Pressure-induced amorphization and an amorphous-amorphous transition in densified porous silicon.

Crystalline and amorphous forms of silicon are the principal materials used for solid-state electronics and photovoltaics technologies. Silicon is therefore a well-studied material, although new structures and properties are still being discovered. Compression of bulk silicon, which is tetrahedrally coordinated at atmospheric pressure, results in a transition to octahedrally coordinated metallic phases. In compressed nanocrystalline Si particles, the initial diamond structure persists to higher pressure than for bulk material, before transforming to high-density crystals. Here we report compression experiments on films of porous Si, which contains nanometre-sized domains of diamond-structured material. At pressures larger than 10 GPa we observed pressure-induced amorphization. Furthermore, we find from Raman spectroscopy measurements that the high-density amorphous form obtained by this process transforms to low-density amorphous silicon upon decompression. This amorphous-amorphous transition is remarkably similar to that reported previously for water, which suggests an underlying transition between a high-density and a low-density liquid phase in supercooled Si (refs 10, 14, 15). The Si melting temperature decreases with increasing pressure, and the crystalline semiconductor melts to a metallic liquid with average coordination approximately 5 (ref. 16).     

Superconductivity in diamond

Diamond is an electrical insulator well known for its exceptional hardness. It also conducts heat even more effectively than copper, and can withstand very high electric fields. With these physical properties, diamond is attractive for electronic applications, particularly when charge carriers are introduced (by chemical doping) into the system. Boron has one less electron than carbon and, because of its small atomic radius, boron is relatively easily incorporated into diamond; as boron acts as a charge acceptor, the resulting diamond is effectively hole-doped. Here we report the discovery of superconductivity in boron-doped diamond synthesized at high pressure (nearly 100,000 atmospheres) and temperature (2,500-2,800 K). Electrical resistivity, magnetic susceptibility, specific heat and field-dependent resistance measurements show that boron-doped diamond is a bulk, type-II superconductor below the superconducting transition temperature T(c) approximately 4 K; superconductivity survives in a magnetic field up to Hc2(0) > or = 3.5 T. The discovery of superconductivity in diamond-structured carbon suggests that Si and Ge, which also form in the diamond structure, may similarly exhibit superconductivity under the appropriate conditions.     

Diamond synthesis from a system of chromium-carbide and Ni70Mn25Co5 alloy

In order to ascertain the mechanism of interaction between carbide and metallic catalyst and formation of diamond under high pressure and high temperature, and find a new method to synthesize diamond with special properties, it is necessary to investigate the reaction behavior of different carbides and metallic solvent_catalysts under high pressure and high temperature. A system of Cr-3C-2 powder and Ni 70Mn 25Co 5 alloy in weight ratio of 1∶6 was treated under 6 0 GPa and 1 500℃ for 20, 30 or 60 min respectively. X_ray diffraction of the samples indicated the Cr 3C 2 decomposed partially after high pressure and temperature treatment, and Cr 7C 3, Cr and diamond formed respectively. There was not any trace of graphite in the samples. The result suggested that the separated carbon atoms could form diamond directly without conversion process of graphite into diamond. The observation of SEI, WDX and EDX also showed that diamond crystals were synthesized in the system, which have perfect surfaces and shapes, with the average grain size of about 40 μm. The properties of the crystals are being investigated.     

微波辅助碳热还原法制备碳化硅粉体

基于碳热还原法制备碳化硅的原理,针对该方法合成成本高,反应时间长,所用设备昂贵,合成条件苛刻等缺陷．利用微波的良好加热性能,采用微波辅助碳热还原法制取碳化硅粉体．经实验表明,最优条件为：锌粉作催化剂,碳硅原子比为4：1,微波功率800W,微波时间30min．该方法制备的碳化硅为3C—SiC晶型,晶粒粒径相对较小．微波辅助碳热还原法具有成本低、产量大、反应时间短、尺寸相对较小,具有工业化应用的前景．     

