TP347H精炼渣二次氧化控制及夹杂物变性处理

研究了采用EF+VOD+IC工艺流程生产TP347H不锈钢时由于精炼渣成分产生的二次氧化及其氧化夹杂物的变性处理过程.试验中VOD精炼过程中采用Al进行终脱氧，降低精炼渣中FeO、SiO2含量，精炼渣四元碱度控制在1.3以上，保证钢中全氧质量分数小于0.003%.脱氧后使用喂Ca-Si线及钢包软吹的精炼手段，可将硬质Al2 O3及MgAl2 O4转变为CaO-Al2 O3夹杂，减少硬质MgAl2 O4夹杂总量并使夹杂物熔点低于1500益.此类夹杂在炼钢温度下呈液态且更易于聚集与上浮，而在后续轧制、锻造过程中低熔点夹杂随基体发生形变，减少钢材裂纹的产生.     

大型板坯电渣重熔过程的脱氧热力学模型

以12Cr2Mo1R钢所用渣系为研究对象，选择Al作为脱氧剂，建立脱氧热力学模型.在不同的Al添加量条件下对12Cr2Mo1R钢熔渣-金属界面处各物质的平衡质量分数进行计算，分析各物质平衡质量分数随Al添加量的变化规律，为在给定Al添加量条件下进行终点成分预报，以及根据钢种成分要求选择Al添加量范围提供理论依据.结果表明，随Al添加量的增加，Si，Mn，Al，Al2O3的平衡质量分数呈上升趋势；SiO2，MnO，FeO的平衡质量分数呈下降趋势.若仅从Si，Mn，Al成分合格的角度考虑，Al的添加量占吨钢的百分比不能超过02%.     

低碳含铝钢20Mn2精炼渣系CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaF2的优化

通过对低碳含铝钢20Mn2精炼过程的取样分析,得出精炼渣的熔化温度偏高,渣中存在大量固相CaO,并导致钢中含有CaO类夹杂物,精炼渣吸附夹杂物能力差. 利用FactSage热力学计算,从渣的低熔点区域控制和渣-钢反应这两个方面对渣系进行研究与优化. 结果表明,CaO/Al2 O3 质量比在1. 5左右添加质量分数为3% CaF2 可以有效降低渣的熔化温度,渣的熔化温度随着CaF2 含量的升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,MgO的质量分数控制5%左右低熔点区域面积达到最大. 在SiO2 质量分数大于30%区域,钢中氧含量大体上随着CaO/Al2 O3 质量比的增加而降低,在SiO2 的质量分数低于30%区域随着CaO含量的升高而降低,钢中酸溶铝含量在SiO2 含量高的区域随着Al2 O3/SiO2 质量比的增加而升高,在SiO2 含量低的区域随着CaO/SiO2 质量比的增加而增加. 根据热力学分析结果得出合理的渣系范围:CaO 50% ~60%, Al2 O3 20% ~35%, SiO2 5% ~10%, MgO 5% ~8%, CaF2 0~5%. 优化渣系的实验结果表明,优化后渣系熔化温度降低,钢中夹杂物数量、面积和平均尺寸均有明显下降.     

304奥氏体不锈钢夹杂物的冶金行为

根据热力学计算,结合生产过程实际,研究了Si脱氧条件下304奥氏体不锈钢在LF精炼、连铸过程夹杂物的变化规律.结果表明,钢水中主要形成CaO-Al2O3-SiO2类复合夹杂物,钢水中Al含量随Si含量的降低逐渐减小.当精炼渣碱度R=1.5时,随精炼、连铸过程的进行,复合夹杂物中Al2O3含量逐渐减少,CaO,SiO2含量逐渐增加.终点铸坯夹杂物成分为30%～35%CaO,20%～27%Al2O3,25%～30%SiO2,其他成分含量较少.终点铸坯夹杂物略显碱性,变形能力稍弱.     

精炼渣碱度对304不锈钢中夹杂物的影响

实验室条件下模拟304不锈钢冶炼中的AOD工位,采用硅铁做终脱氧剂,选择CaO-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaF2五元渣系,考察了精炼渣碱度对304不锈钢中夹杂物的影响.实验中发现,随精炼渣碱度的增大,钢中全氧质量分数降低,夹杂物的总数、总面积和平均半径减小,说明高碱度渣对304不锈钢中的脱氧产物吸附以及对细小夹杂物的生成有利;碱度大于2的精炼渣处理效果明显优于碱度为1.5的实验渣系,建议现场采用碱度大于2的渣系处理钢液.     

