Analysis of the formation conditions and characteristics of interphase and random vanadium precipitation in a low-carbon steel during isothermal heat treatment

The characteristics of nanosized precipitates in steels depend on the heat-treatment parameters. The effects of characteristics of vanadium precipitates formed during isothermal heat treatment on the hardness of the ferrite matrix in low-carbon vanadium-alloyed steel were investigated through analysis of transmission electron microscopy images and microhardness measurements. The results show that, during isothermal holding in the temperature range from 675 to 750℃, only interphase precipitation occurs, whereas only random precipitation occurs in the ferrite matrix during holding at 600℃. Furthermore, during isothermal heat treatment between 600 and 675℃, both random and interphase precipitates occurred in the ferrite. Nanoscale vanadium carbides with different atomic ratios of vanadium (V) and carbon (C) were the dominant precipitates in the random and interphase precipitates. The sizes of random precipitation carbides were smaller than those of interphase ones. Also, the sample isothermally heat treated at 650℃ for 900 s exhibited a higher hardness with a narrower hardness distribution.     

钛稀土复合处理对C--Mn钢粗晶热影响区组织及韧性的影响

利用Gleeble-1500D热模拟机进行焊接热影响区热循环模拟实验,研究了在焊接热输入为65 kJ·cm-1时稀土单独处理和钛稀土复合处理对C-Mn钢粗晶热影响区组织及冲击韧性的影响,并利用扫描电镜观察和分析了实验钢中的夹杂物和冲击断口形貌,利用光镜观察了热循环模拟后实验钢中的微观组织.实验结果表明:稀土单独处理和钛稀土复合处理的试样微观组织分别主要是晶界铁素体+块状铁素体+针状铁素体和晶界铁素体+晶内针状铁素体.经稀土单独处理的试样中夹杂物为La2 O2 S+锰铝硅酸盐+MnS复合夹杂;钛稀土复合处理的试样中的夹杂主要是La2 O2 S+TiOx+锰铝硅酸盐+MnS复合夹杂.钛稀土复合处理钢中的复合夹杂更细小,有利于形成细小的晶内针状铁素体.钛稀土复合处理极大地改善了实验钢的焊接热影响区低温冲击韧性,比稀土单独处理对试样的冲击性能提升效果更好.     

Mechanical properties and characteristics of nanometer-sized precipitates in hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel

The microstructures and properties of hot-rolled low-carbon ferritic steel have been investigated by optical microscopy, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and tensile tests after isothermal transformation from 600℃ to 700℃ for 60 min. It is found that the strength of the steel decreases with the increment of isothermal temperature, whereas the hole expansion ratio and the fraction of high-angle grain boundaries increase. A large amount of nanometer-sized carbides were homogeneously distributed throughout the material, and fine (Ti, Mo)C precipitates have a significant precipitation strengthening effect on the ferrite phase because of their high density. The nanometer-sized carbides have a lattice parameter of 0.411–0.431 nm. After isothermal transformation at 650℃ for 60 min, the ferrite phase can be strengthened above 300 MPa by precipitation strengthening according to the Ashby-Orowan mechanism.     

碳、锰含量对低碳(锰)钢过冷奥氏体形变过程中铁素体形核率的影响

研究了碳、锰含量对低碳(锰)钢形变强化铁素体晶粒数目变化的影响.结果表明,形变使低碳(锰)钢过冷奥氏体内部形核位置增加,铁素体形核率显著提高,晶粒大大细化.碳、锰含量提高有利于钢中过冷奥氏体累积变形的增加,形变强化相变晶粒细化能力增强,而碳的促进作用尤为显著.     

Effect of initial microstructure on austenite formation kinetics in high-strength experimental microalloyed steels

Austenite formation kinetics in two high-strength experimental microalloyed steels with different initial microstructures compris-ing bainite–martensite and ferrite–martensite/austenite microconstituents was studied during continuous heating by dilatometric analysis. Austenite formation occurred in two steps:(1) carbide dissolution and precipitation and (2) transformation of residual ferrite to austenite. Di-latometric analysis was used to determine the critical temperatures of austenite formation and continuous heating transformation diagrams for heating rates ranging from 0.03°C×s?1 to 0.67°C×s?1. The austenite volume fraction was fitted using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation to determine the kinetic parameters k and n as functions of the heating rate. Both n and k parameters increased with increasing heat-ing rate, which suggests an increase in the nucleation and growth rates of austenite. The activation energy of austenite formation was deter-mined by the Kissinger method. Two activation energies were associated with each of the two austenite formation steps. In the first step, the austenite growth rate was controlled by carbon diffusion from carbide dissolution and precipitation;in the second step, it was controlled by the dissolution of residual ferrite to austenite.     

