈先减后增趋势，水体和耕地为持续增加趋势，且2010-2020期的总变化率是2000-2010期的17.8倍。该县林地转换率由2000-2010期的6.03%增加到2010-2020期的8.17%，草地由30.90%增长到44.82%，灌木地由45.08%上升为45.24%，主要是由于耕地导致，表明人类活动对林地、灌木地、草地的蚕食较严重。林地变化的活跃度与高程和坡度呈反比，林地变化像元数量与居民点、道路的距离呈三次方衰减，与耕地的距离呈逆模型衰减，表明林地变化受到高程、坡度、坡向的影响，且与居民点、道路、耕地的区位密切相关。本研究结果将有利于兰坪县遗产地的管理规划，为制定合理的生态移民和退耕还林政策提供理论依据。     

长江中游流域国家级自然保护地交叉重叠特征及其优化整合研究

【目的】定量分析长江中游流域国家级自然保护地交叉重叠特征及其优化整合对策,为我国自然保护地的合理规划与布局提供科学依据。【方法】以长江中游流域6类661处国家级自然保护地为研究对象,运用ArcGIS核密度指数方法,定量分析其交叉重叠特征和优化整合对策。【结果】长江中游流域共214处国家级自然保护地存在交叉重叠,主要集聚分布于鄱阳环湖、大别山南部武陵山脉和伏牛山等区域;在省级行政区划交界、流域区划交界、生物多样性保护优先区和生态功能保护区内,优化整合应优先考虑以国家公园、自然保护区、风景名胜区和自然公园4类为主体分别进行类型整合、范围调整、吸收合并和同类合并。【结论】运用ArcGIS定量可视化叠加分析方法,可以有效识别并判断自然保护地交叉重叠现状、特征及问题,有利于科学构建我国自然保护地体系及其空间格局规划。     

Global distribution and conservation of rare and threatened vertebrates

Global conservation strategies commonly assume that different taxonomic groups show congruent geographical patterns of diversity, and that the distribution of extinction-prone species in one group can therefore act as a surrogate for vulnerable species in other groups when conservation decisions are being made. The validity of these assumptions remains unclear, however, because previous tests have been limited in both geographical and taxonomic extent. Here we use a database on the global distribution of 19,349 living bird, mammal and amphibian species to show that, although the distribution of overall species richness is very similar among these groups, congruence in the distribution of rare and threatened species is markedly lower. Congruence is especially low among the very rarest species. Cross-taxon congruence is also highly scale dependent, being particularly low at the finer spatial resolutions relevant to real protected areas. 'Hotspots' of rarity and threat are therefore largely non-overlapping across groups, as are areas chosen to maximize species complementarity. Overall, our results indicate that 'silver-bullet' conservation strategies alone will not deliver efficient conservation solutions. Instead, priority areas for biodiversity conservation must be based on high-resolution data from multiple taxa.     

上饶地区饮用水源地现状及保护策略

上饶地区水资源丰富,该地区的社会经济随着改革开放而快速发展,但环境管理手段和环境保护措施相对滞后,居民生活和工业生产排放到水环境中的污染物日益增多,水质环境逐年向恶化方向发展,饮用水源地的保护面临严峻考验。本文介绍了上饶地区的水源地基础环境,分析了水环境现状,存在的污染源,最后提出饮用水源地的综合保护策略,意欲确保上饶地区饮用水安全。     

