高含铁量铝硅合金中铁相的凝固行为与形貌控制

研究了较高含铁量的铝硅合金中，铁相在不同合金成分，冷却速度以及不同含锰量下的凝固行为和微观组织形貌，对α铁相基于β铁相形核长大的现象进行了分析。并对铁相的形核理论进行了初步的探讨，结果表明，在含铁1．4％（质量分数）的铝硅合金中，加0．7％的锰能使铁以α相的形式凝固，但冷速较高时，不能完全避免针状铁相的出现；锰的加入量增加到1．4％（Fe/Mn=1:1)时，较高冷速下，仍有针状铁相出现，且使初生铁相更加粗大，在同样的铁锰含量下，亚共晶铝硅合金中的初生铁相明显比共晶合金要少，且α铁相在α铝树枝晶中会形成一种细密的树枝晶结构，可以作为基体的强化相，而形核不是影响铁相形成不同晶体结构的主要原因。     

Effect of arsenic content and quenching temperature on solidification microstructure and arsenic distribution in iron-arsenic alloys

The solidification microstructure, grain boundary segregation of soluble arsenic, and characteristics of arsenic-rich phases were systematically investigated in Fe-As alloys with different arsenic contents and quenching temperatures. The results show that the solidification microstructures of Fe-0.5wt%As alloys consist of irregular ferrite, while the solidification microstructures of Fe-4wt%As and Fe-10wt%As alloys present the typical dendritic morphology, which becomes finer with increasing arsenic content and quenching temperature. In Fe-0.5wt%As alloys quenched from 1600 and 1200℃, the grain boundary segregation of arsenic is detected by transmission electron microscopy. In Fe-4wt%As and Fe-10wt%As alloys quenched from 1600 and 1420℃, a fully divorced eutectic morphology is observed, and the eutectic Fe₂As phase distributes discontinuously in the interdendritic regions. In contrast, the eutectic morphology of Fe-10wt%As alloy quenched from 1200℃ is fibrous and forms a continuous network structure. Furthermore, the area fraction of the eutectic Fe₂As phase in Fe-4wt%As and Fe-10wt%As alloys increases with increasing arsenic content and decreasing quenching temperature.     

Effects of icosahedral phase formation on the microstructure and mechanical improvement of Mg alloys: A review

Icosahedral phase (I-phase) is a relatively excellent strengthening phase in Mg alloys. Depending on their volume fraction, the yield strength of Mg–Zn–Y–Zr alloys can vary from 150 to 450 MPa at room temperature. Recently, the formation of I-phase has been considered as one of the most effective methods for developing high strength lightweight Mg alloys for automotive and aerospace applications. In this review article, a series of research work about I-phase containing Mg alloys have been systematically investigated including I-phase formation mechanism and their effects on mechanical properties of Mg alloys. Particular emphases have been given to: (1) Structure of I-phase and its orientation relationship with the a-Mg matrix. (2) Influence of alloying elements and solidification conditions on I-phase formation. (3) Effects of I-phase on microstructural evolution and mechanical improvement of Mg–Zn–Y–(Zr) alloys. Moreover, the applications of I-phase for the mechanical improvement of other Mg alloys such as AZ91 and super-lightweight Mg–Li alloys are also reviewed.     

Fe-C-Cr合金三相共晶与四相包共晶反应对铬系白口铸铁组织的影响

以Fe-C-Cr三元合金相图分析了不同成分的铬系白口铸铁的凝固过程,阐述了三相共晶及四相包共晶反应对其微观组织的影响.通过试验对比,提出了合金元素对铬系白口铸铁微观组织的影响主要是通过对其三相共晶及四相包共晶反应过程的影响而产生.     

Al-Si合金快速等轴凝固界面响应函数及组织选择

在快速枝晶及共晶生长理论模型基础上,使用最高界面生长温度判据,建立了共晶合金快速等轴凝固界面响应函数(IRF)模型,分析了Al-Si合金系各种相及组织的竞争生长,绘制了非平衡组织选择图.计算结果与实验结果基本吻合,说明所建立的界面响应函数模型可以较好地预测Al-Si合金等轴凝固过程中的非平衡组织选择及形态演化.     

