Microstructure,mechanical properties and deformation mechanisms of an Al-Mg alloy processed by the cyclical continuous expanded extrusion and drawing approach

Al-Mg alloys are an important class of non-heat treatable alloys in which Mg solute and grain size play essential role in their mechanical properties and plastic deformation behaviors.In this work,a cyclical continuous expanded extrusion and drawing(CCEED)process was proposed and implemented on an Al-3Mg alloy to introduce large plastic deformation.The results showed that the continuous expanded extrusion mainly improved the ductility,while the cold drawing enhanced the strength of the alloy.With the increased processing CCEED passes,the multi-pass cross shear deformation mechanism progressively improved the homogeneity of the hardness distributions and refined grain size.Continuous dynamic recrystallization played an important role in the grain refinement of the processed Al-3Mg alloy rods.Besides,the microstructural evolution was basically influenced by the special thermomechanical deformation conditions during the CCEED process.     

模压变形工艺及其研究进展

为了系统地研究模压变形工艺在制备大体积超细晶金属板材方面的应用,在介绍模压变形工艺基本原理、塑性力学解析及分类的基础上,阐述了变形道次、变形温度和模具结构等工艺因素对模压变形的影响规律和机理,归纳了变形材料的热稳定性、工艺改进及变形路径、变形均匀性分析及工艺优化等关键问题,对模压变形工艺在室温难变形金属板材中的应用、变形板材的塑韧性和成形性能改善以及工艺的塑性变形机理等方面的研究趋势进行了展望:未来模压变形工艺将着眼于镁合金、钛合金等塑性加工能力差但又极具工业应用潜力的金属板材,注重变形板材使用性能的调控机理与方法的研究,寻求防止裂纹产生的有效工艺措施,同时系统深入地揭示模压变形材料组织结构和性能的演变机理,为揭示模压变形材料组织结构和性能的演变机理提供了参考。     

Microstructure evolution of a recycled Al-Fe-Si-Cu alloy processed by tube channel pressing

Although excellent recyclability is one of the advantages of Al alloys, a recycling process can reduce different properties of these alloys by adding coarse AlFeSi particles into the alloys' microstructures. One of the well-known methods for modifying the microstructure of metallic materials is the imposition of severe plastic deformation (SPD). Nevertheless, the microstructure evolutions of recycled Al alloys containing extraordinary fractions of AlFeSi particles during SPD processing have seldom been considered. The aim of the present work is to study the microstructure evolution of a recycled Al-Fe-Si-Cu alloy during SPD processing. For this purpose, tubular specimens of the mentioned alloy were subjected to different numbers of passes of a recently developed SPD process called tube channel pressing (TCP); their microstructures were then studied using different techniques. The results show that coarse AlFeSi particles are fragmented into finer particles after processing by TCP. However, decomposition and dissolution of AlFeSi particles through TCP processing are negligible. In addition, TCP processing results in an increase in hardness of the alloy, which is attributed to the refinement of grains, to an increase of the dislocation density, and to the fragmentation of AlFeSi particles.     

Microstructural evolution of a recycled aluminum alloy deformed by equal channel angular pressing process

The microstructural evolution of a recycled aluminum alloy after equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) up to four passes was investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Microhardness tests were performed to determine the associated changes in mechanical properties. An ultrafine-grained material has been obtained with a microstructure showing a mixture of highly strained crystallites. A high density of dislocations was achieved as a result of severe plastic deformation (SPD) through the die. Changes in mechanical behavior are also revealed after ECAP due to strain hardening. Thermal analysis and TEM micrographs obtained after annealing indicate the succession of the recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth phenomena. Moreover, the energy stored during ECAP may be related to the dislocation density introduced by SPD. We finally emphasize the role played by the precipitates in this alloy.     