基于碳汇木材复合经营目标的综合效益及影响因素分析

【目的】研究基于碳汇木材复合经营目标的最优森林管理,为提高森林综合效益提供理论依据。【方法】基于福建顺昌国有林场杉木和桉树经营成本数据,结合生长收获模型和碳储量模型,利用修正的Faustmann-Hartman模型,以社会效用最大的综合效益为决策目标,模拟分析营林成本、碳价格、木材价格和利率变动对杉木、桉树多效益经营下综合效益的影响。【结果】在当前营林成本和经营强度不变的情况下,多效益经营提升了综合效益,说明碳汇经营具有一定的投资效益。在营林成本变动(-40%~40%)范围内,随着营林成本的增加,杉木综合效益从40 402.33元/hm²下降到5 599.02元/hm²,桉树综合效益由51 521.61元/hm²下降到15 530.34元/hm²,两树种轮伐期均延长2 a。碳价格由0上升到500元/t时,杉木综合效益由21 423.52元/hm²上升到34 209.48元/hm²,最优轮伐期均为20 a;桉树综合效益从25 845.13元/hm²上升到92 644.11元/hm²,最优轮伐期由8 a下降至6 a。在木材价格变动(-20%~20%)范围内,随着木材价格的增加,杉木综合效益由4 545.44 元/hm²上升到41 117.14元/hm²,最优轮伐期缩短1 a;桉树综合效益由9 575.92元/hm²上升到56 470.14元/hm²,最优轮伐期缩短3 a;利率从1%上升到7%时,杉木综合效益由383 745.32元/hm²下降到890.14元/hm²,最优轮伐期缩短6 a;桉树综合效益由254 648.72元/hm²下降到16 728.99元/hm²,最优轮伐期缩短1 a。【结论】杉木、桉树的综合效益受碳价格和木材价格正向调节,受利率和营林成本的负向调节;杉木、桉树的综合效益对不同经济因素敏感性大小和顺序不同;在森林综合效益方面,桉树大于杉木,而在应对气候变化方面,杉木响应优于桉树。     

Effectiveness of the global protected area network in representing species diversity

The Fifth World Parks Congress in Durban, South Africa, announced in September 2003 that the global network of protected areas now covers 11.5% of the planet's land surface. This surpasses the 10% target proposed a decade earlier, at the Caracas Congress, for 9 out of 14 major terrestrial biomes. Such uniform targets based on percentage of area have become deeply embedded into national and international conservation planning. Although politically expedient, the scientific basis and conservation value of these targets have been questioned. In practice, however, little is known of how to set appropriate targets, or of the extent to which the current global protected area network fulfils its goal of protecting biodiversity. Here, we combine five global data sets on the distribution of species and protected areas to provide the first global gap analysis assessing the effectiveness of protected areas in representing species diversity. We show that the global network is far from complete, and demonstrate the inadequacy of uniform--that is, 'one size fits all'--conservation targets.     

Climate change threats to protected plants of China: an evaluation based on species distribution modeling

Climate change poses major new challenges to biodiversity conservation. Distribution ranges of species have been proven to be affected by climate anomalies. Detecting the extent of protected species response to climate change can help formulate flexible conservation strategies to overcome the changing climate. Using species distribution modeling and high resolution climate data, we simulated current distribution patterns of 233 protected plants in China. Those patterns were then projected into future suitable habitats for each species under nine climate change scenarios, with no migration or full migration hypotheses. Under the most extreme climate change scenario （CGCM-B2a）, we evaluated species extinction risks. Sixteen percent of protected plants are expected to lose more than 30 % of their current ranges. By calculating areal shifts, hotspots for emigrants, immigrants, and persistent species were identified under climate change. Flexible conservation strategies were addressed for those regions. Those strategies strongly depend on the migration types of species and sensitivity of the hotspots to changing climate. In hotspots for emigrants, the main conservation strategy is ex situ protection; protected species from these regions should be stored in seed banks or botanical gardens. For hotspots of immigrants, enough space should be maintained for new species, and some measures are necessary to assist dispersal. For hotspots of persistent species, more natural reserves are needed. We highlight related fields that can help conserve protected species in the future, such as conserving the soil seed bank and understanding of the effects of migration ability and interactions between protected species.     

美国五大流域减沙效果分析

选择密苏里河上游的Willow、佐治亚州Lloyd Shoals水库、韦科、田纳西河一级支流渡科河、科罗拉多河上游等5条美国长期进行水土流失治理的较大的流域进行减沙效果分析。通过前后长达10—32年的对比,排除降雨和水利工程因素的影响后得出,由于对这些河流上游长时间开展大面积水土保持,其下游河道减沙效果都很显著。     

Tree species impoverishment and the future flora of the Atlantic forest of northeast Brazil

Estimates of species extinction due to human impact on tropical forests have previously been based on the relationship between species number and area. Here we use a different approach to estimate loss of tree species in the Atlantic forest of northeast Brazil. We evaluate the characteristics of plant species, their avian dispersers and the distribution of the forest remnants on the landscape to estimate that about 33.9% of tree species in this region will become extinct on a regional scale. Because northeast Brazil is the most threatened sector of South American Atlantic forest, our results highlight the need to change the current conservation paradigm for this region. Rather than focus on the creation of isolated reserves in any medium-to-large forest remnant, a bioregional planning approach is urgently required to rescue this unique biota from extinction.     