Solidification,microstructure, and mechanical properties of the as-cast ZRE1 magnesium alloy with different praseodymium contents

The influence of praseodymium (Pr) content on the solidification characteristics, microstructure, and mechanical properties of ZRE1 magnesium (Mg) cast alloy was investigated. The obtained solidification parameters showed that Pr strongly affected the solidification time, leading to refinement of the microstructure of the alloys. When the freezing time was reduced to approximately 52 s, the grain size decreased by 12%. Mg₁₂Zn (Ce,Pr) was formed as a new phase upon the addition of Pr and was detected via X-ray diffraction analysis. The addition of Pr led to a substantial improvement in mechanical properties, which was attributed to the formation of intermetallic compounds; the ultimate tensile strength and yield strength increased by approximately 10% and 13%, respectively. Pr addition also refined the microstructure, and the hardness was recovered. The results herein demonstrate that the mechanical properties of Mg alloys are strongly influenced by their microstructure characteristics, including the grain size, volume fraction, and distribution of intermetallic phases.     

Ni/Ti原子数比值对NiTiAlHf合金微观组织和力学性能的影响

采用扫描电镜、室温和高温压缩实验等方法研究了Ni/Ti值对Ni42+xTi50-xAl4Hf4(x=0～7)合金的微观组织和力学性能的影响.Ni42+xTi50-xAl4Hf4合金由NiTi基体和Ti2Ni相组成,随着Ni/Ti原子数比值的增加,Ti2Ni相的尺寸和数量急剧减少,析出强化效果减弱.室温时,随着Ni/Ti值的增加,NiTiAlHf合金的压缩屈服强度和显微硬度逐渐降低,塑性提高.高温下,当Ni/Ti<1时,Ti2Ni相的析出强化起主要作用,合金的屈服强度随Ni/Ti值增加而降低;当Ni/Ti>1时,Hf固溶强化作用的影响提高,并且Ti2Ni相趋于均匀弥散分布,使合金的屈服强度随Ni/Ti值增加而升高.在化学计量比(Ni/Ti=1)两侧,合金的屈服强度变化不对称.     

Microstructure and magnetostrictive performance of NbC-doped<100>oriented Fe-Ga alloys

The <100> oriented Fe₈₃Ga₁₇ alloy rods with various NbC contents less than 1at% were prepared by the directional solidification method at a growth rate of 720 mm·h-1. Low NbC-content was found to affect the oriented grain growth and slightly improve the <100> orientation. Flat grain boundaries in the alloys with low NbC contents less than 0.2at% became greatly curved at higher NbC contents, and a large amount of Nb-rich precipitates were observed in the alloys with high NbC contents. Small amounts of NbC, less than 0.2at%, resulted in an increase in magnetostrictive strain due to the improvement of the <100> orientation, and a high magnetostrictive strain value of 335×10-6 under a pre-stress of 15 MPa was obtained in the 0.1at% NbC-doped alloys. The magnetostrictive performance obviously decreased with the NbC addition higher than 0.5at%, and the strain sensitivity under no pre-stress was lower than that in the binary Fe-Ga alloy.     

Phase-selection and metastable phase formation in highly undercooled eutectic Ni_(78.6)Si_(21.4)alloys

A large undercooling (250 K) was achieved in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melt by the combination of molten-glass denucleation and cyclic superheating. The metastable phase formation process in the bulk undercooled eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts was investigated. With the increase of undercooling, different metastable phases form in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts and part of these metastable phases can be kept at room temperature through slow post-solidification. Under large undercooling, the metastable phases β2-Ni3Si, Ni31Si12 and Ni3Si2 were identified. Especially, the Ni3Si2 phase was obtained in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 alloy for the first time. Based on the principle of free energy minimum and transient nucleation theory, the solidification behavior of melts was analyzed with regard to the metastable phase formation when the melts were in highly undercooled state.     

