高品质GCr15轴承钢二次精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律

采用FE-SEM/EDS研究了转炉流程生产的GCr15轴承钢LF、RH精炼过程中夹杂物的演变规律,分析了其演变机理。结果表明:钢中复合夹杂物的演变规律可归纳为:Al2O3→MgO·Al2O3→(CaO-MgO-Al2O3-(CaS))复合氧化物夹杂和Al2O3→(Al2O3-MnS)→(Al2O3-MnS-Ti(C,N))复合氧硫碳氮物夹杂2种方式。LF精炼过程脱硫作用明显,钢中的硫化物夹杂数量大幅减少。LF精炼初期钢中主要是MnS、Al2O3、TiN的单相夹杂物。LF精炼结束后钢中的夹杂物演变为Al2O3为核心外包氧化物及MnS、TiN、Ti(C,N)、CaS的复合夹杂物。精炼渣中的CaO和耐火材料中的MgO经还原后与钢中溶解氧反应导致LF精炼结束时D类夹杂物增加。RH及软吹处理进一步强化了去除钢中的硫化物,但D类及其与A、T类复合的夹杂物含量增加。在LF阶段,夹杂物尺寸主要集中在1~3μm范围内,到RH阶段,夹杂物尺寸则主要集中分布在小于1μm的粒度范围。最大夹杂物尺寸由10.79μm降到5.68μm,单位面积夹杂个数由372个/mm2降到258个/mm2。RH及软吹处理有效地降低了钢中大于3μm的夹杂物。     

低碳低硅SPHC钢精炼渣优化研究

为改善SPHC钢LF精炼效果,本研究首先利用FactSage热力学计算软件,分析了SPHC钢LF精炼渣系的理化特性,提出相应的精炼渣优化方案,并进行了工业实验验证.研究结果显示,通过对LF精炼渣系的优化,出站时钢中全氧T[ O]由优化前的24×10-6下降至优化后的20×10-6,显微夹杂物总数去除率由优化前的56.57%增加至优化后的71.54%,大型夹杂物数量也由原来的85.42 mg/10 kg下降至42.45 mg/10 kg.     

超低硫钢生产工艺的实践

在济钢生产X80、X100管线钢为平台的超低硫钢的工艺基础上,对LF深脱硫控制技术进行了分析研究,结果表明LF深脱硫主要取决于精炼渣系配比、钢包底吹氩工艺、钢水温度和钢水中[Als]含量。通过工艺调整,使生产X80、X100管线钢时LF炉终点w[S]可稳定控制在15ppm以内,平均控制在10ppm。     

钢液精炼和连铸过程中物理去除夹杂物现状及展望

夹杂物去除是钢液精炼的重要任务之一。目前与去除夹杂物相关的工艺方法主要有:钢包-电磁搅拌和钢包底吹氩;RH及RH侧底复吹;中间包-控流装置、气幕挡墙和通道电磁感应加热;结晶器电磁搅拌与电磁制动和水口吹氩。本文总结了钢水精炼中各个反应器去除夹杂物的方法和机理,并分析了影响夹杂物去除效率的主要因素,为钢水二次精炼的夹杂物去除工艺优化提供理论依据和参考。     

LF炉冶炼超低硫钢的工艺条件

提出了采用热力学计算分析确定LF炉冶炼超低硫钢工艺条件的方法·分析表明,可通过提高炉渣碱度、强化渣钢脱氧、控制渣钢原始硫质量分数和渣质量,来实现超低硫钢的冶炼·150tLF炉生产实践表明,在原始钢水硫平均为00146%条件下,通过控制规定的工艺条件,经LF处理后的钢水硫质量分数平均可达00044%·再经VD处理后,可实现成品硫质量分数为00027%的超低硫钢生产·在上述条件基础上,将原始硫质量分数控制在00058%以下或保证渣金硫的分配比在250以上或采用双渣操作,LF炉可精炼0002%以下极低硫钢     

304奥氏体不锈钢夹杂物的冶金行为

根据热力学计算,结合生产过程实际,研究了Si脱氧条件下304奥氏体不锈钢在LF精炼、连铸过程夹杂物的变化规律.结果表明,钢水中主要形成CaO-Al2O3-SiO2类复合夹杂物,钢水中Al含量随Si含量的降低逐渐减小.当精炼渣碱度R=1.5时,随精炼、连铸过程的进行,复合夹杂物中Al2O3含量逐渐减少,CaO,SiO2含量逐渐增加.终点铸坯夹杂物成分为30%～35%CaO,20%～27%Al2O3,25%～30%SiO2,其他成分含量较少.终点铸坯夹杂物略显碱性,变形能力稍弱.     

