H13钢电渣锭、锻造及淬回火过程中碳化物析出行为

研究了H13钢在电渣锭退火、锻后退火和淬回火三种状态下的析出物特征.利用碳膜萃取复型,通过透射电镜、电子衍射和能谱分析发现方形、圆形及尺寸在200 nm以下的不规则碳化析出物,并确定它们分别为V8C7、Cr23C6和Cr3C2(Cr2VC2).研究了这些析出物的演变规律,并对其在液相区、固--液两相区和固相区的析出规律进行了热力学计算.根据热力学计算及电子衍射标定结果发现,Cr23C6和V8C7在液相区及固--液两相区均不能析出,当冷却到固相区时它们才开始析出.     

CrNiMoV钢电渣重熔过程中镁的控制

研究了电渣重熔过程中ＣｒＮｉＭｏＶ钢中镁含量的控制技术，结果表明：最佳的渣系为６２％ＣａｓＦ２－１０％Ａｌ２Ｏ－１２％ＣａＯ－１６％ＭｇＯ；脱氧剂加入量为１ｋｇ钢加入１．５ｇＣａＳｉ；采用较高镁含 电极和较主同的重熔电流有助于获得设计镁含量的重熔锭。     

电渣重熔凝固过程的动态控制

本文建立了电渣重熔凝固过程的动态数学模型,根据该模型对重熔过程中的液态金属熔池深度进行恒值控制,计算出了控制过程中钢锭的局部凝固时间、枝晶前方的温度梯度与枝晶生长速度之比这两个凝固参数。探讨了从凝固参数内在变化的要求出发确定工艺曲线的方法。     

电渣重熔过程渣池流场的数学模拟

建立了电渣重熔体系下三维准稳态的数学模型,利用ANSYS商业软件对电渣重熔体系渣池流场进行了模拟计算,考虑了电磁力和由结晶器壁冷却引起的浮力共同作用的因素.计算结果表明,当电磁力占据主导地位时产生逆时针环流;当浮力占据主导地位时产生顺时针环流.对于本工况下,渣池的计算流速范围为0～0.12m/s,最大值位于渣池内体系对称轴中部,计算的流场速度分布特征结果与物理模拟结果相符.并以此为基础,对一些假想工况下的情况作了模拟,考察了重熔电流、填充比和电极端部形状对重熔体系内渣池流场的影响.     

电渣重熔钢钢水离心浇铸用熔渣

有衬电渣炉炼制的钢水进行离心浇注的过程中，选定ＣａＯ－ＳｉＯ２－ＣａＦ２－Ｎａ２Ｏ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３－ＭｇＯ渣系，按给定渣系成分的熔渣进行带渣离心浇注试验，试验结果表明：新渣系未对浇注钢水产生任何污染，形成的渣皮非常均匀，厚度仅在１～２ｍｍ之间，有效地防止了表面裂纹和气孔的产生。     

电渣重熔电极熔化过程模型

在假设电极为半无限轴的基础上,建立电极微元体热平衡方程式,求出电板表面热损,以及渣通过电极的热损。在此基础上,建立电极熔化端部热平衡式,求得电极熔化速度与电极截面面积,电极端面综合导热系数h_l,高温锥体渣温T_s的关系,最后找出提高电极熔化速度,降低电耗、提高生产率的途径。     

炉渣物理性质对电渣重熔过程电耗的影响

以高氟化钙渣 ANF-6 和无氟化钙渣 A_1 为例,研究了它们比电导、导热系数、粘度对电渣重熔过程电耗的影响。研究表明:在1500～1900℃时 ANF-6 渣比电导比 A_1 渣高3～10倍;A_1 渣的电效率比 ANF-6 渣提高 10.2％;A_1 渣的总热阻值比 ANF-6 渣大1倍,可减少热损失,提高热效率;在 1600℃下 ANF-6 渣粘度值比 A_1 渣小 10倍左右,渣粘度大传热慢,可提高热效率。可见,低比电导、低导热系数、高粘度渣有利于提高电效率,降低电耗。     

电渣重熔过程钢中氧含量预测及控制

为降低电渣钢锭中的总w_○O,建立了预测界面传质速率的同步反应热-动力学模型,对电渣重熔过程的氧传递行为与电磁-流动-传热-传质进行耦合分析,并提出钢液中w_○O的控制方法.结果表明,随重熔过程的进行,熔渣中w_○FeO和钢液中w_○O均升高,呈现重熔前期“脱氧”、后期“增氧”的现象,渣池-电极端部和渣池-金属熔滴界面是w_○O升高的主要位置.当电流为1200~1800A时,熔炼相同长度电极时的钢液中w_○O从82.4×10^-6降低到70.6×10^-6;采用惰性气体保护,使钢液中w_○O从78.7×10^-6降低到15.3×10^-6;使用70% CaF₂+30% Al₂O₃渣系控制钢液中w_○O的效果最佳,低w_○Al2O3的渣系有利于降低钢液中w_○O.     