地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构防倒塌的判别

在地震作用下保证钢筋混凝土框架结构耗能最大化，同时保证在弹塑性变形条件下大震不倒，对框架结构意义重大。基于功能原理，对框架结构在水平地震作用下达到最大弹塑性位移时的2种变形破坏模式柱铰机制和梁铰机制进行分析，给出结构倒塌指标Ks的下限值和防倒塌的评估判别式，通过算例和实例对规范中框架结构防倒塌的相关要求进行了计算验证。结果显示，现行抗震规范对罕遇地震作用下钢筋混凝土框架结构变形控制值是略偏保守的。     

Tensile deformation behavior of a solution-treated Ti-33Nb-4Sn alloy with a dual β and α" phases under cyclic loading-unloading

The cyclical tensile deformation behavior of a solution-treated(ST) Ti-33Nb-4Sn alloy with a dual β and α "phases was investigated in this study.Experimental results indicated that the ST Ti-33Nb-4Sn alloy exhibited different deformation behavior during two different loading-unloading cycles,and that the deformation behavior was closely related to the characteristics of stress-induced martensitic(SIM) transformation,mainly including the extent and the reversibility of SIM transformation.During the first cycle,the extensive and incompletely reversible SIM transformation occurred,resulting in notable "double yielding" during loading and residual permanent strain after unloading.In the second cycle,however,a slight and reverse SIM transformation,together with pure elastic deformation,taken place concurrently,giving rise to a recoverable nonlinear deformation behavior.Our results also imply that by tailing the characteristics of SIM transformation,the Ti-based alloys with a mixture of α" and β phases might perform recoverable deformation and possess a promising potential for engineering applications.     

Solid-particle erosion behavior of cast alloys used in the mining industry

The erosive-wear response of five commercial ferrous-based cast alloys used for crushing was examined in this study. The micro-structures of the alloys were modified to elucidate the effect of microstructural features on wear. Erosion tests were conducted using alumi-num oxide particles (90–125 μm) at 70 m/s and a normal impact angle (90°). The worn surfaces were characterized by scanning electron mi-croscopy and 3D non-contact laser profilometry. It is found that (i) a pearlitic structure exhibiting a greater plastic deformation than both bainitic and martensitic structures shows the greatest resistance to erosive wear at normal impact and (ii) the fracture characteristics of car-bide and graphite particles plays an important role in determining the erosion wear behavior of the cast alloy matrices.     

Microstructure studies of air-plasma-spray-deposited CoNiCrAlY coatings before and after thermal cyclic loading for high-temperature application

In the present study, bond-coats for thermal barrier coatings were deposited via air plasma spraying (APS) techniques onto Inconel 800 and Hastelloy C-276 alloy substrates. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) were used to investigate the phases and microstructure of the as-sprayed, APS-deposited CoNiCrAlY bond-coatings. The aim of this work was to study the suitability of the bond-coat materials for high temperature applications. Confirmation of nanoscale grains of the γ/γ′-phase was obtained by TEM, high-resolution TEM, and AFM. We concluded that these changes result from the plastic deformation of the bond-coat during the deposition, resulting in CoNiCrAlY bond-coatings with excellent thermal cyclic resistance suitable for use in high-temperature applications. Cyclic oxidative stability was observed to also depend on the underlying metallic alloy substrate.     

钨合金高应变率导致的塑性降低及微观机理

对粉未冶金的９３ＷＮｉＦｅ进行了应变率为１０－４～１０３ｓ－１的动态拉伸实验．结果表明，具有两相组织的钨合金具有明显的高应变率导致塑性降低现象，其微观机制是随着应变率的增加，体心立方结构的钨颗粒变形逐渐被抑制，甚至不变形；面心立方结构的基体变形变化不大．断裂模式则由钨颗粒与粘接相基体界面脱开的韧性断裂向钨颗粒解理的脆性断裂转变     

Increased osteoblast adhesion on nanophase Ti6Al4V

The objective of the present study was to prepare a novel nanostructured surface of Ti6Al4V alloy by the severe plastic deformation （SPD） and the chemical treatment process and to evaluate the adhesion of osteoblast on the nanophase titanium alloy. In the in vitro study, the primary cultured osteoblasts of neonatal rat calvaria were cultured on the nanophase and the as-received smooth Ti6AI4V substrates. Then osteoblasts adhesion behaviors on different substrates were observed by the fluorescence microscopy, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and RT-PCR analysis. The results of our research showed increased osteoblast adhesion on the nanophase titanium alloy compared with the as-received case. On the nanophase substrate, the presence of extensive filopodia, strong cellular adhesion and early cellular confluency could be observed. In addition, the expression of the adhesion-related integrin β1 mRNA was also higher on the nanophase substrate. It suggested that the nano technology could be further considered for orthopedic implant applications.     

