Basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate and its effects on sinter properties during the high-limonite sintering process

The basic characteristics of Australian iron ore concentrate (Ore-A) and its effects on sinter properties during a high-limonite sintering process were studied using micro-sinter and sinter pot methods. The results show that the Ore-A exhibits good granulation properties, strong liquid flow capability, high bonding phase strength and crystal strength, but poor assimilability. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the tumbler index and the reduction index (RI) of the sinter first increase and then decrease, whereas the softening interval (?T) and the softening start temperature (T_10%) of the sinter exhibit the opposite behavior; the reduction degradation index (RDI_+3.15) of the sinter increases linearly, but the sinter yield exhibits no obvious effects. With increasing Ore-A ratio, the distribution and crystallization of the minerals are improved, the main bonding phase first changes from silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) to kirschsteinite, silicate, and SFCA and then transforms to 2CaO·SiO₂ and SFCA. Given the utilization of Ore-A and the improvement of the sinter properties, the Ore-A ratio in the high-limonite sintering process is suggested to be controlled at approximately 6wt%.     

Comparison of reduction disintegration characteristics of TiO2-rich burdens prepared with sintering process and composite agglomeration process

To reveal the impact of the composite agglomeration process (CAP) on the reduction disintegration properties of TiO2-rich iron-making burden for a blast furnace, the reduction disintegration indices (RDIs), mineral constituents, and microstructure of the products pre-pared by the CAP and the traditional sintering process (TSP) were investigated. The results showed that, compared to the sinter with a ba-sicity of 2.0 prepared by the TSP, the RDI+6.3 and the RDI+3.15 of the CAP product with the same basicity increased by 28.2wt%and 13.7wt%, respectively, whereas the RDI?0.5 decreased by 2.7wt%. The analysis of the mineral constituents and microstructure of the products indicated that the decreasing titanohematite content decreased the volume expansion during reduction. Meanwhile, the decreasing perovskite content decreased its detrimental effect on the reduction disintegration properties. In addition, the higher silicoferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) content improved the strength of the CAP product. Together, these factors result in an improvement of the RDI of the CAP products. In addition, compared to the sinter, the reduced CAP products clearly contained fewer cracks, which also led to mitigation of reduction disintegration.     

不同料层高度烧结过程尾气排放规律

研究了不同料层高度下烧结过程中尾气成分(O2、CO2、SO2和NO)的变化规律.结果表明:随着烧结历程的推进,尾气中O2含量降低而CO2含量升高,这主要是因为固体燃料燃烧量逐渐增多;尾气中SO2、NO的含量亦呈升高趋势,但幅度很小,这主要是因为烧结料层对SO2有吸收作用,而燃烧带的CO气体则可以还原使部分NO分解;在临近烧结终点时,因料层对SO2的吸收作用消失而使析出作用强化,导致尾气中SO2含量急剧升高.另外,随着料层高度的增加,因固体燃料配比相应减小,尾气中CO2、SO2和NO的含量降低,而O2含量增加.因此,控制高温区宽度的厚料层烧结技术是我国开展减少烧结尾气中气体污染物(CO2、SO2和NO)的有效措施.     

烧结矿中MgO作用机理

研究了烧结矿中MgO对烧结液相生成、固结成矿的影响机理,以及不同镁质熔剂对固结强度的影响规律,并在此基础上进行了烧结杯实验研究.结果表明:随着烧结矿中MgO含量的增加,烧结液相开始形成温度上升,液相流动性和黏结相强度均降低;使用不同种类的镁质熔剂时,烧结黏结相强度有差异,在1 280℃和1 320℃下,使用蛇纹石时黏结相强度相对最高,其次是使用轻烧白云石的情况,而使用白云石时黏结相强度相对最低;在兼顾烧结矿产量、质量指标及冶金性能的前提下,烧结矿中适宜的MgO质量分数在1.2%左右,镁质熔剂则适宜选用白云石和蛇纹石组合或者单独使用轻烧白云石.     

基础特性对含铬型钒钛烧结矿粉化性能的影响

承德地区含铬型钒钛烧结矿的黏结相不充分、强度差、低温还原粉化指数低,严重影响烧结矿的质量.研究了4种不同成分的含铬型钒钛磁铁精矿粉的烧结基础特性:连晶强度、黏结相强度、液相流动性、同化温度,并与4种铁精矿粉的单烧实验结果进行比较分析,探究含铬型钒钛磁铁精矿粉基础特性对烧结矿低温还原粉化指数RDI+3.15的影响规律.结果表明:含铬型钒钛磁铁烧结矿的RDI+3.15随铁精矿粉同化温度的上升而降低,随黏结相强度的上升而升高,液相流动性和连晶强度对其影响很小.     

