Effect of temper rolling on the bake-hardening behavior of low carbon steel

In a typical process, low carbon steel was annealed at two different temperatures (660℃ and 750℃), and then was temper rolled to improve the mechanical properties. Pre-straining and baking treatments were subsequently carried out to measure the bake-hardening (BH) values. The influences of annealing temperature and temper rolling on the BH behavior of the steel were investigated. The results indicated that the microstructure evolution during temper rolling was related to carbon atoms and dislocations. After an apparent increase, the BH value of the steel significantly decreased when the temper rolling reduction was increased from 0% to 5%. This was attributed to the increase in solute carbon concentration and dislocation density. The maximum BH values of the steel annealed at 660℃ and 750℃ were 80 MPa and 89 MPa at the reductions of 3% and 4%, respectively. Moreover, increasing the annealing temperature from 660 to 750℃ resulted in an obvious increase in the BH value due to carbide dissolution.     

Effects of overaging temperature on the microstructure and properties of 600 MPa cold-rolled dual-phase steel

C–Mn steels prepared by annealing at 800°C for 120 s and overaging at 250–400°C were subjected to pre-straining (2%) and baking treatments (170°C for 20 min) to measure their bake-hardening (BH2) values. The effects of overaging temperature on the microstructure, mechanical properties, and BH2 behavior of 600 MPa cold-rolled dual-phase (DP) steel were investigated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile tests. The results indicated that the martensite morphology exhibited less variation when the DP steel was overaged at 250–350°C. However, when the DP steel was overaged at 400°C, numerous non-martensite and carbide particles formed and yield-point elongation was observed in the tensile curve. When the overaging temperature was increased from 250 to 400°C, the yield strength increased from 272 to 317 MPa, the tensile strength decreased from 643 to 574 MPa, and the elongation increased from 27.8% to 30.6%. Furthermore, with an increase in overaging temperature from 250 to 400°C, the BH2 value initially increases and then decreases. The maximum BH2 value of 83 MPa was observed for the specimen overaged at 350°C.     

大变形轧制超细晶TWIP钢的组织及性能研究

通过大变形异步-同步轧制及随后600 ℃和700 ℃退火处理,成功制备了超细晶高锰TWIP钢,并研究了退火处理对大变形TWIP钢的组织和性能的影响.研究结果表明:经96%异步-同步大变形轧制后,材料组织显著细化,抗拉强度从621 MPa大幅提升至2 050 MPa; 经过600 ℃退火后,大变形轧制TWIP钢的组织基本完成了再结晶,材料的平均晶粒尺寸约为500 nm,抗拉强度1 079 MPa,延伸率达到了29%; 而经过700 ℃退火后,大变形TWIP钢的组织发生了完全再结晶,平均晶粒尺寸约为600 nm,抗拉强度达到了1 101 MPa,延伸率达到了54%.退火后的组织中存在大量的层错、位错胞等亚结构.相对于大变形轧制态和600 ℃退火态,700 ℃退火态的超细晶TWIP钢的优异的综合力学性能,主要源于孪晶诱发塑性变形机制及合金较低的层错能.     

退火方式对深冲压钢板晶粒尺寸不均匀性的影响

对连续退火或罩式退火后的深冲钢板和超深冲钢板的组织以及织构进行了观测和分析.结果表明,罩式退火后钢板表面晶粒比心部的细小,而连续退火后钢板表面晶粒比心部的粗.这种区别主要来源于热轧钢板原有组织和织构的不均匀性,退火加热过程也会对钢板表面和心部晶粒尺寸的不均匀性产生很大影响.     

Ti和Nb对18Cr-2Mo铁素体不锈钢韧脆转变温度的影响

通过真空冶炼、锻造、热轧和退火试验制备出18Cr-2Mo铁素体不锈钢,结合其冲击试验和透射电子显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及电子背散射衍射等分析结果探讨了Ti和Nb微合金化对其韧脆转变温度的影响.结果表明：在C和N含量较低的条件下,添加微量元素Ti和Nb可以显著降低18Cr 2Mo铁素体不锈钢的韧脆转变温度（降低约40 °C）,并改变热轧后的织构类型而形成(001)和(111)复合织构;通过合适的退火工艺处理,可进一步提高其冲击韧性;在热轧过程中,产生细小弥散的Ti（N, C）和Nb（C, N）相是复合织构形成的主要原因.     