塑性变形工艺在变形镁合金晶粒细化中的应用

综述了热挤压、轧制、大塑性变形挤压等不同塑性变形工艺在变形镁合金晶粒细化中的应用研究进展,认为目前变形镁合金发展的主要瓶颈是低加工速率导致相关产品的成本居高不下,未来将通过大尺寸半连续铸锭的多外场晶粒细化和细晶镁合金快速加工技术等予以解决。     

热成形条件下TC4钛合金的相变特征

以钛合金TC4为例评述了热成形条件下金属固态相变特征、影响因素和相变规律的研究现状,讨论了工艺条件、相变过程、微观组织与力学性能之间的因果关系. 指出传统相变研究没有考虑塑性变形对相变的影响,因而不能用于分析热成形过程中相变对热塑性加工零件微观组织和力学性能的影响. 给出了作者近期得到的TC4钛合金变形与相变的实验结果;结果证明,热塑性变形对相变有明显影响,主要表现为应变速率增加会对相变有阻止作用,应变增加对相变有促进作用.     

Effect of oxygen on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-23Nb-0.7Ta-2Zr alloy

The influence of oxygen content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-23Nb-0.7Ta-2Zr (at%) alloy in as-cast and cold-rolled states was investigated systematically in this paper. It is found that the alloy containing oxygen element is only composed of a single β phase, while the alloy without oxygen element consisted of β and α″ phases. Although the grain size becomes larger, the elastic deformation ratio, strength, and hardness of the alloy are all increased with an increase of oxygen content. The as-cast alloy has excellent plastic deformation ability, but the cold-rolled alloy containing oxygen element exhibits brittle characteristics. A conclusion can be drawn that oxygen element can stabilize β phase, inhibit the phase transformation from β to α″, and furthermore help to increase the strength and elastic deformation ability of the alloy.     

Insights into plastic deformation mechanisms of austenitic steels by coupling generalized stacking fault energy and semi-discrete variational Peierls-Nabarro model

The generalized stacking fault energy (GSFE) is a key parameter to determine the plastic deformation mechanisms of austenitic steels. However, the underlying physics why the GSFE can affect the plastic deformation behaviors remains unclear. In this paper, the plastic deformation mechanisms of austenitic steels with different carbon (C) additions were investigated by coupling the GSFE with the semi-discrete variational Peierls-Nabarro (P–N) model. The internal mechanisms behind the P–N stress and plastic deformation were explained at atomic scale. It is found that the positions and contents of C atoms affect the GSFE of austenite, and thus regulate plastic deformation behaviors of austenitic steels by influencing dislocation core structure. As exemplified that with 4 ​at.%C in austenite, the intrinsic stacking fault energy increases from −433 to −264 mJ/m², and the stacking fault width increases to 6.62b from 4.72b of FCC-Fe with b being the Burgers vector. This corresponds to the plastic deformation mechanism dominated by the ε martensitic transformation with the lattice changing from FCC to HCP. With increasing C contents to 8 ​at.%, the intrinsic stacking fault energy of austenite increases to −9.01 mJ/m², while the stacking fault width decreases to 6.03b. The plastic deformation tends to proceed via the mechanical twinning mode. The present investigation establishes a solid foundation for clarifying the plastic deformation mechanisms of austenitic steels from the perspective of the dislocation core structure.     

Effect of reinforcement content on the adhesive wear behavior of Cu10Sn5Ni/Si3N4 composites produced by stir casting

The main objective of this paper was to fabricate Cu10Sn5Ni alloy and its composites reinforced with various contents of Si₃N₄ particles (5wt%, 10wt%, and 15wt%) and to investigate their dry sliding wear behavior using a pin-on-disk tribometer. Microstructural examinations of the specimens revealed a uniform dispersion of Si₃N₄ particles in the copper matrix. Wear experiments were performed for all combinations of parameters, such as load (10, 20, and 30 N), sliding distance (500, 1000, and 1500 m), and sliding velocity (1, 2, and 3 m/s), for the alloy and the composites. The results revealed that wear rate increased with increasing load and increasing sliding distance, whereas the wear rate decreased and then increased with increasing sliding velocity. The primary wear mechanism encountered at low loads was mild adhesive wear, whereas that at high loads was severe delamination wear. An oxide layer was formed at low velocities, whereas a combination of shear and plastic deformation occurred at high velocities. The mechanism at short sliding distances was ploughing action of Si₃N₄ particles, which act as protrusions; by contrast, at long sliding distances, direct metal-metal contact occurred. Among the investigated samples, the Cu/10wt% Si₃N₄ composite exhibited the best wear resistance at a load of 10 N, a velocity of 2 m/s, and a sliding distance of 500 m.     