Purity of SiC powders fabricated by coat-mix

Silicon carbide powders were synthesized by the coat-mix process, with phenolic resin and silicon powders as starting materials. The effects of synthetic conditions, including sintering temperature and the molar ratio of resin-derived carbon to silicon on the composition and the purity of the resultant powders were investigated. The results show that a higher sintering temperature and an appropriate molar ratio of resin-derived carbon to silicon are favorable for producing high purity silicon carbide powders. It is found that the silicon carbide content increases slightly with increasing the sintering temperature during the solid-solid reaction. The temperature gradient plays an important role on this trend. When the sintering temperature is raised up to 1500℃, the formation of silicon earbide is based on the liquid-solid reaction, and high purity (99.8wt%) silicon carbide powders can easily be obtained. It can also be found that the optimum molar ratio of resin-derived carbon to silicon is 1:1.     

Mechanism of diamond-to-graphite transformation at diamond-stable conditions

The diamond-to-graphite transformation at diamond-stable conditions is studied by temperature gradient method （TGM） under high pressure and high temperature （HPHT）, although it is unreasonable from the view of thermodynamic considerations. It is found that, at diamond-stable conditions, for example, at 5.5 GPa and 1550 K, with fine diamond grits as carbon source and NiMnCo alloy as metal solvent assisted, not only large diamond crystals, but metastable regrown graphite crystals would be grown by layer growth mechanism, and the abundance of carbon source in the higher temperature region is indispensable for the presence of metastable regrown graphite crystals. From this transformation, it is concluded that, with metal solvent assisted, although the mechanism of crystal growth could be understood by the macro-mechanism of solubility difference between diamond and graphite in metal solvents, from the point of micro-mechanism, the minimum growth units for diamond or graphite crystals should be at atomic level and unrelated to the kinds of carbon source （diamond or graphite）, which could be accumulated free-selectively on the graphite with Sp2Tr or diamond crystals with sp3 bond structure.     

干摩擦条件下金刚石复合膜摩擦学性能

在干摩擦条件下利用 SRV磨损试验机比较了在硬质合金基体上金刚石薄膜、石墨 /金刚石复合膜以及硬质合金 3种试样的摩擦学性能。利用扫描电子显微镜观察了试样和磨痕的表面形貌。利用表面形貌仪测试了磨损体积。研究了振动频率对试样的摩擦学性能影响。结果表明 ,在干摩擦条件下 ,金刚石薄膜与石墨 /金刚石复合膜的摩擦学性能差别不大 ,二者的磨损机理均为微断裂磨损。在干摩擦条件下 ,高频时金刚石薄膜的耐磨性是硬质合金耐磨性的 8～ 10倍 ,其原因是硬质合金的磨损机理存在着从粘着磨损到微断裂磨损的转变     

Synthesis of Ta C and Ta_2C from tantalum and graphite in the laser-heated diamond anvil cell

The pressure dependence of the onset of the formation of Ta C and Ta2 C from the elements has been investigated by in situ X-ray diffraction and pyrometry.Ta C has been synthesized by the reaction of Ta and graphite at pressures between 8.6 and 14.3 GPa and at temperatures up to 2,300 K using a laser-heated diamond anvil cell. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction. Ta and graphite begin to react around 1,100 K at ambient pressure conditions, and the reaction temperature increases with increasing pressure. A linear extrapolation of these data is consistent with recent observations of the formation of Ta C at 90 GPa and 3,600 K. We show that diffusion of carbon into tantalum significantly changes the lattice parameter of up to 2 % in the pressure range of up to19 GPa. In some experiments, Ta2 C was formed concomitantly. The experimentally determined bulk modulus of Ta2 C is B0;exp：= 286（5） GPa. Other tantalum carbide phases were not observed.     