Microstructural evolution during ultra-rapid annealing of severely deformed low-carbon steel: strain,temperature, and heating rate effects

An interaction between ferrite recrystallization and austenite transformation in low-carbon steel occurs when recrystallization is delayed until the intercritical temperature range by employing high heating rate. The kinetics of recrystallization and transformation is affected by high heating rate and such an interaction. In this study, different levels of strain are applied to low-carbon steel using a severe plastic deformation method. Then, ultra-rapid annealing is performed at different heating rates of 200–1100℃/s and peak temperatures of near critical temperature. Five regimes are proposed to investigate the effects of heating rate, strain, and temperature on the interaction between recrystallization and transformation. The microstructural evolution of severely deformed low-carbon steel after ultra-rapid annealing is investigated based on the proposed regimes. Regarding the intensity and start temperature of the interaction, different microstructures consisting of ferrite and pearlite/martensite are formed. It is found that when the interaction is strong, the microstructure is refined because of the high kinetics of transformation and recrystallization. Moreover, strain shifts an interaction zone to a relatively higher heating rate. Therefore, severely deformed steel should be heated at relatively higher heating rates for it to undergo a strong interaction.     

等通道转角挤压对铝青铜力学性能的影响

采用等通道转角挤压（ECAE）工艺对铝青铜(Cu 10%Al 4%Fe)进行热处理,研究了ECAE处理工艺中预热温度、挤压道次及退火处理对铝青铜外观形貌、微观组织及力学性能的影响.结果表明:在650 °C的预热温度下,铝青铜可以顺利通过ECAE挤压通道;随着ECAE挤压道次从1增至4,铝青铜的显微硬度、屈服强度及延伸率显著增加;经500 °C退火60 min处理后,铝青铜的力学性能最佳.     

40Cr厚向性能差异化钢板的组织与性能

通常情况下耐磨钢板磨损到一定程度即报废,因此耐磨钢板厚度方向上不必全为淬硬层,而现有耐磨钢板热处理都是以全尺寸淬透为目标.针对此问题,提出采用瞬时淬火工艺制备厚向性能差异化钢板.实验选用厚度为30 mm的40Cr钢板,处理后其表层为针状马氏体和板条马氏体混合组织,过渡层由板条马氏体和贝氏体混合组织逐渐过渡为珠光体和铁素体混合组织,表面硬度710 HV,淬硬层深度9 mm,过渡层深度5 mm.试制的40Cr厚向性能差异化钢板具有良好的冲击韧性和耐磨性,为机械工程行业需要的"表硬里韧"钢板提供了一种新的选择.     

Effects of initial grain size and strain on grain boundary engineering of high-nitrogen CrMn austenitic stainless steel

18Mn18Cr0.5N steel with an initial grain size of 28–177 μm was processed by 2.5%–20% cold rolling and annealing at 1000℃ for 24 h, and the grain boundary character distribution was examined via electron backscatter diffraction. Low strain (2.5%) favored the formation of low-Σ boundaries. At this strain, the fraction of low-Σ boundaries was insensitive to the initial grain size. However, specimens with fine initial grains showed decreasing grain size after grain boundary engineering processing. The fraction of low-Σ boundaries and the (Σ9 + Σ27)/Σ3 value decreased with increasing strain; furthermore, the specimens with fine initial grain size were sensitive to the strain. Finally, the effects of the initial grain size and strain on the grain boundary engineering were discussed in detail.     

微量元素对304L不锈钢Hall-Petch关系式的影响

以304L奥氏体不锈钢为基础,熔炼了4种添加不同微量元素的实验钢·实验钢热轧板冷轧后进行不同温度的再结晶退火处理以使晶粒尺寸在一定范围内变化,然后进行不同温度的均一化热处理以消除前面热处理带来晶界偏聚量的差异,最后进行力学性能测试、显微组织观察和晶粒尺寸统计,将所得数据处理成Hall-Petch关系式·通过对不同成分和不同热处理制度的对比,研究了微量元素Nb,B,C,N对304L不锈钢Hall-Petch的影响规律·结果表明:微量C,N和B对奥氏体不锈钢的Hall-Petch关系式中的σ0影响不大,N和B可以提高细晶强化系数ky·微量Nb可以与部分C,N结合形成Nb(C,N),在700℃均一化...     