含铝钛合金电渣重熔中的渣系设计及脱氧热力学

以炉渣离子、分子共存理论为基础,1Cr21Ni5Ti钢为研究对象,Al为脱氧剂,根据熔渣-金属中各个组元的平衡反应和质量守恒,建立了脱氧热力学模型,并在脱氧基础上设计了渣系.在脱氧剂Al不同的加入量条件下对1Cr21Ni5Ti钢中的Si,Al,Mn的平衡质量分数和渣中Ti O2的需求量进行了计算,Ti O2的加入保证了钢中Ti的含量.结果表明:随脱氧剂Al的增加,Si,Al,Mn,Al2O3的平衡质量分数呈上升的趋势,Si O2,Fe O,Mn O以及渣系中Ti O2的设计量呈下降的趋势;当Al加入量达到0.2%后,渣中不稳定氧化物含量很低,大部分Al进入到钢液中,造成钢液增[Al].根据1Cr21Ni5Ti的Si,Al,Mn的成分要求,得到Al的最大加入量为0.15%/吨钢,此时渣系中Ti O2的设计量为4%,达到保钛的目的.     

不同碱度精炼渣的冶金性能

通过工业实验,采用气体分析、成分分析和SEM等方法研究了4种不同精炼渣系的脱氧、脱硫和控制夹杂物形态的能力.实验结果表明:相比Al2O3质量分数对脱氧能力的影响,碱度的影响表现更明显.碱度越高越有利于脱氧,当碱度约为4时(渣系3),精炼渣几乎达到最大脱氧能力.碱度越高脱硫能力越强,碱度约为1.5时,基本失去脱硫功能;碱度超过3.5时,随着碱度的增加,脱硫能力增加相对变缓.相对渣系4,采用渣系3后球状的钙铝酸盐夹杂物得到了一定程度的控制.对于要求控制钙铝酸盐夹杂物的35CrMo钢种,可以选择渣系3作为精炼渣系.     

Cleanliness of Ti-bearing Al-killed ultra-low-carbon steel during different heating processes

During the production of Ti-bearing Al-killed ultra-low-carbon (ULC) steel, two different heating processes were used when the converter tapping temperature or the molten steel temperature in the Ruhrstahl-Heraeus (RH) process was low:heating by Al addition during the RH decarburization process and final deoxidation at the end of the RH decarburization process (process-I), and increasing the oxygen content at the end of RH decarburization, heating and final deoxidation by one-time Al addition (process-Ⅱ). Temperature increases of 10℃ by different processes were studied; the results showed that the two heating processes could achieve the same heating effect. The T.[O] content in the slab and the refining process was better controlled by process-I than by process-Ⅱ. Statistical analysis of inclusions showed that the numbers of inclusions in the slab obtained by process-I were substantially less than those in the slab obtained by process-Ⅱ. For process-I, the Al₂O₃ inclusions produced by Al added to induce heating were substantially removed at the end of decarburization. The amounts of inclusions were substantially greater for process-Ⅱ than for process-I at different refining stages because of the higher dissolved oxygen concentration in process-Ⅱ. Industrial test results showed that process-I was more beneficial for improving the cleanliness of molten steel.     

帘线钢中氧化物夹杂控制技术在生产中的应用

在帘线钢冶炼过程中,通过采用炉后弱脱氧、防止钢液污染,以及控制精炼顶渣碱度指数和Al2O3含量指数等措施,使钢中夹杂物向低熔点区域转变,促进钢中夹杂物上浮、排出钢液,同时也使钢中残留氧化物夹杂具有良好的变形性能.实践表明,通过采用上述工艺措施,帘线钢中夹杂物成分、尺寸和变形性得到了有效控制.     

电渣重熔中脱氧剂种类影响炉渣脱氧的热力学分析

以工业纯铁为研究对象,熔渣-金属中各个组元间的热力学平衡反应和质量守恒为基础,计算了不同的脱氧剂添加量下钢中的Si,Al的平衡质量分数,建立了脱氧剂Al,CaSi,CaSiBa的脱氧热力学模型.结果表明:基于本模型对多种脱氧剂进行的研究能够符合实验结果,在采用Al,CaSi,CaSiBa脱氧时,渣中FeO质量分数分别能降低到0.04%,0.08%,0.08%,铝脱氧可以使得熔渣中氧势降到最低,且渣中Al2O3由于脱氧而增加的量相对于原始质量分数变化幅度较小,与CaSi,CaSiBa相比具有良好的氧势控制能力.     

