Investigation on leaching of malachite by citric acid

Leaching of an oxidized copper ore containing malachite, as a new approach, was investigated by an organic reagent, citric acid. Sulfuric acid is the most common reagent in the leaching of oxide copper ores, but it has several side effects such as severe adverse impact on the environment. In this investigation, the effects of particle size, acid concentration, leaching time, solid/liquid ratio, temperature, and stirring speed were optimized. According to the experimental results, malachite leaching by citric acid was technically feasible. Optimum leaching conditions were found as follows:the range of particle size, 105-150 μm; acid concentration, 0.2 M; leaching time, 30 min; solid/liquid ratio, 1:20 g/mL; temperature, 40℃; and stirring speed, 200 r/min. Under the optimum conditions, 91.61% of copper was extracted.     

Facile synthesis of monodispersed copper oxalate flaky particles in the presence of EDTA

Monodispersed copper oxalate particles with flaky morphology were prepared via a simple one-pot synthesis method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were used to characterize particle morphology, size, phase composition, and functional groups. It was found that the presence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and the solution pH value had strong influence on the morphological and size evolution of the precipitated particles. On the basis of controlled release of copper ions from a Cu2+–EDTA complex and Weimarn’s law, a strategy for the controlled synthesis of monodispersed copper oxalate particles was designed by referring to the basic mode of the Stöber method. The inherent nature of crystallization to form the flaky solid in the early stage of precipitation as well as the driving force of the long-lasting low supersaturation in the growth stage was proposed to explain the size and morphological evolution of the copper oxalate precipitates. Thermodynamic equilibrium concentrations of copper(Ⅱ) species in the Cu(Ⅱ)–EDTA–oxalate–H₂O solution system were calculated to help explain the possible formation mechanism of copper oxalate precipitates.     

电磁搅拌工艺参数对半固态AZ91D 镁合金组织的影响

研究了电磁搅拌工艺参数对半固态AZ91D合金组织的影响规律。结果表明：电磁搅拌条件下半固态AZ91D合金组织的固相颗粒为蔷薇状或粒状α—Mg，随电磁搅拌功率的增大，蔷薇状形态逐渐消失，固相颗粒形态趋于粒状和圆整；在实验范围内，随电磁搅拌电源频率的增大，半固态AZ91D合金组织中固相颗粒形态越来越圆整。这主要是由于电磁搅拌条件下半固态AZ91D合金组织的形成机理是以枝晶臂熔断为主，而在高频率下的电磁搅拌过程中，在搅拌室产生的集肤效应使得表面和中心出现宏观温度差，从而加强了固相颗粒随流场运动时的温度起伏，最终加速了枝晶的熔断。     

Influence of pH,immersion time,and benzotriazole concentration on copper corrosion in citric acid based slurries

Copper corrosion in citric acid based slurries with or without benzotriazole (BTA) was investigated as a function of the slurry pH,immersion time and BTA concentration by static etching and electrochemical experiments.The chemical composition of the corroded surface was determined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).The static etching rate of copper in a H2O2 +citric acid+BTA slurry was lower than that in a H2O2 +citric acid slurry at pH 4.4-8.When the pH of the slurry was >8 or <4.4,the results were reversed and the static etching rate of copper increased when BTA was added to the H2O2 +citric acid slurry.The inhibitory effect of BTA in the H2O2 +citric acid slurry at pH 6 increased with the increasing immersion time of the copper.The corrosion current density of copper gradually decreased with increasing BTA concentration in slurry.     

Improved flotation performance of hematite fines using citric acid as a dispersant

In this study, citric acid was used as a dispersant to improve the flotation performance of hematite fines. The effect and mechanism of citric acid on the reverse flotation of hematite fines were investigated by flotation tests, sedimentation experiments, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta-potential measurements, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The results of SEM analysis and flotation tests reveal that a strong heterocoagulation in the form of slime coating or coagulation in hematite fine slurry affects the beneficiation of hematite ores by froth flotation. The addition of a small amount of citric acid (less than 300 g/t) favorably affects the reverse flotation of hematite fines by improving particle dispersion. The results of sedimentation experiments, zeta-potential measurements, and XPS measurements demonstrate that citric acid adsorbs onto hematite and quartz surfaces via hydrogen bonding, thereby reducing the zeta potentials of mineral surfaces, strengthening the electrical double-layer repulsion between mineral particles, and dispersing the pulp particles.     

含碳酸盐脉石氧化铜矿的酸浸动力学

针对碳酸盐脉石对氧化铜矿酸浸动力学的影响进行探讨,研究了温度、酸度、矿石粒径、液固质量比、振荡速度等因素对含碳酸盐脉石氧化铜矿浸出的影响.结果表明,高温、高酸度、高液固质量比、小粒径和高振荡速度利于矿石的浸出,但碳酸盐脉石使得酸耗增加.考虑浸出成本确定合理的浸出条件为温度303 K、酸度35 g·L-1、矿石粒径0.074~0.125 mm、液固质量比3﹕1以及振荡速度180 r·min-1,浸出180 min后铜浸出率达53.6%.对浸出前后矿石表面形貌进行分析.结果显示碳酸盐脉石与酸反应后在矿石表面形成CaSO4·2H2 O沉淀,覆盖在颗粒表面,限制了矿石颗粒孔裂隙的发育.基于收缩未反应核模型对浸出动力学进行分析,发现碳酸盐脉石反应生成的沉淀阻碍了浸出反应,固体产物层扩散为浸出反应的控制步骤,反应的表观活化能为8.65 kJ·mol-1.     

