微生物浸矿技术在我国的研究现状及发展前景

As the world’s second largest economy experiencing rapid economic growth, China has a huge demand for metals and energy. In recent years, China ranks first, among all the countries in the world, in the production and consumption of several metals such as copper, gold, and rare earth elements. Bioleaching, which is an approach for mining low grade and refractory ores, has been applied in industrial production, and bioleaching has made great contributions to the development of the Chinese mining industry. The exploration and application of bioleaching in China are reviewed in this study. Production and consumption trends of several metals in China over the past decade are reviewed. Technological processes at key bioleaching operations in China, such as at the Zijinshan Copper Mine and Mianhuakeng Uranium Mine, are presented. Also, the current challenges faced by bioleaching operations in China are introduced. Moreover, prospects such as efficiency improvement and environmental protection are proposed based on the current situation in the Chinese bioleaching industry.     

不同结构和形态的天然镁硅酸盐:与K反应制备生物柴油的K2MgSiO4催化剂

In this work, different magnesium silicate mineral samples based on antigorite, lizardite, chrysotile (which have the same general formula Mg₃Si₂O₅(OH)₄), and talc (Mg₃Si₄O₁₀(OH)₂) were reacted with KOH to prepare catalysts for biodiesel production. Simple impregnation with 20wt% K and treatment at 700–900°C led to a solid-state reaction to mainly form the K₂MgSiO₄ phase in all samples. These results indicate that the K ion can diffuse into the different Mg silicate structures and textures, likely through intercalation in the interlayer space of the different mineral samples followed by dehydroxylation and K₂MgSiO₄ formation. All the materials showed catalytic activity for the transesterification of soybean oil (1:6 of oil : methanol molar ratio, 5wt% of catalyst, 60°C). However, the best results were obtained for the antigorite and chrysotile precursors, which are discussed in terms of mineral structure and the more efficient formation of the active phase K₂MgSiO₄.     

具有良好可再生性的新型二氧化硅磁性氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料

Graphene oxide (GO) wrapped Fe₃O₄ nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by coating the Fe₃O₄ NPs with a SiO₂ layer, and then modifying by amino groups, which interact with the GO nanosheets to form covalent bonding. The SiO₂ coating layer plays a key role in integrating the magnetic nanoparticles with the GO nanosheets. The effect of the amount of SiO₂ on the morphology, structure, adsorption, and regenerability of the composites was studied in detail. An appropriate SiO₂ layer can effectively induce the GO nanosheets to completely wrap the Fe₃O₄ NPs, forming a core-shell Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO composite where Fe₃O₄@SiO₂ NPs are firmly encapsulated by GO nanosheets. The optimized Fe₃O₄@SiO₂@GO sample exhibits a high saturated adsorption capacity of 253 mg·g?1 Pb(II) cations from wastewater, and the adsorption process is well fitted by Langmuir adsorption model. Notably, the composite displays excellent regeneration, maintaining a ~90% adsorption capacity for five cycles, while other samples decrease their adsorption capacity rapidly. This work provides a theoretical guidance to improve the regeneration of the GO-based adsorbents.     

烧结铁矿中FeO含量对其在富氢高炉中还原行为的影响

Japan started the national project “COURSE 50” for CO₂ reduction in the 2000s. This project aimed to establish novel technologies to reduce CO₂ emissions with partially utilization of hydrogen in blast furnace-based ironmaking by 30% by around 2030 and use it for practical applications by 2050. The idea is that instead of coke, hydrogen is used as the reducing agent, leading to lower fossil fuel consumption in the process. It has been reported that the reduction behavior of hematite, magnetite, calcium ferrite, and slag in the sinter is different, and it is also considerably influenced by the sinter morphology. This study aimed to investigate the reduction behavior of sinters in hydrogen enriched blast furnace with different mineral morphologies in CO–CO₂–H₂ mixed gas. As an experimental sample, two sinter samples with significantly different hematite and magnetite ratios were prepared to compare their reduction behaviors. The reduction of wustite to iron was carried out at 1000, 900, and 800°C in a CO–CO₂–H₂ atmosphere for the mineral morphology-controlled sinter, and the following findings were obtained. The reduction rate of smaller amount of FeO led to faster increase of the reduction rate curve at the initial stage of reduction. Macro-observations of reduced samples showed that the reaction proceeded from the outer periphery of the sample toward the inside, and a reaction interface was observed where reduced iron and wustite coexisted. Micro-observations revealed three layers, namely, wustite single phase in the center zone of the sample, iron single phase in the outer periphery zone of the sample, and iron oxide-derived wustite FeO and iron, or calcium ferrite-derived wustite 'FeO' and iron in the reaction interface zone. A two-interface unreacted core model was successfully applied for the kinetic analysis of the reduction reaction, and obtained temperature dependent expressions of the chemical reaction coefficients from each mineral phases.     