鲎保育的三赢策略

鲎有活化石之称,不仅是古生物学的重要研究对象,亦是医药试剂的原料,保育鲎不仅维系了人类生存,更是促进人类文明的跃升。但近年来,鲎被人类大量捕食、采血及破坏栖息地,种群大规模下降,迫切需要得到保育。根据世界自然保护联盟(IUCN)指南,鲎的物种保育工作以划设鲎保护区、增加鲎的种群量以及促进大众参与保育为重点。研究结果显示:在中国南部沿海,中国鲎(Tachypleus tridentatus)与圆尾鲎(Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda)的稚鲎共同栖息在有红树林分布的河口,这两种鲎的食物中大约60%的碳源来自海草衍生的食物;在户外养殖条件下,稚鲎与方斑东凤螺(Babylonia areolata)混养能够加速稚鲎脱壳率并提高存活率,因而可以获得大量适合放流的稚鲎(3龄)。本文在现有的研究成果基础上提出鲎保育的三赢策略:支持有效的海岸及河口保护区经营管理,在保护区内维系鲎的种群,对大众与小区进行鲎资源的明智利用宣教。     

广西南流江流域1986—2020年植被覆盖度时空变化及预测

为探究中国南方丘陵山地流域植被覆盖度长时序变化情况,基于1986—2020年Landsat系列影像数据,运用GEE(Google Earth Engine)平台计算植被覆盖度(fraction vegetation coverage, FVC),利用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall以及Hurst指数方法分析南流江流域植被覆盖度时空变化趋势特征。结果表明：南流江流域植被覆盖度高,植被覆盖度变化呈现明显的上升趋势。1986—2020年,流域植被改善面积(58.23%)远大于植被退化面积(8.29%),植被改善区域在流域中、下游表现最为显著,退化区域自流域上游而下依次减少。未来南流江植被覆盖度变化将呈现波动变化趋势,其中持续性改善面积占14.83%,持续性不变面积占12.25%,持续性退化面积占3.48%,余下69.44%面积为波动变化区域,流域植被覆盖变化与造林绿化工程及城市扩张发展息息相关。GEE平台在遥感影像处理中有明显优势,它能在长时序、大尺度植被监测研究中发挥重要作用。     

再论热带森林昆虫的某些特点与防治

<正>海南省尖峰岭热带林自然保护区昆虫的垂直分布明显,昆虫区系属东洋界,其中许多种类是热带区域或热带山地雨林的特有种,这些昆虫具有区系稳定、种类多而种群数量少、鳞翅目丰富、广腰亚目贫乏等特色;受季风和生物同步现象的影响,森林昆虫每年都有二个发生高峰。热带森林害虫的防治,应在生态学原理的指导下,保护好现有的原始林,对已破坏了的原始林地区,需用封山育林、营造混交林等林业措施来改善森林结构,建立起新的生态平衡,从而对害虫达到自然控制的目的。     

广西植被资源保护现状与策略

【目的】全面了解广西植被资源保护现状、受威胁原因及保护空缺,为制定广西植被资源保护策略和生物多样性保护行动计划提供科学依据。【方法】在全面收集广西植被资源信息数据的基础上,通过比较分析和空缺分析,揭示植被资源保护现状及受威胁原因。【结果】植被保护成效显著：建立了较完善的植被保护法律、法规体系,建立各种类型的自然保护区78个,面积达145.90万hm2,占广西国土面积的6.17%;这些自然保护区保存了广西40大片原生性最好的天然阔叶林,保护了广西90%的野生动植物种群和80%以上的森林植被类型,保护了全区19.8%的自然湿地和70%的重要湿地。植被保护现状：天然植被退化的严重局面还没有从根本上得到有效遏制,一些特有、珍稀植被资源尚未得到有效的保护,经济社会高速发展对天然植被保护的约束压力加大,天然植被缩小、人工植被扩大,植被的生态功能下降。植被受威胁的原因主要是：人口过快增长、城市化和土地开发、森林火灾、病虫害、气候灾害、桉树人工林的无序发展、湿地开垦与污染等。植被保护空缺仍然较大,有66种森林、17种竹林、72种灌丛、45种草丛、120种水生植被尚未得到有效保护。提出了广西植被资源保护的重点区域和重点保护类型。【结论】广西植被资源基本得到保护,但保护与开发利用之间的矛盾尖锐,构筑国土生态屏障和经营优质生态资产的任务任重道远。     