Deformation mechanism of compression of 2024 Al alloy in semi-solid state

The deformation mechanism of alloy in the semi-solid state has been investigated, with the compression of 2024 Al alloy in the semi-solid state as an example. Experimental results showed that the compressive deformation of 2024 Al alloy in the semi-solid state was mainly caused by the liquid flowing under the hydrostatic compressive stress, the grain boundary sliding under the shear stress and the plastic deformation of grain under the normal compressive stress. Among them, the grain boundary sliding was mainly accommodated by the nucleation and growth of cavity under the hydrostatic tensile stress.     

Ni7Zr2非晶合金制备及其磁性能研究

采用行星式高能球磨机,通过在室温下球磨纯元素混合粉末制备出Ni7Zr2非晶合金粉末.应用X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DTA)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对不同球磨时间的混合粉末进行了研究.结果发现球磨时间对混合粉末的结构及颗粒形貌均存在显著影响.随着球磨时间的增加,Ni、Zr颗粒发生严重塑性变形,并且通过冷焊团聚起来,形成具有层状结构的复合颗粒.由于磨球的剧烈撞击,使得结构发生了严重的畸变,从而破坏了原有的有序结构而形成了无序结构.另外,在进一步球磨过程中,合金的晶粒不断减小,形成高体积分数的晶界,而金属粉末不断地发生塑性变形,形成了点缺陷、位错等高密度缺陷,晶格发生严重的畸变,晶体自由能也相应不断上升,最后产生了非晶转变.磁性能测量表明,该合金粉末具有较好的软磁性能.     

Compositional complexity dependence of dislocation density and mechanical properties in high entropy alloy systems

This study focuses on a quantitative analysis of dislocation accumulation after cold plastic deformation and mechanical properties of FeNiCoCrMn and TiNbHfTaZr high entropy alloys (HEAs) which are single phase fcc and bcc solid solutions, respectively. In order to study the role of compositional complexity from unary to quinary compositions on dislocation accumulation and mechanical properties after plastic deformation, the single solid solution phase forming sub-alloys of the two HEAs were investigated. All studied samples revealed a large plastic deformability under cold-rotary swaging process by 85–90% area reduction without intermediate annealing. The dislocation density of all studied samples, determined by Williamson-Hall method on synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns, were between 10¹⁴ - 10¹⁵ m⁻² dependent on the alloy composition. The level of dislocation density after plastic deformation is not only affected by the number of constituent element but the lattice distortion and intrinsic properties in terms of stacking fault energy, modulus misfit, and melting point also impact the dislocation storage. The level of dislocation density determines the level of mechanical properties because of a resistance to dislocation motions. The hardness and yield compressive strength of the studied samples are proportional to the level of dislocation density.     

Tubular pure copper grain refining by tube cyclic extrusion–compression (TCEC) as a severe plastic deformation technique

Tube Cyclic Extrusion–Compression(TCEC) method is a novel severe plastic deformation technique developed for grain refining of cylindrical tubes to ultrafine grained(UFG)/nanostructured ones. In this method, tubes are fully constrained and deformed between chamber and mandrel with a small neck zone. The principle of TCEC technique which was adopted to impose severe plastic strains to the tubular materials was explained. Also, the deformation and grain fragmentation mechanism during TCEC was analyzed. The material deformation characteristics during TCEC were numerically simulated by FE code of ABAQUS/Explicit. The FEM results demonstrated that TCEC technique was able to impose extremely high plastic strains. The TCEC method was successfully applied to a commercially pure copper(99.99%) and significant grain refinement was achieved. TEM observation demonstrated the refinement of grains from the initial size of 45 μm to 200–350 nm after four processing cycles of TCEC. Microhardness measurements were carried out across the thickness of the initial and processed tubes. The results show good homogeneity of hardness distribution and an increase to 102 Hv from initial value of 55 Hv after four TCEC cycles. Mechanical properties of the specimens were extracted from tensile tests. The obtained results documented notable increase in the yield and ultimate strengths, whereas the uniform and total elongations decreased. Fracture surfaces after tensile tests were investigated by scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and the observed morphology indicates ductile fracture mode after four cycles of TCEC.