Mg和La对Ca–Ti 处理钢中夹杂物演变和组织的影响

The evolution of inclusions and the formation of acicular ferrite (AF) in Ca–Ti treated steel was systematically investigated after Mg and La addition. The inclusions in the molten steel were Ca–Al–O, Ca–Al–Mg–O, and La–Mg–Ca–Al–O after Ca, Mg, and La addition, respectively. The type of oxide inclusion in the final quenched samples was the same as that in the molten steel. However, unlike those in molten steel, the inclusions were Ca–Al–Ti–O + MnS, Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS, and La–Ca–Mg–Al–Ti–O + MnS in Mg-free, Mg-containing, and La-containing samples, respectively. The inclusions distributed dispersedly in the La-containing sample. In addition, the average size of the inclusions in the La-containing sample was the smallest, while the number density of inclusions was the highest. The size of effective inclusions (nucleus of AF formation) was mainly in the range of 1–3 μm. In addition, the content of ferrite side plates (FSP) decreased, while the percentage of AF increased by 16.2% due to the increase in the number of effective inclusions in the La-containing sample in this study.     

PLGA/硬石复合涂层镁基纳米复合材料在植入应用时的体外生物活性和腐蚀行为

A type of polymer/ceramic coating was introduced on a magnesium-based nanocomposite, and the nanocomposite was evaluated for implant applications. The microstructure, corrosion, and bioactivity of the coated and uncoated samples were assessed. Mechanical alloying followed by sintering was applied to fabricate the Mg–3Zn–0.5Ag–15NiTi nanocomposite substrate. Moreover, different contents of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coatings were studied, and 10wt% of PLGA content was selected. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the bulk nanocomposite showed an acceptable homogenous dispersion of the NiTi nanoparticles (NPs) in the Mg-based matrix. In the in vitro bioactivity evaluation, following the immersion of the uncoated and coated samples in a simulated body fluid (SBF) solution, the Ca/P atomic ratio demonstrated that the apatite formation amount on the coated sample was greater than that on the uncoated nanocomposite. Furthermore, assessing the corrosion resistance indicated that the coatings on the Mg-based substrate led to a corrosion current density (i_corr) that was considerably lower than that of the substrate. Such a condition revealed that the coating would provide an obstacle for the corrosion. Based on this study, the PLGA/hardystonite (HT) composite-coated Mg–3Zn–0.5Ag–15NiTi nanocomposite may be suitably applied as an orthopedic implant biomaterial.     

矿山尾矿作为碱活化原料的研究进展

The mining industry produces billions of tons of mine tailings annually. However, because of their lack of economic value, most of the tailings are discarded near the mining sites, typically under water. The primary environmental concerns of mine tailings are related to their heavy metal and sulfidic mineral content. Oxidation of sulfidic minerals can produce acid mine drainage that leaches heavy metals into the surrounding water. The management of tailing dams requires expensive construction and careful control, and there is the need for stable, sustainable, and economically viable management technologies. Alkali activation as a solidification/stabilization technology offers an attractive way to deal with mine tailings. Alkali activated materials are hardened, concrete-like structures that can be formed from raw materials that are rich in aluminum and silicon, which fortunately, are the main elements in mining residues. Furthermore, alkali activation can immobilize harmful heavy metals within the structure. This review describes the research on alkali activated mine tailings. The reactivity and chemistry of different minerals are discussed. Since many mine tailings are poorly reactive under alkaline conditions, different pretreatment methods and their effects on the mineralogy are reviewed. Possible applications for these materials are also discussed.     

