Numerical Modeling of Dendrite Growth in Al Alloys

Dendritic grains are the most often observed microstructure in metals and alloys. In the past decade, more and more attention has been paid to the modeling and simulation of dendritic microstructures. This paper describes a modified diffusion-limited aggregation model to simulate the complex shape of the dendrite grains during metal solidification. The fractal model was used to simulate equiaxed dendrite growth. The fractal dimensions of simulated Al alloy structures range from 1.63-1.88 …     

部分凝固Al-10％Cu合金在缓慢冷却过程中固相组织的演变

研究了部分凝固A1-10%Cu合金缓慢冷却时固相组织的变化,发现固相演变规律是:等轴树状晶颗粒-它的粗化与长大一颗粒间的聚集与合并生长一晶粒的球状化。     

初始组织形态对中碳钢温变形组织演变的影响

中碳钢温变形过程的组织演变包含铁素体动态回复、再结晶和渗碳体的析出球化等过程.采用Gleeble1500热模拟试验机研究了初始组织形态对含碳0.48%(质量分数)的中碳钢在温变形中上述复杂过程的影响.结果表明:初始组织为珠光体 先共析铁素体的试样在温加工变形中渗碳体层片发生了扭折、溶断到逐渐球化的过程,在铁素体回复再结晶的同时伴随着细小弥散的渗碳体颗粒从过饱和铁素体中析出,得到微米级铁素体晶粒和颗粒状渗碳体弥散分布的复相组织,但等轴状铁素体晶粒与弥散的渗碳体颗粒沿变形方向呈带状不均匀分布.温加工变形促进初始组织为马氏体的中碳钢中渗碳体析出和铁素体回复与再结晶.由于初始条件下碳的分布在微观尺度下相对均匀,变形后获得细小等轴铁素体与均匀分布颗粒状渗碳体的组织.     

Effects of Nb on the microstructure and mechanical properties of 38MnB5 steel

The effects of the microalloying element niobium (Nb) on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot stamped steel 38MnB5 were investigated. The impact of Nb addition on the microstructure was studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The experimental results indicated that the microstructures of the steel containing Nb were finer than those of the steel without Nb. Moreover, Nb mainly presented as a second-phase particle in 38MnB5 steel, and the particles included Nb carbonitrides. In addition, the tensile strength and elongation of the hot rolled and hot stamped steels were also measured, and they demonstrated that the appropriate addition of Nb was beneficial to the mechanical properties of 38MnB5. Under the same conditions, the tensile strength of 38MnB5Nb was higher than that of 38MnB5, which increased from 2011 to 2179 MPa. The yield strength also increased from 1316 to 1476 MPa, and the elongation increased from 5.92% to 6.64%. Overall, Nb had a positive effect on the performance of the hot stamped steel.     

激光工艺对45钢表面梯度熔覆层组织性能的影响

研究了激光熔覆功率、扫描速度和熔覆材料对熔覆层组织结构与耐磨性等的影响.结果表明:梯度熔覆层连续完整,无裂纹、气孔等缺陷,与45钢基体呈冶金结合状态.熔覆层显微组织特征为枝晶、等轴晶等多种形貌的快速凝固组织,由α-Fe,CrNiFe-C和Cr₇C₃等组成.熔覆层显微硬度呈梯度分布,表层硬度达7.48GPa,过渡层硬度达5.52GPa,分别是基体硬度的3.74和2.76倍.激光熔覆技术可显著提高45钢的耐磨性能.     

Microstructures and mechanical properties of dissimilar Nd:YAG laser weldments of AISI4340 and AISI316L steels

This paper presents studies on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 316L stainless steel and AISI 4340 low-alloy steel joints formed by the Nd:YAG laser welding process. The weld microstructures and heat affected zones (HAZs) were investigated. Austenitic microstructures were observed in all of the samples. The sizes of the HAZs changed when the heat input was varied, and the 316L sides exhibited a larger HAZ. The cooling rates were calculated by measuring the solidification dendrite arm spacing. It is shown that high cooling rates lead to an austenitic microstructure. Tensile tests were carried out, and the results revealed the tensile properties of both the base metals and the weldments. The hardness test results agreed well with the tensile test results.     

TM210A钢冶炼工艺对其组织和性能的影响

针对TM210A马氏体时效钢在生产过程中出现的组织和性能不能满足标准要求的实际情况，研究了钢的化学成分、真空自耗重熔速度对TM210A钢棒材的低倍组织和力学性能的影响，在透射电镜下观察了固溶态和时效态的显微组织.结果表明，强化元素含量的合理控制能提高棒材的强度，适当的真空自耗重熔速度能有效改善棒材低倍组织，提高棒材强度.在此基础上确立了该钢的冶炼工艺.     