w(TiO2)对高铬型钒钛磁铁矿烧结矿冶金性能的影响

以高铬型钒钛磁铁矿和普通磁铁矿精矿混合料为原料，通过烧结杯试验考察了TiO₂质量分数对高铬型钒钛磁铁矿烧结矿性能的影响规律.研究结果表明:随着TiO₂质量分数从6.30%增加到11.76%，转鼓指数逐渐降低，烧结矿强度降低，垂直烧结速度、成品率和烧结杯利用系数均呈现上升的趋势；直径小于5mm的小粒径烧结矿的比例逐渐降低，粒度有增大的趋势；随着TiO₂质量分数的增加，赤铁矿含量降低，磁铁矿含量增加，同时，钙钛矿和Fe₉TiO₁₅相也增加.低温还原粉化指数有上升的趋势，相反还原性降低.     

钒钛磁铁精矿分流制粒烧结中碱度的影响

分流制粒烧结是一种新的烧结工艺,即将铁精矿分别制成高碱度物料和酸性球,再混入燃料和返矿进行烧结的方法.针对碱度进行了实验室研究,以确定新的工艺参数.结果表明:碱度较低时,烧结矿黏结相以硅酸二钙和玻璃质为主,烧结矿质量较好;随着碱度升高,钙钛矿含量增加,对烧结矿冶金性能破坏性很大.TiO2完全生成钙钛矿后,碱度达到2.02时,铁酸钙含量增加很多,烧结矿液相遮盖了球团矿,烧结矿产量提高,冶金性能得到改善.     

Sintering characteristics of fluxes and their structure optimization

Sintering characteristics of common fluxes and sintering blending ores, such as mineralization capacity, liquid generation capacity, consolidation strength, were examined to master the behavior and effect of fluxes in sintering. Based on fundamental studies, sinter pot tests were carried out to obtain the principles of optimizing the sinter flux structure. The results showed that strong mineralization capacity, liquid phase generation capacity, and consolidation strength were obtained as sintering blending ores combined with the calcareous flux, while relatively poor sintering characteristics were obtained as sintering blending ores combined with the magnesian flux. High reactive quicklime should be used as much as possible in the sintering mixture. It reached better sintering results while quicklime was used instead of limestone and its appropriate proportion in the sintering mixture was around 4wt%. On the premise of ensuring the MgO content, the dolomite amount should be decreased, and the substitution of quicklime for dolomite caused better sintering results. The granularity of serpentine should be refined with a proper size smaller than 2 mm. The application of the divided addition method brought the best sintering performance with 30wt% of quicklime and 70wt% of fuel.     

铁矿粉液相流动性的主要液相生成特征因素解析

烧结矿是我国高炉炼铁的主要原料,烧结矿质量将直接影响高炉冶炼及炼铁工序的经济技术指标.因此,基于铁矿粉的高温特性进行优化配矿从而改善烧结矿的产质量对于炼铁工序节能增效具有十分重要的现实意义.铁矿粉的液相流动性是非常重要的烧结高温特性指标,适宜的液相流动性可以使烧结矿获得较高的固结强度.本文模拟实际烧结黏附粉层中铁矿粉颗粒与钙质熔剂质点的接触状态,采用FastSage热力学计算和微型烧结可视化试验方法研究了固定CaO配比条件下铁矿粉的液相流动性及其主要的热力学液相生成特征影响因素.研究结果表明,采用固定CaO配比与固定碱度的熔剂配加方式下,铁矿粉的液相流动性规律明显不同.铁矿粉的液相生成量是影响其液相流动性的最主要液相生成特征因素,液相生成量越多则铁矿粉的液相流动性指数越大.铁矿粉液相流动性的配合性机制是基于其液相生成量的线性叠加原则.脉石矿物含量将在一定程度上影响铁矿粉的液相流动性,随着SiO2含量的升高铁矿粉的液相生成量减少,从而导致液相流动性指数显著降低;而Al2 O3含量增加,液相流动性指数略有升高.     

块状菱镁矿烧结中期液相烧结行为

采用高温电炉对块状菱镁矿进行煅烧,研究了菱镁矿试样在煅烧中期（1400-1600℃）液相对烧结性能的影响。结果表明,液相在晶体周围分布越均匀,润湿晶粒的表面积越广泛,晶粒的发育程度越好,方镁石结晶度越大;1400-1600℃致密化系数由23.51%增加到71.24%,在液相的作用下块状菱镁矿烧结中期可分为两个阶段进行：阶段1—烧结传质方式为流动传质,烧结激活能随温度升高而减小,致密化速率快速增加;阶段2—随着温度的升高,烧结传质方式为“溶解-沉淀”,颗粒对应面产生化学位梯度增加,液相传质速率增加,烧结激活能降低,颗粒迅速致密化。揭示了块状菱镁矿液相烧结阶段的机理,为实际生产提供理论数据。     

