含硼微合金钢中硼氮化物形成的热力学分析

应用合金元素在奥氏体中的固溶度积公式,对含硼铝镇静钢,Ti-B和Ti-Nb-V-B系微合金钢中各种析出相的析出关系和析出量及其对奥氏体中固溶硼质量分数的影响进行了热力学分析.结果表明:含硼铝镇静钢中BN的析出优先于Al N的析出,使增加奥氏体稳定性的B的有效质量分数减少;提高含硼钢中的固溶B质量分数的有效方法是加入比B与N的结合力强的Ti;复合微合金钢中Nb,V的质量分数对固溶B的质量分数几乎没有影响,只与钢中加入Ti的质量分数有关,Ti-B和Ti-Nb-V-B系微合金钢中Ti的质量分数最少为钢中N质量分数的3.4~3.8倍.     

82A钢凝固过程中TiN夹杂析出热力学和动力学

用热力学和动力学方法研究82A钢液凝固过程元素偏析及其对TiN夹杂析出的影响.热力学分析表明, Ti的偏析比远高于N的偏析比;凝固冷却速度从6 K/min增至600 K/min过程中,凝固冷却速度对Ti、N凝固偏析比影响不大;钢液初始Ti含量降至0.000 2%、初始氮含量为0.002%～0.004%时,在凝固末期仍有TiN夹杂析出.动力学分析表明,随着钢液凝固冷却速度的加快,凝固析出的TiN颗粒尺寸明显变小.     

Ti--IF钢凝固过程中TiN的析出机理和规律

结合冶金热力学和凝固偏析模型分析了Ti--IF钢凝固过程中TiN的析出特点.Ti--IF钢凝固前期钢液中TiN夹杂无法生成,固相中TiN源自低温固相析出;凝固固相分数达到0.64时,Ti、N组元在凝固前沿富集程度增加,凝固前沿固相中开始有TiN析出;凝固末期,Ti和N的富集程度进一步增大,固液相中均能有TiN析出.采用扫描电镜分析了TiN在铸坯中的分布,从铸坯表层到中心TiN数量和尺寸存在显著变化:从铸坯表层向中心方向TiN尺寸不断增大,平均尺寸从1~2μm增大到5μm,在距离表层70~80 mm处尺寸达到最大;在铸坯厚度中间位置,TiN尺寸较大,平均尺寸为5μm左右;在铸坯中心TiN尺寸又有所变小,平均尺寸为3μm左右;在铸坯表层TiN密集程度较高,在铸坯中间和中心TiN数量密集程度显著降低.IF钢铸坯中TiN析出时机及其尺寸和数量与Ti、N组元偏析和凝固冷却速度关系密切.     

基于双亚点阵模型对H13钢中初生碳氮化物的研究

实验证明H13钢中存在三类初生碳氮化物,包括富V和C的(Vx,Mo1x)(Cy,N1-y)、富Ti和N的(Tix,V1x)(Cy,N1-y)及富V和C的(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y),部分存在形核核心.基于双亚点阵模型和凝固偏析模型分析计算H13钢凝固过程中元素含量变化,考虑初生碳氮化物中元素间的相互作用,根据三类碳氮化物中合金元素含量和C/N比值不同,对各碳氮化物的生成自由能进行分析.理论研究指出富Ti和N的(Tix,V1-x)(Cy,N1-y)在固相率为0.90时即可生成,而富V和C的(Tix,V1-x)(Cx,N1-y)在固相率大于0.96才可生成,两类碳氮化物的临界生成固相率fP均随固溶Ti和N含量的增加而减小.(Vx,Mo1-x)(Cy,N1-y)的临界生成固相率与x值密切相关,x减小时fP降低,粒子尺寸增加,实验与理论分析吻合良好.根据错配度分析氧化物和碳氮化物对H13钢中初生碳氮化物异质形核的作用.     