高强度钢正交切削过程中剪切变形局部化研究

通过正交切削实验对高强度钢30CrNi3MoV锯齿形切屑内剪切变形局部化的临界切削条件和绝热剪切带的分布规律以及微结构特征进行了研究．结果表明,因切屑剪切区内发生剪切变形局部化,在一定临界切削速度下切屑由带状屑转变为锯齿形切屑;对临界切削速度的理论预测和实验结果基本一致．随着切削速度的增加,剪切带的宽度和间距随之减小．在锯齿形切屑内发现两种剪切带即形变剪切带和白色剪切带．TEM观察表明,白色剪切带中心为等轴晶粒,剪切带内的组织结构经历了一系列复杂的演变过程．     

大型水轮机叶片马氏体不锈钢的超声空蚀行为

利用超声振荡空蚀设备研究了一种大型水轮机马氏体不锈钢合金成分调整前后在蒸馏水和模拟长江水中的空蚀行为.观察空蚀表面形貌,结合力学性能,与普通13-4不锈钢进行对比分析.研究结果表明:3种不锈钢的显微组织由马氏体、铁素体和残余奥氏体组成;降低C,S,Si增加Ni,Mo,Mn并且经过精炼工艺改进后,不锈钢抗空蚀能力高于原合金和13-4不锈钢.调整后不锈钢的空蚀稳定期失重率小于7 mg/h,仅约为原合金的75%和13-4不锈钢的25%.在空蚀过程中,较软的铁素体相首先脱落,其次是较硬的马氏体相,并且观察到了清晰的空蚀表面疲劳源形貌.     

Influence of original microstructure on the transformation behavior and mechanical properties of ultra-high-strength TRIP-aided steel

The transformation behavior and tensile properties of an ultra-high-strength transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steel (0.2C-2.0Si-1.8Mn) were investigated by different heat treatments for automobile applications. The results show that F-TRIP steel, a traditional TRIP steel containing as-cold-rolled ferrite and pearlite as the original microstructure, consists of equiaxed grains of intercritical ferrite surrounded by discrete particles of M/RA and B. In contrast, M-TRIP steel, a modified TRIP-aided steel with martensite as the original microstructure, containing full martensite as the original microstructure is comprised of lath-shaped grains of ferrite separated by lath-shaped martensite/retained austenite and bainite. Most of the austenite in F-TRIP steel is granular, while the austenite in M-TRIP steel is lath-shaped. The volume fraction of the retained austenite as well as its carbon content is lower in F-TRIP steel than in M-TRIP steel, and austenite grains in M-TRIP steel are much finer than those in F-TRIP steel. Therefore, M-TRIP steel was concluded to have a higher austenite stability, resulting in a lower transformation rate and consequently contributing to a higher elongation compared to F-TRIP steel. Work hardening behavior is also discussed for both types of steel.     

外加陶瓷颗粒细化低碳微合金钢晶粒

真空条件下,在低碳微合金钢中加入微米级ZrC陶瓷颗粒,使其成为钢在热轧时奥氏体的形变核心及其形变诱导铁索体的再结晶核心以细化晶粒.研究了添加不同体积分数ZrC粒子对低碳微合金钢组织和力学性能的影响.结果表明,通过本实验研究出的颗粒外加方式可使ZrC颗粒有效分散于钢中,对钢的组织产生明显的细化作用,可使钢的晶粒细化到5.5μm,钢的强度得到较大幅度的提高,钢的显微组织为铁素体.当加入ZtC颗粒的体积分数为1.1%时,可获得最佳综合力学性能.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction-stir welded St52 steel joints

The aim of this work is to investigate the mechanical properties and microstructures of friction-stir welded (FSWed) St52 structural steel joints. In this study, St52 steel plates with a thickness of 4 mm were butt-welded by friction-stir welding (FSW) using a tungsten carbide tool having a conical pin. The microstructure of the welded zone consists of equiaxed fine ferrite, grain boundary ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite, and aggregates of ferrite + cementite. The microhardness measurements showed that the hardness of the welded zone was significantly higher than that of the base metal. The FSWed St52 joint exhibited a significant strength overmatching in the weld region and a strength performance similar to or slightly higher than that of the base plate.     

冷却工艺对低碳Ti微合金化热轧超高强钢组织性能的影响

对实验钢采用低碳高Ti微合金化的成分设计,进行了控轧控冷实验,通过控制不同的冷速和卷取温度,研究了过冷度和原子扩散速率对钢组织演变及(Ti,Mo)C粒子的析出行为的影响.研究结果表明,冷速为30℃/s,卷取温度为420℃时,实验钢屈服强度大于690MPa,抗拉强度为820MPa,断后伸长率达18%,并具有良好的低温冲击韧性.显微组织性能研究表明,多边形铁素体、针状铁素体、细小M/A岛及弥散的(Ti,Mo)C析出粒子的混合组织可实现强度和韧性的良好匹配.     