先进高强韧Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金凝固和均匀化组织及相构成

采用热力学计算与实验相结合的方法,研究了两种高强韧Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金铸态及均匀化态的显微组织和相构成.铸态A合金主要由Mg(Zn,Al,Cu)2相和少量Al2Cu相组成,而铸态B合金仅含Mg(Zn,Al,Cu)2相.热力学计算显示,A和B两种合金的实际凝固过程介于Lever Rule和Scheil Model两种模拟结果之间,由于合金成分不同而导致的铸态A和B合金中各相含量差异与Scheil Model模拟所得到的各相摩尔分数变化规律基本一致.经常规工业均匀化处理(460℃保温24 h),铸态A和B合金中存在的Mg(Zn,Al,Cu)2或Al2Cu相均能充分回溶,并得到单相α(Al)基体,这与热力学计算所得到的AlZn-Mg-Cu四元系统在7.5%Zn条件下460℃等温相图相符合.     

含氮不锈钢凝固模式及显微组织研究

研究了四种不同N含量的18Mn18Cr N不锈钢的凝固模式、显微组织和元素分布.结果表明:N含量影响18Mn18Cr N合金系的凝固模式和显微组织.氮的质量分数由0.07%增加至0.72%时,实验钢的凝固模式由F模式转变为A模式,显微组织由铁素体和奥氏体魏氏两相组织转变为铁素体和奥氏体两相组织以及单相奥氏体组织.N含量影响奥氏体相形貌,随N含量增加,奥氏体由板条状、针状转变为枝晶间和等轴状.枝晶间和等轴状奥氏体晶粒中存在褶皱形貌,且随着氮含量增加,褶皱数量增多.褶皱的产生与凝固过程中奥氏体相内部Fe、Mn、Cr元素的偏析有关,且该凝固偏析被保留至室温组织中.     

亚固溶温度热处理对 GH720Li 难变形高温合金γ相的影响

对难变形镍基高温合金 GH720Li 进行了亚固溶处理、亚固溶+单时效(650℃,24 h→空冷)或双时效处理(650℃,24 h→空冷+760℃,16 h→空冷)以及870℃时效3000 h 条件下γ相演变规律的研究。发现一次γ相受亚固溶处理影响较大,发生部分回溶的程度随固溶温度升高而增大,时效处理使一次γ相向球形或近球形转变;二次和三次γ相在亚固溶保温过程中完全回溶,在时效处理时补充析出明显且析出数量和区域随固溶温度升高而增大;870℃长期时效时,合金组织逐渐均匀,二次和三次γ相完全回溶,晶界一次γ相时效500 h 后有所粗化,合金硬度先降低而后保持不变。     

定向凝固包晶合金相和微观组织选择研究进展

综述了定向凝固包晶合金相和微观组织选择的理论模型和实验研究进展,分析相和微观组织的选择规律,同时讨论了对流对凝固微观组织的影响。依据国内外对包晶合金凝固的研究现状,提出进一步研究的方向。     

包晶凝固的研究现状及进展

目前人们对包晶凝固过程和机理的研究远没有单相和共晶体系那样深入,长期以来仅限于定性的描述,至今还没有形成较为完整的理论体系,也没有单相和共晶合金那样较成熟的凝固模型。本文评述了其近年来包晶凝固的理论、各种假设模型,讨论了定向凝固过程中组织,生长机制等。     

多组元Al基体系热力学和动力学数据库及其应用

采用差示扫描量热法(DSC)、光学显微镜、扫描电镜SEM和电子探针EPMA实验技术,系统研究了多组元Al基Al356.1合金定向凝固的显微组织及显微偏析,用所建立的热力学及动力学数据库计算模拟了3个多组元Al合金(Al356.1,Al356.2,Al518.2)的平衡凝固、Scheil-Gulliver非平衡凝固及其在实际凝固条件下的显微组织与显微偏析,并将计算结果与研究实验结果及文献中的实验数据进行了比较.研究结果表明:模拟计算结果同实验结果相吻合,所建立的热力学及动力学数据库精确、可靠.     