Preparation of semisolid AlSi7Mg alloy slurry through weak traveling-wave electromagnetic stirring

The semisolid AlSi7Mg alloy slurry with large capacity was prepared by low superheat pouring and week traveling-wave electromagnetic stirring. The effects of electromagnetic stirring power and frequency on the shape and distribution of primary α-A1 grains in the AlSi7Mg alloy slurry were discussed. The experimental results show that the AlSi7Mg alloy slurry with fine and spherical primary α-A1 grains distributed homogeneously can be obtained. Under the condition of low superheat pouring and week traveling-wave electromagnetic stirring, when the pouring temperature is 630℃, raising the stirring power or frequency appropriately can gain a better shape of primary α-Al grains; but if the stirring power or frequency is increased to a certain value (1.72 kW or 10 Hz), the shape of primary α-A1 grains cannot be obviously improved and spherical primary α-Al grains distributed homogeneously can be still obtained.     

乙醇为溶剂超临界干燥法制备纳米Al2O3

以硝酸铝为原料,柠檬酸为分散剂,无水乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶结合超临界干燥的方法制备了纳米AlOOH。经过500～900℃焙烧后得到纳米γ-Al₂O₃。考察了溶液pH值、硝酸铝与柠檬酸物质的量比对AlOOH粉体,以及焙烧温度对γ-Al₂O₃两者形貌和尺寸的影响。采用TEM、XRD、IR对超细粒子的粒径、形貌进行了表征。结果表明,制备溶胶时的pH值和柠檬酸的〖JP2〗加入对经超临界干燥所得的AlOOH的形貌和尺寸有明显影响。在pH=3,n(C₆H₈O₇)∶n(Al(NO₃)₃)=1∶2的条件下可得到纤维状纳米AlOOH(直径为1～10nm, 长为30～40nm)。该AlOOH经500～900℃焙烧后可得纤维状纳米γ-Al₂O₃,其直径为1～10nm,长为30～70nm。     

反应结晶法制备微粉化萘普生的研究

采用反应结晶法对萘普生进行微粉化实验研究。系统考察了温度、搅拌速度、盐酸滴加速度、药物浓度和酸溶液体积用量对反应结晶颗粒的形貌和粒度的影响。实验结果表明在温度15℃,搅拌速度1500r/nim,盐酸溶液滴加速度0.5mL/min,药物浓度0.02mol/L,盐酸溶液体积10mL,可制得微粉化六边形片状萘普生药物颗粒,且产物的粒度和形貌可控。产品的XRD、IR分析表明结晶过程对产物的晶形与化学性质均不产生影响。     

Extracting copper from copper oxide ore by a zwitterionic reagent and dissolution kinetics

Sulfamic acid (SA), which possesses a zwitterionic structure, was applied as a leaching reagent for the first time for extracting copper from copper oxide ore. The effects of reaction time, temperature, particle size, reagent concentration, and stirring speed on this leaching were studied. The dissolution kinetics of malachite was illustrated with a three-dimensional diffusion model. A novel leaching effect of SA on malachite was eventually demonstrated. The leaching rate increased with decreasing particle size and increasing concentration, reaction temperature and stirring speed. The activation energy for SA leaching malachite was 33.23 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the effectiveness of SA as a new reagent for extracting copper from copper oxide ore was confirmed by experiment. This approach may provide a solution suitable for subsequent electrowinning. In addition, results reported herein may provide basic data that enable the leaching of other carbonate minerals of copper, zinc, cobalt and so on in an SA system.     

柠檬酸对微细粒绿泥石夹带行为的影响

通过浮选试验、Zeta电位测试、红外光谱分析、EDLVO理论计算及扫描电镜(SEM)分析研究了赤铁矿反浮选体系下柠檬酸对细粒绿泥石夹带行为的影响.浮选试验表明:添加柠檬酸促进了细粒绿泥石的夹带行为,有利于脱除铁精矿中的绿泥石.动电位测试和红外光谱分析表明:柠檬酸吸附在绿泥石和赤铁矿表面使其表面负电性增加进而增强其颗粒间的静电排斥力.EDLVO计算结果表明:赤铁矿和绿泥石之间存在吸引力,添加柠檬酸后,其作用力转化为排斥力,该计算同扫描电镜结果一致.     