RH真空精炼过程循环流量与混合特性的物理模拟

以某钢厂180t的RH真空精炼装置为研究原型,依据相似准则建立物理模拟试验装置,进行2因素(喷吹角度和供气流量)作用下3水平的水模型正交试验研究,深入揭示RH真空精炼过程中循环流动状态变化规律,并为其工艺和操作参数的确定提供技术依据.结果表明:供气流量及喷吹角度均会影响精炼效率,供气流量影响更显著;存在最优的吹氩方案,即流量为20m3/h,喷吹角度为45°时,混匀时间最短;在不同供气流量下,循环流量增加幅度随喷吹角度的增大而逐渐减小,最佳喷吹角度在25°~35°之间.     

钢包在线底吹氩及夹杂去除的物理模拟研究

采用物理模拟的方法,研究钢包在线底吹氩时,钢包内钢液量、渣层厚度、底吹气体流量等参数对钢包顶部钢液裸露面积的影响,以及钢包在线底吹氩工艺对钢液中夹杂去除率的影响。结果表明,钢包临界卷渣底吹气体流量随着浇铸的进行而逐渐减小;在钢液量相同时,钢包顶部钢液裸露面积随着底吹气体流量的增加而逐渐增大;在底吹气体流量相同时,钢包顶部钢液裸露面积随着钢液液面高度的下降而逐渐减小;渣层越厚,钢液裸露面积越小;在底吹气体流量较小时,透气砖无堵塞与堵塞50%时造成的钢液裸露面积大小相近,但随着底吹气体流量的增加,透气砖堵塞50%时较无堵塞时造成的钢液裸露面积大;钢包在线底吹氩可以提高钢液中夹杂物的去除率。     

LF精炼废渣中硫赋存形式的研究

以CaO,SiO2和A12O3为主要原料,分别制备了CaO-A12O3二元和CaO-SiO2-A12O3三元渣样,分析了炉渣通过水冷及随炉冷却时渣中硫的赋存形式.研究结果表明:在12CaO·7A12O3为基体的CaO-A12O3二元渣中,硫在水冷及随炉冷却时主要以11CaO·7A12O3·CaS固溶体的形式存在;在CaO-SiO2-A12O3三元渣中,当A12O3的含量较低时,硫在水冷及随炉冷却时均以CaS的形式存在;当A12O3的含量较高时,硫在水冷时以CaS的形式存在,但在随炉冷却时则以11CaO·7A12O3·CaS固溶体的形式存在.通过改变成分和冷却方式可以控制精炼废渣中硫的赋存形式.     

精炼渣中FeO的活度模型

根据熔渣结构的分子离子共存理论,建立了SiO2-Al2O3-CaO-MgO-FeO-MnO六元渣系的活度计算模型。计算得到了LF精炼渣中FeO的活度值,并分析了炉渣成分Al2O3、FeO以及碱度w(CaO)/w(SiO2)对FeO活度的影响,为帘线钢精炼变渣过程中控制回硫提供指导。     

LF钢包精炼过程中的脱氧

研究了钢包精炼过程中钢水流动现象及吹氩对钢液中固脱氧产物去除行为的影响和不同脱氧条件下吹氩过程对钢中溶解氧的去除规律,指出合理的吹氩制度对钢液中固相脱氧产物的去除至关重要。当钢液不用铝脱氧时,吹氩过程对钢液中溶解氧的去除具有十分重要的意义。     

邯钢250 t转炉吹炼参数对传质能力影响的实验研究

渣钢间传质速度决定了熔池元素的反应速度(尤其是脱碳和脱磷反应速度),并直接影响元素在渣钢间分配.本文以邯钢250 t转炉为研究对象,利用相似比1﹕9建立水模型,考虑供气流量、枪位和底吹位置因素研究转炉内传质能力.结果表明：加大顶吹供气强度和底吹供气强度能够大大提高熔池元素在渣钢间的分配;渣钢间传质系数随底吹气体流量降低而明显降低,建议底吹气体流量不低于0.06 m3·t-1·min-1;底吹孔数越多,渣钢间传质系数越大;底吹流量分配方案优于流量平均分配方案,建议采用.     