连铸坯凝固过程平面枝晶微观偏析模拟研究

为解决连铸钢坯偏析问题,基于菲克第二定律和质量守恒定律,建立了一维平面枝晶生长凝固偏析数值模型。应用有限容积法离散传质方程,离散后的方程用VB编程求解,研究X70管线钢凝固过程中在二次枝晶间距范围内的C,Si,Mn,S,P各元素质量分数分布随凝固进程和冷却速率的变化规律。结果表明:固相率的变化对合金元素在二次枝晶间偏析影响较大,冷却速率对其影响较小;随着固相率的增加,各合金元素的固相成分增加较少,液相成分质量分数快速增加;S和P元素在固相中的分布较均匀,S凝固终了的偏析指数最高,C偏析指数最小。在实际生产中应适当控制S和P元素的含量。     

含硼氮中碳铝镇定钢中BN夹杂析出热力学分析

运用数值模拟方法对含硼氮中碳铝镇定钢中BN析出的热力学条件进行分析,研究该钢种在冶炼浇注及加热奥氏体化过程中BN夹杂物的析出规律,并与试验情况进行了比较。结果表明,在钢液中初始w(B)≤0.012%、初始w(N)≤0.03%的情况下,含硼氮中碳铝镇定钢浇注凝固过程中不能析出BN夹杂物,且钢液中B的富集程度远高于N,凝固末期残余液相中,B浓度是其初始浓度的20倍,N浓度约为其初始浓度的2.1倍;钢中w(B)为0.005%~0.01%、w(N)为0.01%~0.03%时,在1470K奥氏体化温度以下,可以稳定析出BN夹杂物,B、N含量越高,BN夹杂开始析出的温度越高;在奥氏体化过程中,钢坯中酸溶铝含量越高,越容易析出BN夹杂物。     

含氮不锈钢凝固模式及显微组织研究

研究了四种不同N含量的18Mn18Cr N不锈钢的凝固模式、显微组织和元素分布.结果表明:N含量影响18Mn18Cr N合金系的凝固模式和显微组织.氮的质量分数由0.07%增加至0.72%时,实验钢的凝固模式由F模式转变为A模式,显微组织由铁素体和奥氏体魏氏两相组织转变为铁素体和奥氏体两相组织以及单相奥氏体组织.N含量影响奥氏体相形貌,随N含量增加,奥氏体由板条状、针状转变为枝晶间和等轴状.枝晶间和等轴状奥氏体晶粒中存在褶皱形貌,且随着氮含量增加,褶皱数量增多.褶皱的产生与凝固过程中奥氏体相内部Fe、Mn、Cr元素的偏析有关,且该凝固偏析被保留至室温组织中.     

含Hf镍基粉末高温合金快速凝固粉末颗粒特性

采用扫描电镜、透射电镜及其附带的能谱仪和碳复型萃取技术等多种手段研究了不同Hf含量的FGH96合金粉末颗粒显微组织、枝晶间合金元素偏析和析出相.发现Hf含量可以改变粉末颗粒内部树枝晶、胞状长大晶和微晶凝固组织的比例,粉末的快速凝固组织形态主要取决于冷却速率和固液界面前沿温度梯度与长大速度的比值.不同Hf含量的FGH96合金粉末颗粒中,Nb、Ti、Zr和Al均富集于枝晶间,Co、Cr、W和Ni均富集于枝晶轴.当Hf质量分数为0.3%时,Ti、Nb、Zr、Hf等强碳化物形成元素的枝晶偏析程度最小.在快速凝固粉末颗粒中,Hf对氧含量比碳含量更敏感,优先形成更稳定的氧化物HfO2.     

18Mn18Cr高氮钢析出相特征及形成机制

通过金相显微镜、扫描电镜、电子探针显微分析、透射电镜及热力学计算软件研究C和N含量对铸态及时效态18Mn18Cr高氮钢析出相特征及形成机制的影响.研究发现在铸态,随C/N质量比降低,析出相依次为Cr23C6相、σ相和Cr2N相.增加C或N含量可分别促进Cr23C6相和Cr2N相析出.C和N含量影响实验钢凝固模式及不稳定铁素体相共析分解产物.18Mn18Cr0.44N钢凝固模式为AF模式,不稳定铁素体相共析分解反应为δ→σ+γ2(0.025%C)和δ→γ2+Cr23(CxNy)6(x/y>1)(0.16%C);18Mn18Cr0.72N钢凝固模式为A模式,晶界处存在少量颗粒状Cr2N相.在固溶时效态,实验钢仅析出片层状的Cr2N0.39C0.61相.随C+N含量增加,片层状析出相体积分数和片层间隙增加,析出孕育时间减少.     