In situ observation of austenite grain growth behavior in the simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone of Ti-microalloyed steels

The austenite grain growth behavior in a simulated coarse-grained heat-affected zone during thermal cycling was investigated via in situ observation. Austenite grains nucleated at ferrite grain boundaries and then grew in different directions through movement of grain boundaries into the ferrite phase. Subsequently, the adjacent austenite grains impinged against each other during the α→γ transformation. After the α→γ transformation, austenite grains coarsened via the coalescence of small grains and via boundary migration between grains. The growth process of austenite grains was a continuous process during heating, isothermal holding, and cooling in simulated thermal cycling. Abundant finely dispersed nanoscale TiN particles in a steel specimen containing 0.012wt% Ti effectively retarded the grain boundary migration, which resulted in refined austenite grains. When the Ti concentration in the steel was increased, the number of TiN particles decreased and their size coarsened. The big particles were not effective in pinning the austenite grain boundary movement and resulted in coarse austenite grains.     

Effects of ausforming strain on bainite transformation in nanostructured bainite steel

The effects of ausforming strain on bainite transformation in high-carbon low-alloy nanobainite steel were investigated using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator machine. The bainite transformation speed at 300℃ was found to be accelerated by ausforming at 300, 600, and 700℃ under applied strains ranging from 10% to 50% followed by isothermal transformation at 300℃. The ausformed bainite volume fraction varied with the ausforming strain because of the mechanical stabilization of the deformed austenite. Ausforming at low temperatures not only enhanced the bainite ferrite volume fraction but also refined the microstructure substantially. Although the amount of bainite ferrite might have been reduced with increasing strain, the microstructures were refined by ausforming.     

低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程组织演变机制

低碳钢过冷奥氏体形变过程将发生形变强化相变及铁素体的动态再结晶,导致晶粒超细化.与未形变的过冷奥氏体等温转变相比,形变极大地促进了奥氏体向铁素体的转变,使铁素体形核率急剧升高,铁素体晶粒尺寸显著降低.形变强化相变是一以形核为主的过程.在形变后期,当形变强化相变铁素体转变基本完成后,将发生铁素体的动态回复和动态再结晶.比较不同应变速率对组织演变影响的结果表明,应变速率较低条件下,易形成铁素体与第2组织层状分布的条带特征;应变速率较高时,组织的条带特征不显著.     

ZrC/奥氏体相界面形变诱导相变动力学

研究热模拟单向压缩条件下含ZrC粒子的低碳锰(铌)钢在形变诱导相变过程中的铁素体转变动力学关系。研究结果表明:添加ZrC粒子使试验用钢奥氏体晶界的形核率明显增加,影响形变诱导铁素体的形态、分布及晶粒细化效果;高温变形时由于形变诱导的作用,铁素体转变量随应变的增大不断增加,而铁素体晶粒的细化主要是由于动态再结晶的作用,试验用钢在形变诱导相变的变形温度TAe3～TAr3之间的低温区进行变形(TAe3为形变诱导相变的开始温度,TAr3为形变诱导相变的终止温度),可以加速铁素体形核;同时,一定粒径和体积分数(0.6%)的ZrC粒子作为形变和再结晶核心,不仅阻碍位错的运动,而且造成位错密度增大,因而提高α-Fe形核率。在温度为900℃、应变速率为1s-1的条件下,试验用钢获得超细组织对应的ZrC粒子临界体积分数为0.6%。     

微合金钢中氧化物夹杂对焊接热影响区组织、性能的影响

研究了一种微合金钢中夹杂物与模拟焊接热影响区微观组织以及低温冲击韧性的关系.结果发现:实验钢夹杂物以类球状Ti2O3-Al2O3-MnS型复合夹杂为主,分布较为均匀且尺寸小于3μm;在相变冷却时间较短(T8/5=40s)时,试样微观组织以针状铁素体和沿晶铁素体为主,板条贝氏体束较少,原奥氏体晶粒尺寸在50μm左右,低温冲击性能优良;随着相变冷却时间的延长(T8/5=60,80s),原奥氏体晶粒尺寸也随之增大,相变温度的提高和相变区域的变宽使得位于原奥氏体晶界附近的夹杂物对晶界处多边形铁素体的诱导促进作用更加明显,沿晶铁素体长大剧烈,一定程度上消耗了晶内针状铁素体对组织的分割细化作用,使得低温冲击韧性有所降低.     

