顶底侧吹转炉熔池搅拌混匀物理模拟

在实验室建立顶底侧吹转炉吹炼物理模型,实验研究了顶底侧吹工艺参数对顶底侧吹转炉熔池搅拌混匀的影响.结果表明,侧吹气体流量对熔池混匀时间有重要的影响,存在一个临界侧吹气体流量,在低于临界侧吹气体流量范围,随侧吹气体流量增加,熔池的水平搅拌作用逐渐增强,熔池的混匀时间随之下降,侧吹气体达到一定的侧吹气量临界值后,熔池混匀时间显著降低,进一步提高侧吹气量,熔池混匀时间不再有大的变化.应在保证足够的侧吹气体流量的前提下,尽量采用适当小断面的侧吹枪.合适的底吹供气强度有助于顶底侧吹转炉熔池搅拌混匀,顶枪枪位和顶吹气体流量的变化对顶底侧吹转炉熔池混匀影响不大     

钢包在线底吹氩及夹杂去除的物理模拟研究

采用物理模拟的方法,研究钢包在线底吹氩时,钢包内钢液量、渣层厚度、底吹气体流量等参数对钢包顶部钢液裸露面积的影响,以及钢包在线底吹氩工艺对钢液中夹杂去除率的影响。结果表明,钢包临界卷渣底吹气体流量随着浇铸的进行而逐渐减小;在钢液量相同时,钢包顶部钢液裸露面积随着底吹气体流量的增加而逐渐增大;在底吹气体流量相同时,钢包顶部钢液裸露面积随着钢液液面高度的下降而逐渐减小;渣层越厚,钢液裸露面积越小;在底吹气体流量较小时,透气砖无堵塞与堵塞50%时造成的钢液裸露面积大小相近,但随着底吹气体流量的增加,透气砖堵塞50%时较无堵塞时造成的钢液裸露面积大;钢包在线底吹氩可以提高钢液中夹杂物的去除率。     

150t复吹转炉熔池传质及合适的底吹气量

通过水模型实验研究了复吹转炉中顶吹、底吹及熔池产生的CO气流对熔池的搅拌作用。按正交实验设计法,由实验得出吹炼中期和后期影响熔池内传质的主要因素及合适的顶吹和底吹气量。在高速脱碳期,顶吹和底吹气流的搅拌作用与CO气流的相比可忽略不计;在脱碳后期,底吹气流对熔池的搅拌起主要作用。在吹炼后期,底吹气量为5Nm~3/h时可达到最佳的搅拌效果。根据水模型实验结果,回归整理出混匀时间和容量传质系数的准数方程。     

顶底复吹转炉底吹CO2—N2的冶金特性

在60kg顶底复吹转炉上进行了底吹CO_2、N_2、CO_2+N_2、CO_2+Ar_4种气体的实验,通过比较不同底吹气体的实验结果,对复吹转炉底吹不同性质气体的冶金特性进行了研究。主要讨论了底吹不同性质气体对熔池氧化性、脱碳反应和钢中氮的行为等的影响。     

钢包半钢脱磷复吹数值的模拟研究

为研究承德钢厂100t钢包复吹对钢液的搅拌效果,利用Fluent软件对钢包在固定底吹模式下开展侧吹的流场进行数值模拟。结果表明,钢液流速、湍能、冲击面积都随侧吹流量增大而增大,熔池中速度死区逐渐降低,气体对熔池的搅拌能力也随之提高,加大侧吹气量对钢包渣层有搅拌效果,促进钢液的脱磷能力。     

90t转炉溅渣护炉水模试验研究

溅渣护炉技术是提高转炉炉龄的有效措施。通过水力学模型试验 ,探索溅渣护炉操作的最佳工艺参数。得出溅渣优化工艺参数如下 :顶枪夹角为 1 2°;顶枪枪位为 1 5 0 0～ 1 80 0mm ;顶吹气体流量大于 1 9860m3 /h;渣池初始深度为 65 0mm ;底吹气体流量为 3 1 2m3 /h。     

采用烟气分析法对转炉吹炼过程临界碳含量的研究

采用烟气分析方法连续获得转炉炉内脱碳反应信息,通过倒推计算法研究了转炉吹炼过程中钢水脱碳速度转折点的临界碳含量.结果表明:熔池搅拌能对反应后期脱碳速度转变的临界碳含量影响比较大,随着底吹供气强度增加,搅拌强度增强,临界碳含量[C]d降低,当熔池搅拌能大于一定值时熔池搅拌能变化对临界碳含量[C]d影响不大.对于顶吹转炉,供氧强度对临界碳含量[C]d影响很大,随着供氧强度提高,临界碳含量[C]d显著降低.     