动态应变时效的应力状态依赖性:热硬化和蓝脆

This study aims to discover the stress-state dependence of the dynamic strain aging (DSA) effect on the deformation and fracture behavior of high-strength dual-phase (DP) steel at different deformation temperatures (25–400°C) and reveal the damage mechanisms under these various configurations. To achieve different stress states, predesigned specimens with different geometric features were used. Scanning electron microscopy was applied to analyze the fracture modes (e.g., dimple or shear mode) and underlying damage mechanism of the investigated material. DSA is present in this DP steel, showing the Portevin–Le Chatelier (PLC) effect with serrated flow behavior, thermal hardening, and blue brittleness phenomena. Results show that the stress state contributes distinctly to the DSA effect in terms of the magnitude of thermal hardening and the pattern of blue brittleness. Either low stress triaxiality or Lode angle parameter promotes DSA-induced blue brittleness. Accordingly, the damage mechanisms also show dependence on the stress states in conjunction with the DSA effect.     

关于钢水质量窄窗口稳定控制的思考

In order to promote the intelligent transformation and upgrading of the steel industry, intelligent technology features based on the current situation and challenges of the steel industry are discussed in this paper. Based on both domestic and global research, functional analysis, reasonable positioning, and process optimization of each aspect of steel making are expounded. The current state of molten steel quality and implementation under narrow window control is analyzed. A method for maintaining stability in the narrow window control technology of steel quality is proposed, controlled by factors including composition, temperature, time, cleanliness, and consumption (raw material). Important guidance is provided for the future development of a green and intelligent steel manufacturing process.     

不同应变速率下Mg?B4C纳米复合材料的力学性能表征

Magnesium has wide application in industry. The main purpose of this investigation was to improve the properties of magnesium by reinforcing it using B₄C nanoparticles. The reinforced nanocomposites were fabricated using a powder compaction technique for 0, 1.5vol%, 3vol%, 5vol%, and 10vol% of B₄C. Powder compaction was conducted using a split Hopkinson bar (SHB), drop hammer (DH), and Instron to reach different compaction loading rates. The compressive stress–strain curves of the samples were captured from quasi-static and dynamic tests carried out using an Instron and split Hopkinson pressure bar, respectively. Results revealed that, to achieve the highest improvement in ultimate strength, the contents of B₄C were 1.5vol%, 3vol%, and 3vol% for Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. These results also indicated that the effect of compaction type on the quasi-static strength of the samples was not as significant, although its effect on the dynamic strength of the samples was remarkable. The improvement in ultimate strength obtained from the quasi-static stress–strain curves of the samples (compared to pure Mg) varied from 9.9% for DH to 24% for SHB. The dynamic strength of the samples was improved (with respect to pure Mg) by 73%, 116%, and 141% for the specimens compacted by Instron, DH, and SHB, respectively. The improvement in strength was believed to be due to strengthening mechanisms, friction, adiabatic heating, and shock waves.     

诗与"在"--海德格尔诗学的阐释

海德格尔对荷尔德林诗歌的阐释，目的是进行诗与思的对话，归根结底还是探讨存在。诗与“在”的关系，是海氏诗学框架的核心内容，诗与“在”的关系又进一步引申为艺术与真理的关系，本从真理如何被遮蔽的问题入手，试图读解海德格尔诗学的内涵。艺术是无蔽的真理显明的一种方式，诗是危机的拯救，语言是存在的家园。海德格尔对诗与在的探讨最后又转入了对语言的探讨，无法走出语言的牢笼。只有在实践中，把艺术变成为社会变革的一个因素，才可以解放被传统理性压迫的力量，显现艺术的真理，确立艺术的价值。     

Robust ranking of multi criteria alternatives using value functions compatible with holistic preference information

We present two recent methods, called UTAGMS and GRIP, from the viewpoint of robust ranking of multicriteria alternatives. In these methods, the preference information provided by a single or multiple Decision Makers (DMs) is composed of holistic judgements of some selected alternatives, called reference alternatives. The judgements express pairwise comparisons of some reference alternatives (in UTAGMS), and comparisons of selected pairs of reference alternatives from the viewpoint of intensity of preference (in GRIP). Ordinal regression is used to find additive value functions compatible with this preference information. The whole set of compatible value functions is then used in Linear Programming (LP) to calculate a necessary and possible weak preference relations in the set of all alternatives, and in the set of all pairs of alternatives. While the necessary relation is true for all compatible value functions, the possible relation is true for at least one compatible value function. The necessary relation is a partial preorder and the possible relation is a complete and negatively transitive relation. The necessary relations show consequences of the given preference information which are robust because “always true”. We illustrate this methodology with an example.     