In situ measured growth rates of bainite plates in an Fe-C-Mn-Si superbainitic steel

The growth rates of bainite plates in an Fe-C-Mn-Si superbainitie steel were investigated by in situ observation. The lengthening rates of ferrite bainite during both cooling and isothermal holding processes were observed and the growth rates of bainite plates nucleating at grain boundaries, within grains and on preformed bainite were measured. It is indicated that the lengthening rates of bainite plates during the cooling and isothermal processes were different, and that the growth rates of bainite plates nucleating at different types of sites also demon- strated diversity. The bainite plates initiating at [vain boundaries during cooling grew the fastest, while the plates nucleating on preformed bainite did the slowest. However, the growth rate of the bainite plates nucleating at grain boundaries during isothermal transformation de- creased the most, whereas the bainite plates initiating within grains grew the fastest. In addition, the growth rate of ferrite bainite in the study supported the diffusion transformation mechanism of bainite from the viewooint of ~rowth rate.     

600mm 35CrMo钢立式连铸圆坯宏观组织分析

基于中原特钢股份有限公司立式连铸工艺与CAFE形核理论,建立了Φ600 mm 35CrMo钢立式连铸圆坯传热凝固耦合模型,采用薄片移动边界法对圆坯宏观组织进行数值模拟,分析了钢液浇注过热度和二冷水制度对宏观组织的影响,并在现场进行了Φ600 mm 35CrMo钢圆坯的连铸生产。结果表明:圆坯宏观组织形貌模拟结果与现场低倍组织相一致,过热度为40℃时中心等轴晶率为29.16%。当过热度由30℃升高到50℃时,晶粒数由9 332个减小到7 155个,降低了23.33%;晶粒平均半径由1 302μm增大到1 622μm,增大了24.58%;中心等轴晶率由35.75%减小到21.13%。当冷却强度由弱冷变为强冷时,晶粒数由9 391个减小到7 228个,晶粒平均半径由1 259μm增大到1 576μm,中心等轴晶率由36.05%减小到23.04%。     

含钒0.2C-0.5Si-0.08P-Mn TRIP钢连续冷却过程中的相变行为

通过热模拟实验研究了含钒0.19%的0.2C-0.5Si-0.08P-Mn TRIP钢连续冷却过程中的相变行为.实验结果表明:奥氏体未再结晶区进行50%的大变形,使随后连续冷却过程中的铁素体开始相变温度Ar3提高42～58℃;相同冷却速度下,尤其是当冷速小于20℃/s时,变形促进铁素体的形成,而使贝氏体形核率降低;钒的氮化物和碳化物在铁素体晶粒和晶界处弥散析出,无论变形或未变形条件下,冷速0.5℃/s时,析出粒子尺寸在2～5nm范围内,只有极少量尺寸约为～20nm的较大析出粒子.     

用Q390C连铸坯轧制Q460qE的工艺研究

用Nb+V+Ti微合金化的Q390C连铸坯,通过TMCP工艺,成功升级到Q460qE,钢板力学性能达到Q460qE标准要求.两次工业试验的主要工艺为:粗轧温度范围1000~1100℃;精轧开轧温度(890±10)℃,终轧温度(820±10)℃;开冷温度(780±10)℃,终冷温度(630±10)℃,水冷冷速12℃/s;精轧段总压下量不小于60%.由于奥氏体未再结晶区累积大压下量轧制有利于形成高密度的奥氏体晶界,从而增加铁素体形核速率,细化晶粒.此工艺得到的组织表面层为细小多边形铁素体加贝氏体,中间层为铁素体加珠光体.检测表明此组织的钢板具有良好的拉伸与冲击性能.     