提高高铝钢可浇性工艺技术研究

为了提高高铝钢可浇性,在转炉出钢及LF精炼过程对钢包渣进行改质处理,连铸采用专用高铝钢保护渣,中间包采用塞棒吹氩+密封圈等水口防堵工艺。工艺试验结果表明,夹杂物组成可控制在12CaO·7Al2O3、3CaO·Al2O3低熔点组成区域,浇铸时长为4.5~6h时,液面状况正常,无结团,渣条较少且无硬渣条,铸坯表面质量优良,连续浇铸炉数不低于6炉。     

不同碱度精炼渣系对弹簧钢夹杂物的影响

哈贝马斯对《启蒙辩证法》的否定性解读,使得该著中的拯救逻辑遭到歪曲。由哈贝马斯的解读所延伸出的对《启蒙辩证法》拯救逻辑的美学化和精神分析化的重构与阿多尔诺的哲学思想相矛盾,由此我们必须重新反思哈贝马斯的解读模式。《启蒙辩证法》并非仅仅局限于工具理性批判,它通过有规定的否定达到了对现代启蒙当中现实权力因素的内在批判,它因此并没有彻底否定启蒙也没有重新树立新的乌托邦。对自然的回忆的拯救逻辑意味着思想必须对自身展开批判,以达到重新正视社会现实中的苦难现象,从而解构抽象主体的优先地位。     

Variation and optimization of acid-dissolved aluminum content in stainless steel

As a key step in secondary refining, the deoxidation process in clean stainless steel production is widely researched by many scholars. In this study, vacuum oxygen decarburization (VOD) deoxidation refining in a 40-t electric arc furnace + VOD + ingot casting process was analyzed and optimized on the basis of Al deoxidation of stainless steel and thermodynamic equilibrium reactions between the slag and steel. Under good stirring conditions in VOD, the deoxidation reaction reaches equilibrium rapidly, and the oxygen activity in the bulk steel is controlled by the slag composition and Al content. A basicity of 3–5 and an Al content greater than 0.015wt% in the melt resulted in an oxygen content less than 0.0006wt%. In addition, the dissolved oxygen content decreased slightly when the Al content in the steel was greater than 0.02wt%. Because of the equilibrium of the Si–O reaction between the slag and steel, the activity of SiO₂ will increase while the Si content increases; thus, the Si content should be lowered to enable the formation of a high-basicity slag. A high-basicity, low-Al₂O₃ slag and an increased Si content will reduce the Al consumption caused by SiO₂ reduction.     

高碱度LF合成精炼渣泡沫化性能研究

在实验室条件下采用钼丝挂渣法测量熔渣发泡高度,以相对发泡高度作为衡量指标,结合理论分析,系统研究了高碱度合成精炼渣的泡沫化性能.结果表明:熔渣相对发泡高度随着黏度的增大、表面张力和密度的减小而增大.在精炼渣成分一定时,随温度升高和吹气量增加,熔渣相对发泡高度都有先增加后降低的趋势.具有较好泡沫化性能的精炼渣组成范围是:ω(CaO)/ω(SiO_2)为5～8,ω(Al_2O_3):27%,ω(CaF_2)为3%～6%,ω(MgO)=8%,ω(FeO)<0.5%.     