微型涡轮发动机设计与制造的若干关键技术

分析了微型涡轮发动机不同于宏观尺度的流动和燃烧特性(低雷诺数Re、高马赫数M、高库埃特Couette数和低毕渥Biot数的流动，极小空间超高燃烧负荷率的燃烧)。提出了在微尺度和超高转速条件下，传统的流体动力润滑理论所存在的局限性；研究了利用边界滑移实现微尺度条件下气体动力润滑轴承实现超高转速的可性。基于碳化硅材料在MEMS高温高强度条件下的应用前景，提出将硅基蚀刻与传统的碳化硅反应烧结和磨削加工等工艺进行结合，实现微型涡轮发动机碳化硅材料微细结构的机械加工。     

新能源硅产业碳化硅切割废料回收利用研究进展

 随着硅片需求量迅速增加,其在切割过程中使用切割液形成了大量的切割废液.对新能源硅产业生产切割技术概况、碳化硅切割废料在线回收工艺和离线回收工艺进行论述.重点介绍切割废液离线回收工艺中的物理法和化学法及研究展望.结果表明,国内外对切割废液的回收利用从单一回收碳化硅到综合回收碳化硅、聚乙二醇和硅已成为发展的趋势.切割废液的离线回收工艺中物理法具有能耗小、工艺简单、设备造价低和易于工业化等优点.其中选择有效的捕收剂利用泡沫浮选技术分离方法,操作简单,分离效率高,具有潜在应用价值,是当前研究重点.化学法通过原料的转化,在制得新产品同时回收碳化硅物料,物料回收纯度高,具有一定的潜力,需要作进一步研究.     

Study on growth of coarse grains of diamond with high quality under HPHT

The growth of coarse grains of diamond was observed with graphite as carbon source and Fe₈₀Ni₂₀ alloy powder as catalyst at HPHT in a China-type SPD 6×1670T cubic high-pressure apparatus with highly exact control system. To synthesize coarse grains of diamond crystal with high quality, advanced indirect heat assembly, powder catalyst technology and catalyst with optimal granularity were used. Especially the nucleation of diamond and the growth rate were strictly controlled by the optimized synthesis craft. At last, diamond crystals (about 0.85 mm) in the perfect hex-octahedron shape were successfully synthesized at ~5.4 GPa and ~1360℃ in 60 min. The characteristic of crystal growth with powder catalyst technology under HPHT was discussed. The results and techniques might be useful for production of coarse grains of diamond.     

碳/碳复合材料的渗硅抗氧化复盖层

在碳/碳复合材料上渗硅可得到碳化硅复盖层。对不同渗硅温度和时间下得到的碳化硅层进行破坏性试验。实验指出,有碳化硅复盖层保护下的碳/碳复合材料,其抗氧化性能提高约2个数量级。     

CVD金刚石涂层刀具在石墨加工中的应用

CVD金刚石涂层是一种新型材料,相比于硬质合金具有更高的切削性能,适用于有色金属和非金属材料的切削加工.本文利用CVD金刚石涂层刀具和硬质合金刀具对石墨进行切削试验,将两种刀具寿命作比较,结果表明：CVD涂层刀具有高硬度、低摩擦系数、高耐磨和高导热的优异性能,与未涂层刀具相比,大幅提高了刀具的耐用度.     

H08钢连铸生产中Si含量的控制

国内 H0 8钢的生产多采用模铸浇铸方式 ,主要是由于 H0 8钢种 C、Si含量低 ,而氧含量比较高 ,造成钢水流动性差 ,给连铸生产带来较大的困难。本文从理论和生产实践两方面探讨了 H0 8钢连铸生产中Si含量控制的途径。     

碳化硅粘土质耐火制品气孔率的探讨

通过对有色冶金用碳化硅粘土质耐火砖的试验,得出了制品的不同性能指标。分析发现,合理地控制粘土组合的数量,碳化硅颗粒的组成,烧成温度、会明显地提高制品的气孔率,该结论能广泛应用于高性能耐火制品的研究和开发。     