薄带连铸Cr17铁素体不锈钢的织构演变

以具有不同初始组织的Cr17铁素体不锈钢双辊连铸薄带为实验材料,分别进行相同的冷轧及退火处理,对织构演变进行了对比研究.结果表明:织构演变与薄带的初始组织、织构密切相关.柱状晶薄带具有显著的(001)//ND织构,等轴晶薄带则具有微弱的随机织构;两者经冷轧后都形成了较温和的α纤维织构及较均匀的γ纤维织构,但是,后者的α...     

液相线铸造铝合金半固态压缩变形特性

采用液相线铸造铝合金２６１８获得适合于半固态加工的细小,等轴,非枝晶组织,并由Ｇｌｅｅｂｌｅ－１５００热学－力学模拟试验机在不同变形温度和变形速率下进行半固态压缩变形。结果表明,铝合金２６１８在半固态时的变形抗力比固态时大幅度下降,液相线铸造组织的成形性能优于常规铸造组织。     

Q235低碳钢高温变形过程的动态组织演化分析

通过Gleeble 2000上的热模拟压缩实验,分析了Q235低碳钢在不同热加工参数下的动态组织演化特征.结果表明:应变速率和温度对Q235钢的奥氏体形变特征影响强烈.在相同变形温度下,应变速率的提高可以明显推迟动态再结晶的发生;应变速率较低时,降低温度同样可以延迟动态再结晶的发生.利用定量金相技术及线性、非线性拟合算法,建立了Q235钢热变形过程的唯像本构关系及组织演化动力学模型,并将其应用于Autoforge 3.1有限元软件平台.压缩过程有限元模拟分析表明,分别采用Arrhenius双曲正弦方程描述Q235钢的唯像本构关系及Yada模型表征Q235钢变形过程的平均晶粒尺寸,可以满足预测精度,与实际变形过程基本吻合.     

过冷金属熔体中枝晶生长的各向异性效应

基于Karma-Rappel相场模型,模拟了纯金属在量纲为1过冷度为0.45时等轴枝晶生长过程中晶粒形貌和温度场的变化. 研究了不同各向异性条件下等轴晶晶粒形貌的演化过程. 模拟结果显示,各项异性系数的大小对晶粒的形貌有重要影响. 当各项异性为0.05时,枝晶在生长过程中出现了"颈缩"现象,枝晶中温度梯度最大的方向总是与最优生长方向保持一致.     

海洋软管铠装层用钢的海水腐蚀行为

通过浸泡实验研究了铠装层用钢在模拟海水环境下的腐蚀行为.实验结果表明,实验钢的微观组织由回火马氏体组成,同时在基体中观察到含铬的析出粒子;腐蚀速率随着腐蚀时间延长逐渐降低,最终实验腐蚀速率为0.068 9 mm·a~(-1).腐蚀行为分为三个阶段:快速下降阶段、平稳过渡阶段和缓慢下降阶段,试样表面的腐蚀产物主要为α-FeOOH,γ-FeOOH,Fe_3O_4,Fe_2O_3;随着腐蚀时间的增加,腐蚀产物结构更加密实且厚度更大,铬元素倾向于在腐蚀产物中聚集.     

不同工艺下低碳马氏体钢的组织与力学性能

研究了淬火温度和保温时间对低碳马氏体钢组织、抗拉强度和屈服强度的影响.结果表明,淬火温度和保温时间对试样的组织和力学性能影响显著;在890℃下保温70和210s淬火试样的组织主要为板条状马氏体和块状铁素体;在920和950℃下保温210s淬火,其组织为板条状全马氏体;在920℃下保温70~210s淬火试样具有良好的力学性能.     

钛稀土复合处理对C--Mn钢粗晶热影响区组织及韧性的影响

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机进行焊接热影响区热循环模拟实验,研究了在焊接热输入为65 kJ·cm-1时稀土单独处理和钛稀土复合处理对C-Mn钢粗晶热影响区组织及冲击韧性的影响,并利用扫描电镜观察和分析了实验钢中的夹杂物和冲击断口形貌,利用光镜观察了热循环模拟后实验钢中的微观组织.实验结果表明:稀土单独处理和钛稀土复合处理的试样微观组织分别主要是晶界铁素体+块状铁素体+针状铁素体和晶界铁素体+晶内针状铁素体.经稀土单独处理的试样中夹杂物为La2 O2 S+锰铝硅酸盐+MnS复合夹杂;钛稀土复合处理的试样中的夹杂主要是La2 O2 S+TiOx+锰铝硅酸盐+MnS复合夹杂.钛稀土复合处理钢中的复合夹杂更细小,有利于形成细小的晶内针状铁素体.钛稀土复合处理极大地改善了实验钢的焊接热影响区低温冲击韧性,比稀土单独处理对试样的冲击性能提升效果更好.