板坯连铸结晶器吹氩工艺参数优化

采用流体体积(VOF)方法和拉格朗日离散模型建立了反映230mm×1100mm板坯连铸结晶器吹氩过程中钢液、熔渣和氩气气泡流动行为的数学模型,通过数值模拟方法研究吹氩量、拉坯速度和水口浸入深度等工艺参数对结晶器内钢/渣界面行为特征的影响规律。结果表明,吹氩会明显加剧水口附近的钢/渣界面波动,选择合适的拉坯速度能有效降低该处的界面波动幅度,同时吹氩有利于减缓结晶器弯月面处的液面波动,可在一定程度上达到稳定钢/渣界面的目的。从16种工艺配置方案中优化出该结晶器的最佳吹氩工艺参数为:拉坯速度1.2m/min,吹氩量9L/min,水口浸入深度120mm。     

TP347H精炼渣二次氧化控制及夹杂物变性处理

研究了采用EF+VOD+IC工艺流程生产TP347H不锈钢时由于精炼渣成分产生的二次氧化及其氧化夹杂物的变性处理过程.试验中VOD精炼过程中采用Al进行终脱氧，降低精炼渣中FeO、SiO2含量，精炼渣四元碱度控制在1.3以上，保证钢中全氧质量分数小于0.003%.脱氧后使用喂Ca-Si线及钢包软吹的精炼手段，可将硬质Al2 O3及MgAl2 O4转变为CaO-Al2 O3夹杂，减少硬质MgAl2 O4夹杂总量并使夹杂物熔点低于1500益.此类夹杂在炼钢温度下呈液态且更易于聚集与上浮，而在后续轧制、锻造过程中低熔点夹杂随基体发生形变，减少钢材裂纹的产生.     

Dynamic mass variation and multiphase interaction among steel,slag, lining refractory and nonmetallic inclusions: Laboratory experiments and mathematical prediction

The mass transfer among the multiphase interactions among the steel, slag, lining refractory, and nonmetallic inclusions during the refining process of a bearing steel was studied using laboratory experiments and numerical kinetic prediction. Experiments on the system with and without the slag phase were carried out to evaluate the influence of the refractory and the slag on the mass transfer. A mathematical model coupled the ion and molecule coexistence theory, coupled-reaction model, and the surface renewal theory was established to predict the dy-namic mass transfer and composition transformation of the steel, the slag, and nonmetallic inclusions in the steel. During the refining process, Al2O3 inclusions transformed into MgO inclusions owing to the mass transfer of [Mg] at the steel/refractory interface and (MgO) at the slag/re-fractory interface. Most of the aluminum involved in the transport entered the slag and a small part of the aluminum transferred to lining re-fractory, forming the Al2O3 or MgO·Al2O3. The slag had a significant acceleration effect on the mass transfer. The mass transfer rate (or the re-action rate) of the system with the slag was approximately 5 times larger than that of the system without the slag. In the first 20 min of the re-fining, rates of magnesium mass transfer at the steel/inclusion interface, steel/refractory interface, and steel/slag interface were x, 1.1x, and 2.2x, respectively. The composition transformation of inclusions and the mass transfer of magnesium and aluminum in the steel were predicted with an acceptable accuracy using the established kinetic model.     

含锰钢液在真空有渣精炼过程中的锰蒸发和脱氮行为研究

Considering the precise composition control on the vacuum refining of high-Mn steel, the behaviors of both Mn evaporation and nitrogen removal from molten Mn steel were investigated via vacuum slag refining in a vacuum induction furnace. It was found that the reaction interfaces of denitrification and Mn evaporation tend to migrate from the surface of slag layer to the surface of molten steel with the gradual exposure of molten steel during the vacuum slag refining process. Significantly, compared with the experimental group without slag addition, the addition of slag into steel can result in a lower Mn evaporation rate constant of 0.0192 cm·min?1 at 370 Pa, while the denitrification rate is almost not affected. Besides, the slag has a stronger inhibitory effect on Mn evaporation than the reduced vacuum pressure. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the slag layer on Mn evaporation can be weakened with the increase of the initial Mn content in molten steel. The slag layer can work as an inhibitory layer to reduce the Mn evaporation from molten steel, the evaporation reaction of Mn mainly proceeds on the surface of the molten steel. This may be attributed to the Mn mass transfer coefficient for one of reaction at steel/slag interface, mass transfer in molten slag, and evaporation reaction at slag/gas interface is lower than that of evaporation reaction at steel/gas interface. The introduction of slag is proposed for both denitrification and manganese control during the vacuum refining process of Mn steels.