碳化硅纳米管几何结构和应变能的理论研究

本文采用密度泛函方法研究了碳化硅纳米管的几何结构和相对于3C-SiC的应变能。研究结果表明：1）碳化硅纳米管中的碳原子和硅原子分布在不同直径的两个圆柱面上，碳原子所在圆柱面的直径比硅原子的大，随着纳米管直径的增加这两个圆柱面的直径差别减小；2）在椅型和锯齿型碳化硅纳米管中均存在着长度不相等的两种共价键，随着纳米管直径的增加这两种共价键的键长趋于一致；3）碳化硅纳米管相对于3C-SiC的应变能均大于0．6eV，因此它是一种亚稳态，在适当的条件下有可能合成单壁碳化硅纳米管，但是其结构比较容易向闪锌矿结构转变．     

Effects of carbon diffusing field in alloy solvent on the growth of tower-shape diamond single crystal

High-quality type-Ib tower-shape diamond single crystals were synthesized in cubic anvil high pressure apparatus (SPD-6×1200) at 5.4 GPa and 1250-1450°C. The (100) face of seed crystal was used as the growth face, and FeNiMnCo alloy was used as the solvent/catalyst. Two kinds of carbon diffusing fields (type-B and type-G) were simulated by finite element method (FEM). Using the two kinds of carbon diffusing fields, many diamond single crystals were synthesized. The effects of carbon diffusing fields on the ...     

溶胶-凝胶工艺对SiC粉体形貌的影响

以正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和活性炭为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备SiC前驱体,经1 400~1 600℃高温碳热还原反应合成了纯度较高的-βSiC粉体,这种粉体是由颗粒和晶须组成的混合物.通过前驱体的热重(TG)-差热(DSC)曲线分析了前驱体的热分解过程,通过X射线衍射(XRD)曲线分析了不同合成温度下的产物组织结构,并研究了无水乙醇(EtOH)与正硅酸乙酯的体积比和氨水浓度对产物形貌的影响,初步探讨了SiC颗粒和晶须的形成机理.     

球形金刚石的生长机理研究

用热丝化学气相沉积设备研究了钢渗铬层、P-Si（100）基片和三氧化二铝基底表面形成的球形金刚石．研究结果表明：在不适合球形金刚石形成的工艺爷件下,在P-Si（100）基片和三氧化二铝表面沉积的晶形很好的金刚石膜中也存在球形金刚石团块（称为异常长大金刚石团块）;首次使用金刚石“异常晶核”解释了异常长大金刚石团块的形成．球形金刚石膜由异常长大金刚石团块组成．异常长大金刚石团块的形成不但与沉积工艺参数有关,而且与CVD金刚石生长特性有关．     

Effects of Ti additive on HPHT diamond synthesis in Fe-Ni-C system

Diamond crystals with low nitrogen concentration were synthesized from the Fe-Ni-C system with Ti additive at high pressure and high temperature （HPHT） in a china-type cubic high pressure apparatus （CHPA）. The synthesis pressure range was 4.8-5.2 GPa, and the temperature range was 1420-1600 K. The lowest synthesis pressure for diamond fell first and then rose with the increase of Ti additive. The color, shape, surface morphology and nitrogen impurity concentration of the synthesized diamond crystals were characterized using optical microscopy （OM）, scanning electron microscopy （SEM） and micro Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrometry. The results show that the Ti additive has significant effects on color, growth rate, crystal shape, surface morphology and nitrogen impurity con- centration of the synthesized diamond crystals. The color of diamond crystals synthesized without Ti additive is yellow, while that with Ti additive becomes light and nearly colorless. The growth rate without Ti additive is higher than that with Ti additive. The crystal shapes of as-grown diamond crystals vary with the increase of Ti additive. The {111} crystal faces become dominant and some {311} crystal faces appear with the increase of Ti additive. The concentration of nitrogen impurity in diamond crystals without Ti additive is higher than that with Ti additive.