LCAK钢CAS精炼过程的物理模拟

针对CAS精炼过程中罩外有大量气泡溢出的问题,在相似性原理的基础上建立了CAS钢包的水模型．研究了CAS精炼过程中底吹气量、浸渍罩插入深度和不同底吹位置对钢包混匀时间的影响．实验发现：浸渍罩的中心与底吹气孔的中心同轴时,能有效地防止罩外气泡溢出．对于300t钢包,底吹方案优化后,底吹位置选在距钢包中心0．3r一0．4r（r为钢包底部半径）,精炼时底吹气量为600L·min-1,排渣时底吹气量选在500L·min“左右,浸渍罩浸入深度选为180～225mm．工业试验表明,优化后的底吹方案有效地解决了罩外气泡溢出的问题,并且提高了LCAK钢液的洁净度和可浇注性．     

转炉铁水预处理脱磷的基础理论分析

通过对转炉铁水预处理脱磷过程中选择性氧化的热力学和动力学分析,并结合首钢京唐公司300 t脱磷转炉的生产数据,研究熔池中铁、硅、锰、碳、磷的氧化过程,讨论影响磷在渣铁间分配比以及脱磷速率的主要因素.研究表明,将转炉铁水预处理温度控制在较低范围内（1 300～1 350 ℃）,选择具有合适碱度（1.7～2.5）和成渣快的造渣工艺,并结合高的底吹搅拌强度（≥0.2 Nm3/(t·min)）,这是实现脱磷保碳、提高脱磷速率、加快生产节奏的有效途径.     

顶、底、复合吹炼转炉熔池流场及循环流量的试验研究

对顶吹、中心底吹及复合吹三种工艺,在不同的气体流量条件下,用铝粉示踪法研究了熔池内的流谱,用频闪光照象法测定了涡环中的速度分布。流谱试验指出:熔池内形成一个封闭的涡环,三者都可当作轴对称二维流场。由测定结果计算出涡环中心的位置为(Z_0)/H=0.57,(2R_0)/D=0.83。还计算出不同的顶吹沈量和不同的底吹流量条件下的循环流量,回归出它们之间的定量关系武为:Q_c=0.659Q_r 5.175Q_B-0.051Q_T~2-4.975Q_B~2-0.22Q_TQ_B。依此对熔池内的搅拌规律进行了分析。在试验的参数值范围内,循环流量与顶吹气体流量之间的关系为具有一极大值的曲线,循环流量和底吹气体流量之间的关系为一条逐渐变缓的上升曲线。复合吹炼的循环流量小于单纯顶吹和单纯底吹时间两者循环流量的代数和。附加底吹所增加的循环流量随顶吹量的增加而减小。     

含锰钢液在真空有渣精炼过程中的锰蒸发和脱氮行为研究

Considering the precise composition control on the vacuum refining of high-Mn steel, the behaviors of both Mn evaporation and nitrogen removal from molten Mn steel were investigated via vacuum slag refining in a vacuum induction furnace. It was found that the reaction interfaces of denitrification and Mn evaporation tend to migrate from the surface of slag layer to the surface of molten steel with the gradual exposure of molten steel during the vacuum slag refining process. Significantly, compared with the experimental group without slag addition, the addition of slag into steel can result in a lower Mn evaporation rate constant of 0.0192 cm·min?1 at 370 Pa, while the denitrification rate is almost not affected. Besides, the slag has a stronger inhibitory effect on Mn evaporation than the reduced vacuum pressure. Moreover, the inhibitory effect of the slag layer on Mn evaporation can be weakened with the increase of the initial Mn content in molten steel. The slag layer can work as an inhibitory layer to reduce the Mn evaporation from molten steel, the evaporation reaction of Mn mainly proceeds on the surface of the molten steel. This may be attributed to the Mn mass transfer coefficient for one of reaction at steel/slag interface, mass transfer in molten slag, and evaporation reaction at slag/gas interface is lower than that of evaporation reaction at steel/gas interface. The introduction of slag is proposed for both denitrification and manganese control during the vacuum refining process of Mn steels.     