一种向量空间模型中对特征项的改进方法及应用

针对传统VSM方法中选取特征项的不足之处,在文本相似度计算研究领域中中,提出了一种新的特征项选取方法--用语言片段作为特征项.介绍了选取语言片段作特征项方法的实现过程,分析了该方法的必要性与可行性,通过计算在受限语境下文本的相似度的实验,测得系统判分正确率为85.24%.与同类系统进行对比实验,发现该方法在受限语境下表现稍好.     

机器人重复定位精度优化综合

本文根据控制系统的设计要求和机器人的工作稳定性要求,提出三种机器人机构精度综合的评价函数:(1)运动精度最低化单目标评价函数,(2)误差波动最小化单目标评价函数,(3)综合考虑运动精度和误差波动的多目标评价函数。并引入了三个衡量优化结果的实用指标。最后,以5R 焊接机器人为例进行优化计算。     

单片机群组红外通信的设计与实现

提出一种利用软件方法实现单片机群组红外通信的设计方案,介绍该方案的设计思想,包括硬件设计原理、信息格式的设计与差错控制的实现,信息应答机制以及软件核心框架等,并指明了设计的应用前景.     

气体对阴离子表活剂压裂液破胶实验研究

阴离子表活剂压裂液是新型清洁压裂液,原油和地层水对其破胶机理与实验研究已相当充分,但气体对其破胶作用至今研究很少.为解决阴离子表活剂压裂液在压裂应用中的障碍,研究采用一套实用的实验流程,评价了天然气、氮气、二氧化碳三种常见气体对阴离子表活剂压裂液的影响.实验证明,三种不同的气体对阴离子表活剂压裂液的降粘幅度存在较大的差别,其中,二氧化碳气体对阴离子清洁压裂液降粘幅度最大,可使交联液体彻底破胶,天然气对阴离子型表活剂压裂液降粘幅度较小,氮气对阴离子压裂液的粘度几乎没有影响,氮气和天然气可以使液体泡沫化,从而有利于返排.实验结果为优化压裂设计提供了依据,可有效提高现场压裂施工成功率.     

高层建筑外部空间的设计手法

分析和论述了现代城市环境中高层建筑外部空间的设计手法,将其概括为:空间的连续与兼容:包括边界模糊、空间构成要素的延续与兼容、空间流通;空间的中心感与层次感:包括通过式、互渗式、升降式;中庭的作用:包括与城市广场或街道的结合、与周围建筑联系的手段;高层建筑及外部空间的尺度处理:包括主体与裙房相结合、主体的分段处理;建筑小品与环境小品的作用:包括建筑小品的处理方法、环境小品的处理方法、环境雕塑的处理方法、绿化与水的处理方法。     

论力、能量和熵的概念在基础物理中的作用

从统一的角度,历史性地论述了力、能量和熵三个物理量的中心地位,探讨了它们在基础物理中的意义.修正了Prigogine总熵变公式,引入了k因子和g因子,调解热寂说和进化论的关系,并据此从熵的角度分析分子自组织进化熵减少的机理.最后分析了力、能量和熵之间的相互关系,指出从力、能量到熵概念标志着物理学从"存在的物理学"发展到"演化的物理学".     

马钱子苷对神经干细胞的增殖、存活和分化的调节作用

为探讨不同浓度的马钱子苷对神经干细胞的增殖、存活和分化的调节作用及其相关分子机制，本实验从成年小鼠大脑中分离培养了神经干细胞，用不同浓度的马钱子苷进行干预，观察马钱子苷对神经干细胞增殖、存活和分化的影响。结果显示：成年小鼠神经干细胞在含有中、高浓度马钱子苷的增殖培养基中培养5 d和7 d后，神经球数量和直径与对照相比显著增加（P<0.05）；中、高剂量的马钱子苷能够促进神经干细胞的有丝分裂，低剂量马钱子苷处理显著促进神经干细胞发生分化（P<0.01），并增加神经元和星形胶质细胞的数量及比例（P<0.01）；中、高剂量马钱子苷抑制神经干细胞分化（P<0.05），高剂量的马钱子苷使得神经元的数量减少（P<0.05）。研究结果表明，高浓度的马钱子苷能够促进神经干细胞存活，并通过促进神经干细胞有丝分裂来提高其增殖能力；低浓度的马钱子苷促进神经干细胞分化，有利于神经再生和少突胶质细胞再生。研究结果为神经干细胞治疗中枢神经系统疾病的研究奠定了理论和实验基础。