显微激冷与大断面球铁的凝固行为

本文用对经试验的方法，研究了１０％的白口球铁丸显微激冷对大断面球铁模拟试样组织和性能的影响，分析了显微激冷在改善大断面球铁凝固行为中的独特作用。指出了应用这种方法从根本上解决大断面球铁凝固过程中的时间效应和空间（断面）效应的可能性。     

热处理对深过冷快速定向凝固Fe-Ga合金组织和性能的影响

Fe-Ga合金后续的热处理工艺同合金的成分配比、制备工艺一样,对合金的磁致伸缩性能有重要影响.采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法,制备深过冷快速定向凝固〈110〉轴向取向的Fe83Ga17合金棒材,分别采用高温和低温淬火工艺,研究淬火前后合金的组织和磁致伸缩性能.结果表明:快速定向凝固Fe83Ga17合金从不同温度淬火至室温,合金在TC附近淬火获得较高的磁致伸缩应变,淬火可抑制有序DO3相的形成,与高温淬火工艺相比,在TC附近淬火,只有部分特定区域优先得到淬火,发生modified-DO3相转变,并部分保留高温无序组织,最终获得有序-无序的室温组织,这种组织有利于Fe-Ga合金磁致伸缩性能的提高.     

Mn对喷射沉积Al-25Si-xFe-yMn合金中Fe相的影响

通过喷射沉积工艺制备了Al-25Si-xFe-yMn(Mn/Fe质量比在0～1之间)系列合金的沉积坯,利用SEM、XRD和EDX对这些沉积坯的微观组织进行分析.结果表明,添加Mn元素,将生成颗粒状的α-Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2,取代了针状的δ-Al4FeSi2和β-Al5FeSi相,从而显著地改善高硅铝合金中的Fe相的形貌,并且随着Mn/Fe质量比的提高,沉积坯中颗粒状的α-Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2含量也增加,而针状相的含量却减少,当Mn/Fe质量比增加到0.83或1时,在沉积坯中只发现颗粒状的α-Al15(Fe,Mn)3Si2.     

铸铁中各形态石墨间的相互转变

采用定向凝固方法,并借助金相显微镜和扫描电镜等手段,研究了铈含量的变化对铸铁中各形态石墨间相互转变的影响。发现:在控制界面推进速度不变的条件下,随铈含量的增加,可从片状石墨依次向过冷石墨、蠕墨、枝晶间石墨、球缺状石墨连续转变,这种转变是逐渐进行的。与文献[1]的结论相结合,可以得出:球墨、蠕墨、片墨之间的转变是可逆的。此外,还发现在铈含量高的情况下,石墨与奥氏体仍可进行密合共晶生长。     

不同氧化条件下 Cr35 Ni45 Nb合金组织特征及其与持久寿命的关系

以Cr35Ni45Nb合金为研究对象,进行不同气氛条件下高温时效及高温持久试验,并结合扫描电镜及定量电子探针对样品表面及横截面的观察分析,系统研究不同氧化条件下Cr35Ni45Nb合金组织演变与持久寿命的关系。结果表明：随着处理时间的延长,管材边缘及内部组织均逐渐发生变化。氧化序列体现为先是在样品边界不同地点形成不连续的氧化膜,随后氧化膜连成一体形成连续氧化膜,同时贫化区也逐渐形成;由于温度波动,氧化膜破裂脱落,而在氧分压较高的时效环境中,氧化膜得不到及时修复,使得贫化区晶界中出现内氧化。此外,在空气中氧化与在真空充氩气石英管中持久试验结果表明,较薄的连续氧化膜有助于提高合金的蠕变性能,而随着高温时效时间的延长,边界贫化区逐渐形成,氧化膜破裂及内氧化的发生,使得合金的蠕变性能逐渐弱化。