IF钢全氧的控制与预测

分析了IF钢冶炼过程中渣对钢液中[Al]、[Ti]的氧化机理,在此基础上提出了IF钢加铝脱氧后全氧的预测模型.结果表明,熔渣中(FeO)、(MnO)对钢液的二次氧化存在两种方式.当氧化物在渣中的传质是反应限制性环节时,反应发生在渣/钢界面,生成的脱氧产物分布在渣/钢界面,此时渣的氧化性随时间呈指数下降;当脱氧元素在钢中传质是反应限制性环节时,反应发生在钢液内部.对某厂RH精炼渣的数据作回归得到RH加铝后渣的氧化性随时间指数变化的关系式.     

Investigation of the kinetic mechanism of the demanganization reaction between carbon-saturated liquid iron and CaF2-CaO-SiO2-based slags

The demanganization reaction kinetics of carbon-saturated liquid iron with an eight-component slag consisting of CaO-SiO₂-MgO-FeO-MnO-Al₂O₃-TiO₂-CaF₂ was investigated at 1553, 1623, and 1673 K in this study. The rate-controlling step (RCS) for the demanganization reaction with regard to the hot metal pretreatment conditions was studied via kinetics analysis based on the fundamental equation of heterogeneous reaction kinetics. From the temperature dependence of the mass transfer coefficient of a transition-metal oxide (MnO), the apparent activation energy of the demanganization reaction was estimated to be 189.46 kJ·mol-1 in the current study, which indicated that the mass transfer of MnO in the molten slag controlled the overall rate of the demanganization reaction. The calculated apparent activation energy was slightly lower than the values reported in the literature for mass transfer in a slag phase. This difference was attributed to an increase in the "specific reaction interface" (SRI) value, either as a result of turbulence at the reaction interface or a decrease of the absolute amount of slag phase during sampling, and to the addition of calcium fluoride to the slag.     

CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5渣中磷的富集行为

通过考察不同温度下CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5熔渣中磷在2CaO·SiO2颗粒内部和表面以及熔渣本体中的浓度分布规律,对CaO-SiO2-FetO-P2O5熔渣中磷的富集行为进行了研究.结果表明:熔渣中存在的2CaO·SiO2固体颗粒为渣中磷富集提供了场所,磷向2CaO·SiO2颗粒富集并形成2CaO·SiO2...     

Dynamic mass variation and multiphase interaction among steel,slag, lining refractory and nonmetallic inclusions: Laboratory experiments and mathematical prediction

The mass transfer among the multiphase interactions among the steel, slag, lining refractory, and nonmetallic inclusions during the refining process of a bearing steel was studied using laboratory experiments and numerical kinetic prediction. Experiments on the system with and without the slag phase were carried out to evaluate the influence of the refractory and the slag on the mass transfer. A mathematical model coupled the ion and molecule coexistence theory, coupled-reaction model, and the surface renewal theory was established to predict the dy-namic mass transfer and composition transformation of the steel, the slag, and nonmetallic inclusions in the steel. During the refining process, Al2O3 inclusions transformed into MgO inclusions owing to the mass transfer of [Mg] at the steel/refractory interface and (MgO) at the slag/re-fractory interface. Most of the aluminum involved in the transport entered the slag and a small part of the aluminum transferred to lining re-fractory, forming the Al2O3 or MgO·Al2O3. The slag had a significant acceleration effect on the mass transfer. The mass transfer rate (or the re-action rate) of the system with the slag was approximately 5 times larger than that of the system without the slag. In the first 20 min of the re-fining, rates of magnesium mass transfer at the steel/inclusion interface, steel/refractory interface, and steel/slag interface were x, 1.1x, and 2.2x, respectively. The composition transformation of inclusions and the mass transfer of magnesium and aluminum in the steel were predicted with an acceptable accuracy using the established kinetic model.     