Effect of continuous induction annealing on the microstructure and mechanical properties of copper-clad aluminum flat bars

Copper-clad aluminum (CCA) flat bars produced by the continuous casting–rolling process were subjected to continuous induction heating annealing (CIHA), and the effects of induction heating temperature and holding time on the microstructure, interface, and mechanical properties of the flat bars were investigated. The results showed that complete recrystallization of the copper sheath occurred under CIHA at 460°C for 5 s, 480°C for 3 s, or 500°C for 1 s and that the average grain size in the copper sheath was approximately 10.0 μm. In the case of specimens subjected to CIHA at 460–500°C for longer than 1 s, complete recrystallization occurred in the aluminum core. In the case of CIHA at 460–500°C for 1–5 s, a continuous interfacial layer with a thickness of 2.5–5.5 μm formed and the thickness mainly increased with increasing annealing temperature. After CIHA, the interfacial layer consisted primarily of a Cu₉Al₄ layer and a CuAl₂ layer; the average interface shear strength of the CCA flat bars treated by CIHA at 460–500°C for 1–5 s was 45–52 MPa. After full softening annealing, the hardness values of the copper sheath and the aluminum core were HV 65 and HV 24, respectively, and the hardness along the cross section of the CCA flat bar was uniform.     

SAF 2205双相不锈钢织构与冲压特性

研究SAF 2205双相不锈钢冷轧退火板的冲压特性以及冷轧和退火织构对其冲压性能的影响.实验钢冷轧退火板表现出较差的深冲性能和明显的45°制耳,其r平均值和Δr值分别为0.7和-0.27,这主要与其在冷轧及退火后形成的织构有关. ODF图显示,退火后SAF 2205双相不锈钢中铁素体相未形成γ纤维再结晶织构,仍然为分散的α纤维织构.实验钢中铁素体相的织构强度明显高于奥氏体相,其对钢板成形性的影响更显著,即其各种〈110〉退火织构组分均不利于实验钢r平均值的提高,并且使得Δr<0.此外,奥氏体相的{110}〈001〉织构也对钢板成形性能产生一定程度的影响.     

改进310奥氏体不锈钢长期时效后的组织与性能

借助扫描电子显微镜、透射电子显微镜以及高温、室温拉伸和硬度测试研究了实验室研发的改进310奥氏体不锈钢在700℃长期时效后的组织与性能.700℃时效1000 h后,实验钢在晶界和晶内析出了大量(Cr,Fe,Mo)23C6、(Cr,Fe)23C6、σ相和少量的χ相.析出相对实验钢的室温力学性能有明显的强化作用.强度增加,硬度升高20 Hv,同时延伸率仍保持在30%以上.高温下,析出强化效应减弱,延伸率轻微下降.通过断口表面和剖面观察发现,时效1000 h后,实验钢的高温拉伸断口为韧性断裂,未观察到裂纹和孔洞;而室温拉伸断口为脆性断裂,断口附近则观察到σ相中出现裂纹和孔洞.从σ相的脆-韧转变和实验钢基体的室温和高温强度的不同,讨论了在室温拉伸过程中产生裂纹和孔洞的原因,以及时效对室温和高温力学行为的不同影响.     

Synthesis of aluminum nitride in a coke-calcium reduction bed using nitrogen in air

An experimental study on the heating of a mixture of aluminum and lithium hydroxide (LiOH) powders in a reductive bed under air atmosphere is reported. The formation of aluminum nitride (AlN) during this process was the focus of this study. The formation of AlN was achieved using LiOH as an additive and heating the sample in a resistance furnace in a specially designed double crucible within a bed of a mixture of coke and filamentous calcium. The temperature range of the reaction was between 700°C and 1100°C. The optimum tem-perature of 1100°C and the optimum LiOH amount (5wt%) required to achieve maximum yield were determined by powder X-ray diffrac-tion (XRD) analysis. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs clearly indicated the transformation of grain structures from rods (700°C) to cauliflower shapes (1100°C).     