漓江流域森林景观格局时空变化特征及驱动因素

森林景观是自然景观中的主要成分。漓江流域森林景观是典型喀斯特景观资源的重要组成部分,为进一步了解漓江流域森林景观分布及变化规律,本研究通过定性与定量分析相结合的方式,采用1985年、2000年和2020年3期全球30 m精细地表覆盖数据(GLC_FCS30),通过ArcGIS空间分析、数据统计及景观指数计算,探究漓江流域1985-2020年森林景观格局的时空变化特征及森林景观的异质性水平,从自然环境地形因子(海拔、坡度、坡向)和人文活动(人口、经济、政策)等驱动因素探寻森林景观变化的驱动机制,对漓江流域森林景观的保育和可持续利用提供决策建议及科研依据。研究表明,1985-2020年,漓江流域森林景观面积由417 928.86 hm²缩减至382 268.44 hm²,森林景观减少主要受森林砍伐、建设用地扩张和果树种植的侵占影响,前期森林景观缩减的程度和范围大于后期;由于森林保育政策和流域治理措施等保护工作的开展,漓江流域森林景观在缩减的同时也在不同程度地恢复,集中体现在漓江风景名胜区的绿化建设和漓江上游的水源林保育,森林景观不同时期发生彼此消长的地区林木采伐与更新种植较为频繁。35年间,漓江流域森林景观格局呈现先破碎化和异质性水平先明显增大、后缓慢减小的趋势,针叶林、常绿阔叶林面积减少,落叶阔叶林和灌木林面积增加,不同森林景观类型的面积比例趋向均衡。喀斯特地区由于土层相对浅薄,相对非喀斯特地区灌木林占比大,落叶阔叶林占比小,长期以来森林与水体的用地转换相对非喀斯特地区更小。漓江流域森林景观面积变化主要发生在海拔较低(200-600 m)、坡度较缓(10°-30°)和偏东南坡向的地区,随着与居民点距离的增大,森林景观面积变化呈现先增加后减少的趋势,在1 000-1 400 m距离达到最大值,森林景观变化的面积与道路距离呈反比。本研究针对漓江流域森林景观格局的变化特征及驱动因素提出适于当地的森林景观保育策略,为漓江流域及同类地区的生态环境修复和林业可持续发展提供理论支撑。     

江西赣江源自然保护区森林涵养水源和净化水质及保育土壤价值核算

赣江源自然保护区是以保护中亚热带常绿阔叶林生态系统为主的自然保护区,涵盖江西的石城、瑞金二县市。流域面积161.008 5 km2。赣江是江西省的母亲河,流域面积83 500 km2,占全省国土面积的48%,保护赣江源区的森林环境资源,对江西经济社会的发展,具有重要的战略和现实意义。     

中国亚热带森林土壤呼吸的基本特点

中国亚热带森林在全球森林生态系统中具有独特的植被类型及结构,长期受人类活动干扰(毁林、造林等),森林土壤碳呼吸特征不明确,较难准确估算土壤碳的分配情况.分析了我国亚热带森林土壤呼吸在不同森林类型、不同退化和恢复演替阶段,以及造林再造林等的影响条件下的变化规律.结果表明:我国亚热带区域中的天然林的土壤呼吸通常表现为针叶林(如马尾松林)<松阔或针阔混交林<季风常绿阔林;马尾松与杉木人工林广布中国亚热带地区,两种林分的CO2年通量相当,中龄林较之幼龄林,土壤有机碳库呈现减少趋势;不同研究区域相同林分的土壤呼吸效率初步表现为南强北弱;我国亚热带森林的土壤呼吸通量与世界其他地区的热带森林土壤呼吸通量相差无己,其释放的碳量对全球碳通量的影响应加以重视.