超低氧车轮钢中TiN夹杂析出的热力学分析及控制

通过对高速车轮钢中TiN夹杂物析出进行热力学分析,得到了车轮钢的液相线和固相线温度及1873K时Ti、N的活度.对TiN生成反应和钢中Ti、N溶度积进行了计算.结果表明:TiN只能在固相中生成,但在本车轮钢Ti、N含量下,固相中也没有TiN生成的条件,只有在钢液凝固前沿,由于Ti、N在两相区的富集,TiN夹杂物的生成反应得以进行.因此,在生产中,适当提高连铸二冷的冷却速率,使钢液快速凝固,减少凝固前沿Ti、N的富集时间,可减少纯TiN的析出.对本实验车轮钢中TiN夹杂的检测结果进行计算分析可知,在正常生产时铸坯冷却速率条件下,将钢中Ti的质量分数控制在3.5×10-5以下、N的质量分数控制在3.1×10-5以下,理论上可以消除TiN夹杂物的析出,改善车轮钢的疲劳性能,提高车轮的使用寿命.     

Precipitation and control of BN inclusions in 42CrMo steel and their effect on machinability

The precipitation and control of boron nitrogen (BN) inclusions in 42CrMo steel were investigated and their effect on machinability was analyzed. First, the precipitation regularity of BN in 42CrMo steel was studied by theoretical calculation. Then, the machinability of the steel was investigated through contrast cutting experiments, and the composition and cooling rate of the steel were controlled to analyze the variation laws of the size, distribution, and area ratio of BN inclusions. Finally, the results were combined with the machinability of the steel to analyze the relationship among them. It is found that the machinability of the steel is mainly influenced by the diameter and quantity of BN inclusions. Fine and dispersedly distributed BN inclusions are more beneficial for the improvement in machinability of 42CrMo steel than coarse and sparse BN inclusions.     

Precipitation behavior of BN type inclusions in 42CrMo steel

Automobile crankshaft steel 42CrMo, which requires excellent machinability and mechanical properties, cannot be manufactured by traditional methods. To achieve these qualities, the formation behavior of boron nitride (BN) inclusions in 42CrMo steel was studied in this article. First, the precipitation temperature and the amount of BN type inclusions with different contents of boron and nitrogen in molten steel were calculated thermodynamically by FactSage software. Then the morphology and the size of BN type inclusions as well as the influence of cooling methods on them were investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the effects of cooling rate and the contents of B and N in molten steel on the morphology, size, and distribution of BN type inclusions were studied quantitatively and detailedly by directional solidification experiments. It is found that different BN inclusions in molten steel can form by controlling the cooling rate and the contents of B and N, which is important for obtaining the excellent machinability of 42CrMo steel.     

超纯铁素体不锈钢中TiN析出的动力学分析

采用动力学的方法研究超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中Ti、N的偏析及冷却速率对TiN夹杂析出的影响。结果表明,超纯铁素体不锈钢凝固过程中,Ti的富集程度稍低于N;凝固末期残余液相中[Ti]和[N]的浓度分别提高至其初始浓度的2.5倍和3.2倍;随着钢液的逐渐凝固,析出的TiN颗粒尺寸增大;随着冷却速率的增大,析出的TiN颗粒尺寸减小,但析出时间几乎不受影响,冷却速率分别为10、20、30K/s时,TiN颗粒尺寸分别为7.1、4.8、3.9μm;其他条件相同时,随着钢中初始Ti含量或N含量的减少,凝固析出的TiN颗粒尺寸减小且析出时间推迟;相比Ti含量对TiN夹杂尺寸的影响,N含量的影响更为显著。     

移动电磁场下低碳钢凝固过程枝晶破碎临界条件

为了探讨移动电磁场对低碳钢凝固过程枝晶破碎的影响,进行了移动电磁场下的0.22%～0.34%C(质量分数)低碳钢浇铸凝固实验.对不同磁感应强度下铸坯凝固组织进行了观察,考察了二次枝晶分布,凝固过程冷却速度与二次枝晶间距的函数关系.同时考察了移动电磁场对铸坯柱状晶向等轴晶转变(CET)位置的影响,并对钢凝固过程CET发生时的凝固速度和固相率进行了计算.导出了移动电磁场下合金凝固过程枝晶破碎的临界条件,并通过低碳钢作实验验证,得到了低碳钢凝固CET发生时临界固相率和液相平均流速之间的关系.     