Effect of compression direction on the dynamic recrystallization behavior of continuous columnar-grained CuNi10Fe1Mn alloy

The dynamic recrystallization (DRX) behavior of continuous columnar-grained (CCG) CuNi10Fe1Mn alloy was investigated by hot compression along the solidification direction (SD) and perpendicular to the solidification direction (PD). Specimens were compressed to a true strain of 0.8 at temperatures ranging from 25℃ to 900℃ and strain rates ranging from 0.01 to 10 s-1. The results indicate that DRX nucleation at grain boundaries (GBs) and DRX nucleation at slip bands (SBs) are the two main nucleation modes. For SD specimens, C-shaped bending and zig-zagging of the GBs occurred during hot compression, which made DRX nucleation at the GBs easier than that at the SBs. When lnZ ≤ 37.4 (Z is the Zener–Hollomon parameter), DRX can occur in SD specimens with a critical temperature for the DRX onset of ~650℃ and a thermal activated energy (Q) of 313.5 kJ·mol-1. In contrast, in PD specimens, the GBs remained straight, and DRX nucleation occurred preferentially at the SBs. For PD specimens, the critical temperature is about 700℃, Q is 351.7 kJ·mol-1, and the occurrence condition of DRX is lnZ ≤ 40.1. The zig-zagging of GB morphology can significantly reduce the nucleation energy at the GBs; as a result, DRX nucleation occurs more easily in SD specimens than in PD specimens.     

控轧过程中KQ450钢的晶粒细化和析出物行为

通过定量金相,扫描电镜,透射电镜和Ｘ射线小角度散射方法研究ＫＱ４５０微合金钢在不同控制轧制条件下,工艺参数对其铁素体晶粒细化和析出物行为的影响,结晶表明：加热温度对ＫＱ４５０微合金钢晶粒粗化比较敏感;析出相是面心立方结构的ＮｂＣ,ＶＣ和Ｖ（ＣＮ）。析出物的平均尺寸随冷却速度的增大而减小。     

Q235碳素钢超细铁素体在奥氏体内的形核

利用扫描电镜观察了Q235碳素钢形变强化相变过程中超细铁素体在奥氏体内部的形核;使用背散射电子衍射(EBSD)技术分析了析出的铁素体取向.结果表明,随内、外界条件不同,奥氏体内有两类典型的铁素体形核地点:形变带及奥氏体晶界附近的形变不均匀区.原始奥氏体晶粒尺寸的增加,形变温度的降低有利于铁素体的形变带形核.在的超细铁素体最佳形成温度区间,靠近形变可使铁素体及第2组织均匀分布.形变带形核造成带状分布的铁素体及第2相,不仅形貌上出现方向性,铁素体取向也出现择优.     

锆脱氧钢中非金属夹杂物及对显微组织的影响

实验用钢在低碳锰钢基础上采用锆脱氧及钛微合金化,研究了连续冷却和等温热处理条件下的组织转变行为,分析了夹杂物的析出类型及对组织转变的影响机理.统计结果表明:夹杂物在0.2~1μm尺寸范围内有较高的数量密度,主要为Zr O2·Mn S和Zr O2·Mn S·Ti N复相夹杂,与热力学分析结果一致.实验钢以1℃/s连续冷却及500℃等温时均得到晶内针状铁素体组织,促进铁素体形核的主要夹杂物类型为Zr O2·Mn S·Ti N.Mn S以Zr O2为核心复合析出形成贫锰区是促进铁素体形核的重要因素,Ti N的复合析出降低了铁素体形核界面能,进一步促进了针状铁素体转变.     

BN与TiNi系合金熔体的界面反应

以高纯氮化硼（BN）作为坩埚材料,对其应用于TiNi系合金熔炼时的界面反应进行研究.研究BN在不同温度下（1 450 ℃,1 520 ℃）,保持一定时间（90s,180 s,270 s,360 s）与TiNi系合金熔体的相互作用情况,得到了不同反应时间、反应温度下的界面层,并用扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscopy, SEM）、X射线衍射（X ray diffraction, XRD）和电子探针显微分析(electron probe microanalysis, EPMA)对界面进行形貌、物相和成分的分析,对反应机理作了讨论.研究结果表明,BN与熔体作用的产物在试验条件下不与熔体继续反应,从而保护了熔体不受到进一步污染.     

加工硬化奥氏体→先共析铁素体相变动力学及机制

试验研究了Ｃ－Ｍｎ钢加工硬化奥氏体→先共析铁素体等温转变规律，结果发现，加工硬化使相变孕育期缩短的主要原因在于铁素体在奥低体晶界处成核能力的提高，ｌｎｌｎ（１／１－ＸＦ）与ｌｎｔ之间的关系为二段直线，本文对形核自由能变化和显微组织演变进行了分析，并给出了合理的解释。