Effect of slag composition on the cleanliness of 28MnCr5 gear steel in the refining processes

The equilibrium reaction between CaO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂—MgO slag and 28MnCr5 molten steel was calculated to obtain the suitable slag composition which is effective for decreasing the oxygen content in molten steel. The dissolved oxygen content [O] in molten steel under different top slag conditions was calculated using a thermodynamic model and was measured using an electromotive force method in slag–steel equilibrium experiments at 1873 K. The relations among [O], the total oxygen content (T.O), and the composition of the slag were investigated. The experimental results show that both [O] and T.O decrease with decreasing SiO₂ content of the slag and exhibit different trends with the changes in the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of the slag. Increasing the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio results in a decrease in [O] and an increase in T.O. To ensure that T.O ≤ 20 ppm and [O] ≤ 10 ppm, the SiO₂ content should be controlled to <5wt%, and the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio should be in the range from 1.2 to 1.6.     

相似原理在冷态模拟粒化钢渣中的应用

在实验室用石蜡冷态模拟液态钢渣进行气淬粒化试验,讨论了气体压强、气流速度、气体流量及液态钢渣渣流落下距离对粒化效果的影响.结果表明,粒化后石蜡的粒度分布与气体的压强、流量和气流速度成反比.应用相似原理和量纲分析得到相应的准数,通过气淬石蜡的结果和计算得出,当气体的压强p=0.56MPa,气流速度v=93.33 m/s,液态钢渣流的落下距离l=18.7 cm,气体的流量Q=338 m3/h时被粒化的液态钢渣的粒度比较均匀,且都在3 mm以下.以上参数能够对现场粒化液态钢渣起到实际的指导作用.     

电渣重熔过程钢中氧含量预测及控制

为降低电渣钢锭中的总w_○O,建立了预测界面传质速率的同步反应热-动力学模型,对电渣重熔过程的氧传递行为与电磁-流动-传热-传质进行耦合分析,并提出钢液中w_○O的控制方法.结果表明,随重熔过程的进行,熔渣中w_○FeO和钢液中w_○O均升高,呈现重熔前期“脱氧”、后期“增氧”的现象,渣池-电极端部和渣池-金属熔滴界面是w_○O升高的主要位置.当电流为1200~1800A时,熔炼相同长度电极时的钢液中w_○O从82.4×10^-6降低到70.6×10^-6;采用惰性气体保护,使钢液中w_○O从78.7×10^-6降低到15.3×10^-6;使用70% CaF₂+30% Al₂O₃渣系控制钢液中w_○O的效果最佳,低w_○Al2O3的渣系有利于降低钢液中w_○O.     

磷在CaO-CaF_2渣和Fe-C-P熔体间的平衡分配

对磷在１４５０℃的ＣａＯ－ＣａＦ２熔渣和Ｆｅ－Ｃ饱和－Ｐ铁液间的平衡分配比进行了测定，进而对该渣的磷容量和渣中磷氧化物的活度系数进行了计算     

Gas-liquid mass transfer and flow phenomena in the Peirce-Smith converter: a water model study

A water model with a geometric similarity ratio of 1:5 was developed to investigate the gas-liquid mass transfer and flow characteristics in a Peirce-Smith converter. A gas mixture of CO₂ and Ar was injected into a NaOH solution bath. The flow field, volumetric mass transfer coefficient per unit volume (Ak/V; where A is the contact area between phases, V is the volume, and k is the mass transfer coefficient), and gas utilization ratio (η) were then measured at different gas flow rates and blow angles. The results showed that the flow field could be divided into five regions, i.e., injection, strong loop, weak loop, splashing, and dead zone. Whereas the Ak/V of the bath increased and then decreased with increasing gas flow rate, and η steadily increased. When the converter was rotated clockwise, both Ak/V and η increased. However, the flow condition deteriorated when the gas flow rate and blow angle were drastically increased. Therefore, these parameters must be controlled to optimal conditions. In the proposed model, the optimal gas flow rate and blow angle were 7.5 m3·h-1 and 10°, respectively.