KR-BOF-LF-CC生产汽车大梁钢LG510L洁净度的研究

通过氧氮分析、金相分析、大样电解法、扫描电镜及能谱分析等,研究采用KR-BOF-LF-CC工艺生产的汽车大梁钢LG510L的洁净度。结果表明,铸坯中平均T[O]和氮含量分别为29.20×10-6和38.80×10-6;钢中显微夹杂物和大型夹杂物数量都随着各工序的不断进行大体呈递减趋势;钙处理前主要显微夹杂物为Al2O3,经过钙处理后,夹杂物发生变性,主要为CaO-Al2O3;铸坯中大型夹杂物主要是SiO2和硅铝酸盐,来源于脱氧产物及其与耐火材料或炉渣反应的产物。     

精炼渣成分与轴承钢夹杂物类型关系热力学分析

针对轴承钢中钙铝酸盐大型夹杂物的控制问题,通过计算GCr15轴承钢中尖晶石MgO·Al2 O3、钙的铝酸盐CaO·6Al2 O3夹杂物生成热力学,分析精炼渣成分与夹杂物类型之间的定量关系.结果表明：当钢水中含有质量分数0.10×10-6的溶解钙[Ca]时,只要溶解镁[Mg]质量分数小于10×10-6,MgO·Al2O3就会被[Ca]还原成 CaO·6Al2O3;当精炼渣碱度为7.04,(MgO)质量分数为1.38%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低56%,夹杂物以尺寸大于10μm的CaO-Al2O3系复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣碱度为3.75,(MgO)质量分数3.14%时,钢水中溶解[Mg]质量分数比临界[Mg]质量分数低14%,夹杂物以尺寸小于8μm的MnS包裹MgO·Al2 O3复合夹杂为主;当精炼渣钙铝比C/A为1.8~2.0时,控制精炼渣碱度R为4.5~5.5,(MgO)质量分数为3%~5%,即能使钢中MgO·Al2O3保持稳定而不转变为CaO·6Al2O3.     

B2O3对高铝钢连铸保护渣理化性能的影响

高铝钢连铸过程中,为了避免或减轻钢液中Al与保护渣中SiO2发生反应,设计了低SiO2、高Al2O3含量的高铝钢连铸保护渣,通过添加适量的酸性氧化物B2O3协调熔渣酸碱性,利用实验分析了B2O3含量对高铝钢保护渣熔融特性、黏度特性及渣膜传热特性的影响。结果表明,B2O3含量在4%～10%时,随着B2O3含量增加,保护渣熔化温度、黏度、黏流活化能均降低,渣膜热流密度增加;保护渣的等温转变曲线(TTT曲线)向孕育时间增加的方向移动,晶体生长速率降低;实验条件下,增加B2O3含量可抑制保护渣中CaF2的析出。     

Preparation of ferronickel from nickel laterite via coal-based reduction followed by magnetic separation

The sticking phenomenon between molten slag and refractory is one of the crucial problems when preparing ferronickel from laterite ore using rotary hearth furnace or rotary kiln processes. This study aims to ameliorate sticking problems by using silicon dioxide (SiO₂) to adjust the melting degree of the briquette during reduction roasting. Thermodynamic analysis indicates that the melting temperature of the slag gradually increases with an increase in the SiO₂ proportion (SiO₂/(SiO₂ + Al₂O₃ + MgO) mass ratio). Experimental validations also prove that the briquette retains its original shape when the SiO₂ proportion is greater than 75wt%, and sticking problems are avoided during reduction. A ferronickel product with 8.33wt% Ni and 84.71wt% Fe was prepared via reductive roasting at 1500℃ for 90 min with a SiO₂ proportion of 75wt% and a C/O molar ratio of 1.0 followed by dry magnetic separation; the corresponding recoveries of Ni and Fe reached 75.70% and 77.97%, respectively. The microstructure and phase transformation of reduced briquette reveals that the aggregation and growth of ferronickel particles were not significantly affected after adding SiO₂ to the reduction process.     

复合脱氧剂对430不锈钢脱氧行为的影响

在MoSi2炉和MgO坩埚内用复合脱氧剂对430不锈钢液进行了脱氧实验研究.以Al和FeSi作为对比脱氧剂,考察了SiCaBa、SiCaBaAl、SiCaBaMg、SiCaBaAlSr四种复合脱氧剂对430不锈钢中的全氧含量及脱氧产物的分布、尺寸和形貌的影响.实验表明,用SiCaBa对430不锈钢液脱氧,可获得较低的氧含量,其脱氧产物易于上浮,钢中的夹杂物尺寸明显减小且形态发生改善呈球形.     