电渣重熔用渣料烘烤过程的失重现象

在实验室条件下采用热重分析方法研究了电渣重熔用渣料在烘烤过程中的失重现象,分析了渣料中易水化成分含量与烘烤时间的关系,并重点研究了在渣料完全失重情况下,渣层厚度与烘烤时间、烘烤温度与烘烤时间之间的关系,并通过数值拟合方法建立了方程.结合固态热分解机理对实验过程进行了分析,烘烤初期热分解过程受晶核形成及长大控制,反应后期主要受扩散反应控制.实验结果将为现场渣料烘烤提供指导.     

Effect of electroslag remelting on carbides in 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel

The effect of electroslag remelting (ESR) on carbides in 8Cr13MoV martensitic stainless steel was experimentally studied. Phases precipitated from liquid steel during solidification were calculated using the Thermo-Calc software. The carbon segregation was analyzed by original position analysis (OPA), and the carbides were analyzed by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results indicated that more uniform carbon distribution and less segregation were obtained in the case of samples subjected to the ESR process. After ESR, the amount of netty carbides decreased significantly, and the chromium and vanadium contents in the grain-boundary carbides was reduced. The total area and average size of carbides were obviously smaller after the ESR process. In the sample subjected to ESR, the morphology of carbides changed from lamellar and angular to globular or lump, whereas the types of carbides did not change; both M₂₃C₆ and M₇C₃ were present before and after the ESR process.     

Research on droplet formation and dripping behavior during the electroslag remelting process

A better understanding of droplet formation and dripping behavior would be useful in the efficient removal of impurity elements and nonmetallic inclusions from liquid metals. In the present work, we developed a transparent experimental apparatus to study the mechanisms of droplet formation and the effects of filling ratio on droplet behavior during the electroslag remelting (ESR) process. A high-speed camera was used to clearly observe, at small time scales, the droplet formation and dripping phenomenon at the slag/metal interface during a stable ESR process. The results illustrate that a two-stage process for droplet formation and dripping occurs during the ESR process and that the droplet diameter exhibits a parabolic distribution with increasing filling ratio because of the different shape and thermal state of the electrode tip. This work also confirms that a relatively large filling ratio reduces electricity consumption and improves ingot quality.     

Effect of mold rotation on the bifilar electroslag remelting process

A novel electroslag furnace with a rotating mold was fabricated, and the effects of mold rotational speed on the electroslag remelting process were investigated. The results showed that the chemical element distribution in ingots became uniform and that their compact density increased when the mold rotational speed was increased from 0 to 28 r/min. These results were attributed to a reasonable mold speed, which resulted in a uniform temperature in the slag pool and scattered the metal droplets randomly in the metal pool. However, an excessive rotational speed caused deterioration of the solidification structure. When the mold rotational speeds was increased from 0 to 28 r/min, the size of Al₂O₃ inclusions in the electroslag ingot decreased from 4.4 to 1.9 μm. But the excessive mold rotational speed would decrease the ability of the electroslag remelting to remove the inclusions. The remelting speed gradually increased, which resulted in reduced power consumption with increasing mold rotational speed. This effect was attributed to accelerated heat exchange between the consumable electrode and the molten slag, which resulted from mold rotation. Nevertheless, when the rotational speed reached 28 r/min, the remelting speed did not change because of limitations of metal heat conduction. Mold rotation also improved the surface quality of the ingots by promoting a uniform temperature distribution in the slag pool.     

A coupled model of TiN inclusion growth in GCr15SiMn during solidification in the electroslag remelting process

TiN inclusions observed in an ingot produced by electroslag remelting (ESR) are extremely harmful to GCr15SiMn steel. There-fore, accurate predictions of the growth size of these inclusions during steel solidification are significant for clean ESR ingot production. On the basis of our previous work, a coupled model of solute microsegregation and TiN inclusion growth during solidification has been estab-lished. The results demonstrate that compared to a non-coupled model, the coupled model predictions of the size of TiN inclusions are in good agreement with experimental results using scanning electron microscopy with energy disperse spectroscopy (SEM-EDS). Because of high cooling rate, the sizes of TiN inclusions in the edge area of the ingots are relatively small compared to the sizes in the center area. Dur-ing the ESR process, controlling the content of Ti in the steel is a feasible and effective method of decreasing the sizes of TiN inclusions.     