HCl气体在烧结矿表面的吸附机理及特性

基于密度泛函理论,对HCl气体在烧结矿表面的吸附机理进行模拟计算,并且通过实验研究了不同反应温度、烧结矿粒度和HCl气体流量条件下烧结矿表面吸附HCl气体的特性规律.结果表明：HCl在α-Fe2 O3(001)表面的最大吸附能为-175.91 kJ·mol-1,为化学吸附. Cl原子与基底表面的Fe原子发生反应结合成Cl-Fe键.吸附后Fe-O键长变短,Fe-O键能增加,结构更紧密. Cl原子与Fe原子结合成键后,削弱Cl原子与H原子的结合.温度对烧结矿吸附氯元素量的影响较大,随着温度升高,氯元素吸附量逐渐增多;随着烧结矿粒度增大,氯元素吸附量逐渐减少;随着HCl气体流量的增加,氯元素吸附量迅速增加.     

Sintering behaviors and consolidation mechanism of high-chromium vanadium and titanium magnetite fines

To achieve high efficiency utilization of high-chromium vanadium–titanium magnetite (V–Ti–Cr) fines, an investigation of V–Ti–Cr fines was conducted using a sinter pot. The chemical composition, particle parameters, and granulation of V–Ti–Cr mixtures were analyzed, and the effects of sintering parameters on the sintering behaviors were investigated. The results indicated that the optimum quicklime dosage, mixture moisture, wetting time, and granulation time for V–Ti–Cr fines are 5wt%, 7.5wt%, 10 min, and 5–8 min, respectively. Meanwhile, the vertical sintering speed, yield, tumbler strength, and productivity gains were shown to be 21.28 mm/min, 60.50wt%, 58.26wt%, and 1.36 t·m-2·h-1, respectively. Furthermore, the consolidation mechanism of V–Ti–Cr fines was clarified, revealing that the consolidation of a V–Ti–Cr sinter requires an approximately 14vol% calcium ferrite liquid-state, an approximately 15vol% silicate liquid-state, a solid-state reaction, and the recrystallization of magnetite. Compared to an ordinary sinter, calcium ferrite content in a V–Ti–Cr sinter is lower, while the perovskite content is higher, possibly resulting in unsatisfactory sinter outcomes.     

冷却方式对钒钛磁铁矿烧结过程和烧结矿强度的影响

对承钢烧结矿冷却方式与钒钛磁铁矿烧结过程和烧结矿强度的关系进行研究,研究结果表明:机上冷却可以促使烧结矿中的磁铁矿和玻璃质含量降低,赤铁矿、铁酸钙和硅酸盐含量提高,使烧结成品率提高;改善了烧结矿冷态机械强度和低温还原粉化性能。打水冷却会明显降低烧结成品率,同时对烧结矿冷态机械强度和低温还原粉化性能带来十分不利的影响。     

Reduction of NO_x emission based on optimized proportions of mill scale and coke breeze in sintering process

Reducing NO_x emission of iron ore sintering process in a cost effective manner is a challenge for the iron and steel industry at present. Effects of the proportion of mill scale and coke breeze on the NO_x emission, strength of sinter, and sinter indexes were studied by combustion and sinter pot tests. Results showed that the peak value of NO concentration, total of NO emission, and fuel-N conversion rate gradually decreased as the proportions of the mill scale increased because NO was reduced to N_2 by Fe_3O_4, FeO, and Fe in the mill scale. The strength of sinter reached the highest value at 8.0 wt% mill scale due to the formation of minerals with low melting point. The fuel-N conversion rate slightly fluctuated and total NO_x emission significantly decreased with the decreased proportions of coke breeze because CO formation and content of N element in the sintered mixture decreased. However, the sinter strength also decreased due to the decrease in the amount of the melting minerals. Furthermore, results of the sinter pot tests indicated that NO_x emission decreased. The sinter indexes performed well when the proportions of mill scale and coke breeze were 8.0 wt% and 3.70 wt% respectively in the sintered mixture.     

烧结用生石灰所含杂质对其消化性能的影响

采用恒温量热法,针对实验室煅烧的各种生石灰试样,研究其所含SiO2、Al2O3、MgO等杂质对消化性能的影响规律,并选用烧结现场使用的五种生石灰对研究结果进行验证.研究发现:生石灰的消化放热量与其CaO含量呈正相关关系,并随SiO2、Al2O3和MgO含量的增加而下降;SiO2、Al2O3和MgO杂质对生石灰消化速率有重要影响,当SiO2质量分数增加至1％水平时,生石灰消化速率的降幅较大,之后则缓慢降低;少量的Al2O3对生石灰消化速率影响较小,但当Al2O3质量分数超过2％时生石灰消化速率急剧下降;随着MgO含量的增加,生石灰消化速率显著降低.     