Effect of slag composition on the cleanliness of 28MnCr5 gear steel in the refining processes

The equilibrium reaction between CaO—Al₂O₃—SiO₂—MgO slag and 28MnCr5 molten steel was calculated to obtain the suitable slag composition which is effective for decreasing the oxygen content in molten steel. The dissolved oxygen content [O] in molten steel under different top slag conditions was calculated using a thermodynamic model and was measured using an electromotive force method in slag–steel equilibrium experiments at 1873 K. The relations among [O], the total oxygen content (T.O), and the composition of the slag were investigated. The experimental results show that both [O] and T.O decrease with decreasing SiO₂ content of the slag and exhibit different trends with the changes in the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio of the slag. Increasing the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio results in a decrease in [O] and an increase in T.O. To ensure that T.O ≤ 20 ppm and [O] ≤ 10 ppm, the SiO₂ content should be controlled to <5wt%, and the CaO/Al₂O₃ mass ratio should be in the range from 1.2 to 1.6.     

Influence of FeO and sulfur on solid state reaction between MnO-SiO2-FeO oxides and an Fe-Mn-Si solid alloy during heat treatment at 1473 K

To clarify the influence of FeO and sulfur on solid state reaction between an Fe?Mn?Si alloy and MnO?SiO2?FeO oxides under the restricted oxygen diffusion flux, two diffusion couples with different sulfur contents in the oxides were produced and investigated after heat treatment at 1473 K. The experimental results were also compared with previous work in which the oxides contained higher FeO. It was found that although the FeO content in the oxides decreased from 3wt% to 1wt% which was lower than the content corresponding to the equilibrium with molten steel at 1873 K, excess oxygen still diffused from the oxides to solid steel during heat treatment at 1473 K and formed oxide particles. In addition, increasing the sulfur content in the oxides was observed to suppress the diffusion of oxygen between the alloy and the oxides.     

钢包工作衬用无碳预制块的研制与应用

以高铝刚玉为骨料,电熔镁砂、氧化铝微粉和氧化硅微粉为基质料,研制了钢包工作衬用无碳预制块·结果表明:MgO与Al2O3反应形成尖晶石伴随的体积膨胀效应使预制块获得了较小的烧后线收缩率·与传统的Al2O3-MgO-C砖相比,由氧化物微粉结合的预制块具有较低的显气孔率,较高的高温抗折强度和良好的抗渣性·现场实际应用结果表明,用预制块砌筑的钢包工作衬具有较好的保温效果,能够有效地减小精炼过程中钢水的温降,并可以有效地防止钢水增碳,有利于低碳钢和超低碳钢的生产·     

Mass transfer of phosphorus in high-phosphorus hot-metal refining

Mass transfer of phosphorus in high-phosphorus hot-metal refining was investigated using CaO-Fe_tO-SiO₂ slags at 1623 K. Based on a two-film theory kinetic model and experimental results, it was found that the overall mass transfer coefficient, which includes the effects of mass transfer in both the slag phase and metal phase, is in the range of 0.0047 to 0.0240 cm/s. With the addition of a small amount of fluxing agents Al₂O₃ or Na₂O into the slag, the overall mass transfer coefficient has an obvious increase. Silicon content in the hot metal also influences the overall mass transfer coefficient. The overall mass transfer coefficient in the lower[Si] heat is much higher than that in the higher[Si] heat. It is concluded that both fluxing agents and lower[Si] hot metal facilitate mass transfer of phosphorus in liquid phases. Furthermore, the addition of Na₂O could also prevent rephosphorization at the end of the experiment.     

不同洁净度条件下253MA钢中夹杂物的析出行为

基于多相多组元反应平衡原理及凝固过程固液相界面的溶质再分配理论,建立了253MA钢凝固过程中夹杂物析出与溶质元素偏析的耦合热力学模型,并验证了模型预测的准确性.在本模型计算条件下,253MA耐热钢中析出的夹杂物主要为Ce2O3,Ce2O2S,Ce3S4,CeS,CeN,SiO2,MnS.当氧的质量分数低于0006%时,Ce2O3夹杂析出的条件为［%O］/［%S］＞1;当氧的质量分数高于0006%时,Ce2O3夹杂析出的条件为［%O］/［%S］＞2.当氧的质量分数低于00046%时,若［%O］+［%S］＞0009,则耐热钢中可以析出Ce3S4,而CeN夹杂无法析出;若［%O］/［%S］＜1,则钢中可以析出CeS夹杂,且随着硫的质量分数的增加,CeS逐渐向Ce3S4转变.当氧的质量分数高于00046%时,CeN夹杂析出的条件为2［%O］+［%S］＜0014.