电渣重熔脱硫技术研究进展

Electroslag remelting (ESR) gives a combination of liquid metal refining and solidification structure control. One of the typical aspects of liquid metal refining during ESR for the advanced steel and alloy production is desulfurization. It involves two patterns, i.e., slag–metal reaction and gas–slag reaction (gasifying desulfurization). In this paper, the advances in desulfurization practices of ESR are reviewed. The effects of processing parameters, including the initial sulfur level of consumable electrode, remelting atmosphere, deoxidation schemes of ESR, slag composition, melting rate, and electrical parameters on the desulfurization in ESR are assessed. The interrelation between desulfurization and sulfide inclusion evolution during ESR is discussed, and advancements in the production of sulfur-bearing steel at a high-sulfur level during ESR are described. The remaining challenges for future work are also proposed.     

电流强度对电渣重熔304不锈钢中夹杂物特征的影响

利用实验室规模电渣炉在大气气氛下重熔304不锈钢,考察了不同电流强度(1500、1800、2100A)下电渣锭中夹杂物的特征及全氧含量、硫含量变化,并对钢中硫化物的析出行为进行了热力学分析。结果表明,电渣重熔过程可以有效去除钢中的夹杂物,但随着电流强度的增大,电渣锭的全氧含量和硫含量增加,夹杂物数密度及尺寸增大,电渣锭的洁净度恶化。当电流强度较低(1500A)时,电渣锭中夹杂物主要是以氧化铝为核心、外表裹有硫化物的双层结构,未发现单个的(Mn,Cr)S夹杂;而1800A和2100A重熔时,电渣锭中不仅有以Al-Si-Ca-Ti-Cr-Mn氧化物为核心、外围包裹着(Mn,Cr)S的双层结构夹杂,而且由于电渣锭中硫含量高和凝固过程中残余液相中溶质的富集,其中还有单个(Mn,Cr)S夹杂物存在。本试验条件下,在1500A下重熔更有利于提高304不锈钢电渣锭的洁净度。     

电渣重熔对42 CrMo 钢中夹杂物的影响及 CCT 曲线研究

采用BX51M型金相显微镜和和Image Pro-Plus软件研究电渣重熔后优化成分的42CrMo钢中非金属夹杂物情况,并在Gleeble3000热模拟机上测定其连续冷却相转变( CCT)曲线.研究结果表明：电渣重熔后明显减少钢中夹杂物的数目,改善钢中夹杂物的尺寸,夹杂物去除率达到71.90%;同时根据热膨胀曲线和金相组织绘制出42CrMo钢的CCT曲线,冷却速度较低时组织为铁素体、珠光体和贝氏体,冷却速度较大时组织为马氏体和少量贝氏体.     

不同熔化速率下的电渣重熔过程数值模拟分析

电渣重熔能提高钢锭的质量,从而满足特种行业的需要,其过程伴随着复杂的物理现象,存在着磁流体流动、传热和传质以及电化学等多方面的影响。通过耦合电磁以及流动和温度方程对电渣重熔过程的三维瞬态进行了数学模拟,研究了熔化速率对重熔过程的影响。结果表明:电流密度、焦耳热和电磁力都随着熔化速率的增大而增大,当熔化速率由14.4kg/h增加到27.0kg/h,电流密度、焦耳热和电磁力最大值的增大比例超过100%。随着熔化速率的增大,温度最大值有小幅的增加,而且速度最大值的增大幅度接近50%;金属熔池深度则由27mm增大到38mm,不利于保证铸坯的质量。     

Effect of TiO2 on the viscosity and structure of low-fluoride slag used for electroslag remelting of Ti-containing steels

The viscosity of CaF2–CaO–Al2O3–MgO–(TiO2) slag was measured using a rotating crucible viscometer. Raman spectroscopy analysis was performed to correlate the viscosity to slag structure. The viscosity of the slag was found to decrease with increasing TiO2 con-tent in the slag from 0 to 9.73wt%. The activation energy decreased from 95.16 kJ/mol to 79.40 kJ/mol with increasing TiO2 content in the slag. The introduction of TiO2 into the slag played a destructive role in Al–O–Al structural units and Q4 units by forming simpler structural units of Q2 and426TiO- chain. The amount of Al–O–Al significantly decreased with increasing TiO2 content. The relative fraction of4Q units in the [AlO4]5?-tetrahedral units shows a decreasing trend, whereas the relative fraction of2Q units and426TiO- chain increases with increasing TiO2 content accordingly. Consequently, the polymerization degree of the slag decreases with increasing TiO2 content. The varia-tion in slag structure is consistent with the change in measured viscosity.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.