Variation in retained austenite content and mechanical properties of 0.2C–7Mn steel after intercritical annealing

The effects of annealing time and temperature on the retained austenite content and mechanical properties of 0.2C–7Mn steel were studied. The retained austenite content of 0.2C–7Mn steel was compared with that of 0.2C–5Mn steel. It is found that 0.2C–7Mn steel exhibits a similar variation trend of retained austenite content as 0.2C–5Mn steel. However, in detail, these trends are different. 0.2C–7Mn steel contains approximately 7.5vol% retained austenite after austenitization and quenching. The stability of the reversed austenite in 0.2C–7Mn steel is lower than that in 0.2C–5Mn steel; in contrast, the equilibrium reversed austenite fraction of 0.2C–7Mn steel is substantially greater than that of 0.2C–5Mn steel. Therefore, the retained austenite content in 0.2C–7Mn steel reaches 53.1vol%. The tensile results show that long annealing time and high annealing temperature may not favor the enhancement of mechanical properties of 0.2C–7Mn steel. The effect of retained austenite on the tensile strength of the steel depends on the content of retained austenite; in contrast, the 0.2% yield strength linearly decreases with increasing retained austenite content.     

IF钢冷轧薄板罩式退火工艺的优化

运用正交设计的方法,模拟工业用罩式退火的生产工艺,采用逐步回归法分析实验数据,得出罩式退火工艺与成品性能的关系方程。从单因素、多因素两方面系统分析了罩式退火工艺参数对ＩＦ钢钢板性能的影响规律。     

700 MPa冷轧低合金超高强钢的典型连续退火工艺

为了开发新一代冷轧低合金超高强钢,利用连续退火实验机对Ti-0.12%、Nb-0.076%的冷轧低合金超高强钢进行连续退火实验,设计了760~830℃四种不同退火温度,研究了退火温度对实验钢的相组成、晶粒尺寸和力学性能的影响.在800℃退火、400℃过时效的条件下,可得到铁素体和少量贝氏体的组织,铁素体晶粒尺寸约为1.4μm,屈服强度可达700 MPa.同时利用扫描电镜和透射电镜观察到钢中存在大量纳米尺寸的亚晶结构、少量位错以及纳米级的Ti、Nb的析出物,这些微结构单元对强度有较大的提升作用.     

对86CrMoV7大型冷轧辊预备热处理工艺的研究

对86CrMoV7冷轧辊用钢进行了锻后正火、等温球化退火、去H退火的试验研究，研究了轧辊的预备热 处理工艺对冷轧工作辊组织的影响，加热温度和时间对组织的影响。结果表明，适宜的预备热处理工艺为：950 ± 10℃正火，等温球化退火温度790±10℃，去氢退火温度660～690℃。     

台湾海峡异养性鞭毛虫生态研究I：1997年夏季南部海域鞭毛虫丰度及生物量分布

采用AO染色、荧光计数方法,报道1997年8月台湾海峡南部（117°5’～119°9’E,22°4’～24°3’N）海域异养性鞭毛虫丰度、生物量及其分布.结果表明,调查海域各测站异养性鞭毛虫丰度范围391×103～1846×10     

Effect of decarburization annealing temperature and time on the carbon content,microstructure, and texture of grain-oriented pure iron

In this study, the effect of decarburization annealing temperature and time on the carbon content, microstructure, and texture of grain-oriented pure iron was investigated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy with electron-backscatter diffraction. The results showed that the efficiency of decarburization dramatically increased with increasing decarburization temperature. However, when the annealing temperature was increased to 825℃ and 850℃, the steel's carbon content remained essentially unchanged at 0.002%. With increasing decarburization time, the steel's carbon content generally decreased. When both the decarburization temperature and time were increased further, the average grain size dramatically increased and the number of fine grains decreased; meanwhile, some relatively larger grains developed. The main texture types of the decarburized sheets were approximately the same:{001}<110> and {112~115}<110>, with a γ-fiber texture. Furthermore, little change was observed in the texture. Compared with the experimental sheets, the texture of the cold-rolled sheet was very scattered. The best average magnetic induction (B₈₀₀) among the final products was 1.946 T.