石英质捣打料的烧结性能研究

以大容量中频炉用石英质捣打料为对象,研究在不同烧结温度、添加不同含量促烧剂条件下烧结捣打料的性能。结果表明,石英平均晶粒度为550μm;α-磷石英向α-方石英的相变温度约为1 250℃;随着促烧剂含量的增加,1 100℃烧结试样的线变化率总体呈增大趋势,1 600℃烧结试样的线变化率先增大后减小,试样的显气孔率总体呈降低趋势,捣打料的耐压强度均随促烧剂含量的增加而逐渐增大;促烧剂对捣打料中温烧结强度影响明显,其高温烧结则主要依赖于石英粉体。     

铁矿烧结烟气中SO2的排放规律

从烧结过程燃料用量、混合料水分、烧结矿碱度及混合料含硫量研究烧结工艺参数对烧结烟气中SO2排放的影响,发现烧结过程SO2的排放不受烧结工艺参数及原料含硫变化的影响,在烧结终点前始终存在一个排放浓度峰值区间,揭示烧结烟气SO2排放的自持性规律是由于烧结料层有选择性吸附SO2作用所导致,SO2的排放遵循硫化物、硫酸盐热分解生成-料层吸附-再分解-解吸的迁移及循环富集排放机理。     

Characteristics of combustion zone and evolution of mineral phases along bed height in ore sintering

Quantitative parameters of bed combustion, including the thickness of the combustion zone (TCZ), the maximum temperature of the combustion zone (MTCZ), and the bed shrinkage, were characterized through a series of sinter pot tests in transparent quartz pots. The results showed that TCZ first ascended and then descended as the sintering process proceeded. The sintering process was divided into four stages according to the variation rate of the TCZ. A "relative-coordinate" method was developed to obtain the actual reaction temperature of sinter along the height direction. With increasing the sintering temperature, the reactants transformed and entered into liquid phases. The mineral composition and microstructure of the sinter were characterized through X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Liquid phases with greater Fe and Al contents were more likely to form acicular-like silico-ferrite of calcium and aluminum after crystallization because of the outward spread of Al, which led to a better fluidity of the liquid. An evolution mechanism of "solid-state reaction-liquid phases formation-crystallization" of the mineral phases is proposed.     

Effects of MgO and TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on the viscous behaviors and phase compositions of titanium-bearing slag

The effects of MgO and TiO₂ on the viscosity, activation energy for viscous flow, and break-point temperature of titanium-bearing slag were studied. The correlation between viscosity and slag structure was analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Subsequently, main phases in the slag and their content changes were investigated by X-ray diffraction and Factsage 6.4 software package. The results show that the viscosity decreases when the MgO content increases from 10.00wt% to 14.00wt%. Moreover, the break-point temperature increases, and the activation energy for viscous flow initially increases and subsequently decreases. In addition, with increasing TiO₂ content from 5.00wt% to 9.00wt%, the viscosity decreases, and the break-point temperature and activation energy for viscous flow initially decrease and subsequently increase. FTIR analyses reveal that the polymerization degree of complex viscous units in titanium-bearing slag decreases with increasing MgO and TiO₂ contents. The mechanism of viscosity variation was elucidated. The basic phase in experimental slags is melilite. Besides, as the MgO content increases, the amount of magnesia–alumina spinel in the slag increases. Similarly, the sum of pyroxene and perovskite phases in the slag increases with increasing TiO₂ content.     

Comparison of reduction disintegration characteristics of TiO2-rich burdens prepared with sintering process and composite agglomeration process

To reveal the impact of the composite agglomeration process (CAP) on the reduction disintegration properties of TiO₂-rich ironmaking burden for a blast furnace, the reduction disintegration indices (RDIs), mineral constituents, and microstructure of the products prepared by the CAP and the traditional sintering process (TSP) were investigated. The results showed that, compared to the sinter with a basicity of 2.0 prepared by the TSP, the RDI_+6.3 and the RDI_+3.15 of the CAP product with the same basicity increased by 28.2wt% and 13.7wt%, respectively, whereas the RDI_-0.5 decreased by 2.7wt%. The analysis of the mineral constituents and microstructure of the products indicated that the decreasing titanohematite content decreased the volume expansion during reduction. Meanwhile, the decreasing perovskite content decreased its detrimental effect on the reduction disintegration properties. In addition, the higher silicoferrite of calcium and aluminum (SFCA) content improved the strength of the CAP product. Together, these factors result in an improvement of the RDI of the CAP products. In addition, compared to the sinter, the reduced CAP products clearly contained fewer cracks, which also led to mitigation of reduction disintegration.