Fe-Mo复合氧化物超细微粒催化剂的合成及表征

以柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶．凝胶法合成了Fe-Mo复合氧化物超细微粒催化剂,使用DTA-TG、IR、XRD以及BET比表面测试等表征手段,考察了制备条件与热处理条件对复合氧化物超细微粒形成、结构和表面积的影响．结果表明：本方法制备的Fe-Mo复合氧化物的比表面积远远大于共沉淀法制得的同类样品的比表面积,在氮气气氛中分解Fe-Mo凝胶中的柠檬酸,可有效地避免柠檬酸分解发生氧化燃烧而引起的微粒烧结．     

钼酸镧超细微粒催化剂的合成及表征

以柠檬酸为络合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了La2(MoO4)3超细微粒催化剂,使用DTA-TG、IR、XRD以及BET比表面测试等表征手段,考察了制备条件与热处理条件对复合氧化物超细微粒形成、结构和表面积的影响。结果表明：本文法制备的La2(MoO4)3复合氧化物的比表面积远远大于共沉淀法制得的类似样品的比表面积,在氮气气氛中分解La2(MoO4)3凝胶中的柠檬酸,可有效地避免柠檬酸分解发生氧化燃烧而引起微粒烧结。     

SnO_2纳米粉体的制备研究

以Sn粒为原料,在柠檬酸体系中,用溶胶凝胶法合成了四方晶系的SnO2粉体.对前驱体进行了TG-DTA分析,用XRD、TEM对产物的组成、粒径大小、形貌进行了表征.结果表明:Sn∶柠檬酸的摩尔比为1∶2,煅烧温度在550℃时可生成粒度小、纯度高的SnO2纳米晶粉体.     

超声波在Ni-Si3N4纳米复合电镀中的作用

采用超声波分散技术在纯铜板上制备了含有纳米Si3N4镍基复合镀层,研究了超声波对纳米颗粒含量、复合镀层显微硬度及组织结构的影响.用扫描电镜观察镀层表面显微组织,利用MM-200磨损实验机检测所得复合镀层的耐磨性能,结果表明,采用超声波分散技术可获得性能优良的复合镀层.     

隔膜电沉积法制备片状氢氧化镁及其影响因素

以氯化镁为原料,采用隔膜电沉积法制备了片状氢氧化镁.考察了氯化镁浓度、反应温度、电流密度对氢氧化镁形貌及颗粒粒径的影响.采用SEM和激光粒度分布仪对产物氢氧化镁的形貌和颗粒粒径大小进行了表征.结果表明,该法获得的产物沉降快且易分离;电解质浓度增加,片状形貌更大且更厚,颗粒粒径变大;反应温度升高,导致片状形貌缺陷增大,团聚更严重,颗粒粒径先减小后增大;电流密度增强,造成片状特性变差,最终出现枝状形貌,颗粒粒径减小.对样品进行BET检测,发现合成样品中比表面积最大可达82.36 m2/g,对甲基紫的吸附量可达1 256 mg/g.     

柠檬酸对聚合物前驱体法制备WO3薄膜光电性质的影响

以偏钨酸铵为钨源,柠檬酸为络合剂,聚乙二醇(PEG)为聚合物合成前驱体溶胶,并用浸渍提拉法在FTO导电玻璃上制备了WO3薄膜,研究配位剂柠檬酸对聚合物前驱体法制备WO3薄膜结构和光电性质的影响。采用X线衍射、拉曼光谱和场发射扫描电镜等手段研究薄膜的相组成及表面形貌,借助标准三电极体系进行了光电化学测试,并进一步讨论了柠檬酸对WO3薄膜光电性能影响机理。结果表明:CA和W摩尔比为0,0.5,1.0和2.0条件下薄膜表面颗粒平均尺寸分别为60,80,110和115 nm,500 W氙灯照射1.2 V(vs Ag/AgCl)偏压条件下,光电流密度分别为2.4,3.2,3.4和3.5 mA/cm2;柠檬酸的加入有效地改变了薄膜的表面形貌,较高的表面粗糙度和较大的颗粒使得WO3薄膜电极有更好的光电性能。     

电磁搅拌对弹簧钢60Si2Mn凝固组织的影响

利用金相观察了电磁搅拌对弹簧钢６０Ｓｉ２Ｍｎ凝固组织的影响情况,并讨论了形成机制。结果表明：在凝固过程中进行电磁搅拌,引起熔体的强烈流动,使液相区的温度场和溶质含量趋于均匀;凝固时奥氏体的一次臂生长速度减慢,消除弹簧钢６０Ｓｉ２Ｍｎ一次结晶组织中发达的柱状树枝晶层;     

搅拌铸造SiCp/ZL101复合材料孔隙率的研究

阐述了搅拌铸造制备碳化硅颗粒增强铝基复合材料孔隙率的测定方法,分析了复合材料中形成孔隙的原因和影响因素,并从真空度、搅拌杆形状、搅拌时间、浇注系统设计、浇注方式、改善SiC和基体界面浸润性等方面,探讨了降低搅拌铸造制备铝基复合材料孔隙率的措施和方法.结果表明,通过采取合理的制备方法和工艺参数,可以有效地使所制备材料的孔隙率降低到1%,提高材料的复合质量.     

硅藻土处理工业废水中铜离子的研究

研究了利用硅藻土静态处理含铜工业废水,讨论了投加量、pH值、温度、搅拌时间、搅拌速度及静置时间对去除铜离子的影响。找出硅藻土去除铜离子的最适条件,为工业废水除铜提供了基础。