Microstructure evolution in grey cast iron during directional solidification

The solidification characteristics and microstructure evolution in grey cast iron were investigated through Jmat-Pro simulations and quenching performed during directional solidification. The phase transition sequence of grey cast iron was determined as L → L + γ → L +γ + G → γ + G → P (α + Fe₃C) + α + G. The graphite can be formed in three ways:directly nucleated from liquid through the eutectic reaction (L → γ + G), independently precipitated from the oversaturated γ phase (γ → γ + G), and produced via the eutectoid transformation (γ → G + α). The area fraction and length of graphite as well as the primary dendrite spacing decrease with increasing cooling rate. Type-A graphite is formed at a low cooling rate, whereas a high cooling rate results in the precipitation of type-D graphite. After analyzing the graphite precipitation in the as-cast and transition regions separately solidified with and without inoculation, we concluded that, induced by the inoculant addition, the location of graphite precipitation changes from mainly the γ interdendritic region to the entire γ matrix. It suggests that inoculation mainly acts on graphite precipitation in the γ matrix, not in the liquid or at the solid-liquid front.     

薄带铸轧过程中微观偏析的模拟

针对薄带铸轧过程冷却速率大的特点,采用微观偏析模型对碳钢在薄带铸轧过程中溶质元素的微观偏析进行了模拟,通过模拟给出了铸轧凝固过程中固相率随温度的变化规律,固相率仅在很窄的温度范围内迅速增加·同时给出了冷却速率对溶质元素偏析的影响规律,随冷却速率的增加,溶质元素晶间偏析增大,而晶内偏析较小·在此基础上给出了碳钢薄带双辊铸轧过程中凝固终了温度值,为确定铸带凝固终了点的位置及铸轧过程的稳定性提供了有效的数据,为铸轧薄带的质量分析提供了理论依据·     

冷却方式对CB2钢中BN相形态及力学性能的影响

为研究冷却方式对新一代铁素体耐热钢中BN相形态及力学性能的影响,制备了含B质量分数为0.012%的CB2钢,经过1 100℃奥氏体化后,分别进行了空冷和水冷.结果表明:经过奥氏体化的CB2钢随着冷却速度的增加,基体中BN相的尺寸随着减小,水冷试样的基体中出现尺寸为600 nm的BN相,并且试样的力学性能都得到了提升;空冷试样中BN相呈不规则块状,内部出现裂纹和碎裂现象,而水冷试样中BN相呈长方体型,结构紧实;冷却速度的增加,缩短了CB2钢基体中BN晶核长大阶段的时间,而过冷度的增大,使BN的形核率增加,因而在基体中形成弥散分布的细小BN相.     

微量硼对微量硫引起的纯铁高温脆性断裂的影响

硫引起的高温脆性断裂是制约钢铁材料生产和使用的核心问题之一,针对此问题,利用高温拉伸试验和SEM断口观察研究了微量硼对含微量硫(质量分数为0.006%)的纯铁高温塑性及断裂方式的影响,在利用扫描俄歇电子谱仪对界面偏析定量分析的基础上,讨论了微量硼影响的原因.结果表明,微量硼的添加能明显提高含微量硫的纯铁的高温塑性,抑制硫界面偏析造成的高温脆性断裂.微量硼的这种影响是由于硼沿界面偏析,显著降低硫的界面偏析倾向,抑制硫界面偏析引起的高温沿晶孔洞形成.     

Superior machinability of steel enhanced with BN and MnS particles

The strategy that replacing part of MnS with BN was proposed in order to decrease the sulfur content in sulfur based free-cutting steel. The effects of BN and MnS inclusions on the microstructure and machinability of the steel were systematically investigated. The results show that most of the BN and MnS inclusions exist individually in the steel and only a small amount of them are in a composite state forming either isolated particles or clusters of particles. In the case of multi-phased steel, the theoretical calculation predicts that the volume of large BN particles should be 0.7 times of the volume of large MnS particles. The machinability of this type of BN and MnS alloy steel over a wide range of cutting speeds ranging from a low speed appropriate for drilling to a high speed appropriate for turning is confirmed as being equal to or superior to that of an MnS reference steel, even though the sulfur content in the composite steel is only half that of the MnS steel. The aptitude for cutting effect of 240 ppm nitrogen and 115 ppm boron in the composite steel is demonstrated to be equivalent or even better than 1000 ppm sulfur in MnS free-cutting steel.