A conserved sequence in the immunoglobulin J kappa-C kappa intron: possible enhancer element

Several functionally important genetic elements (such as the TATA box, mRNA splice sequences, poly(A) addition signal) were first detected as short segments of unexplained sequence homology within non-coding regions of different genes. A short region of unknown sequence in the intron between the human J kappa and C kappa immunoglobulin coding regions was found to be sufficiently homologous to the corresponding segment of the mouse gene to form stable heteroduplexes. Although no specific function has yet been definitely ascribed to this region (which we call the kappa intron conserved region, or KICR), some functional significance has been inferred from the findings that (1) activation of B lymphocytes induces a DNase hypersensitivity site in this region and (2) deletions including this region reduce expression of kappa genes introduced into lymphoid cells. To delineate the KICR more precisely and to test the generality of the sequence conservation in a third species, we have sequenced this region of the human and mouse genes and have examined the corresponding region of a recently cloned rabbit kappa gene. We find a segment of about 130 base pairs (bp) that shows striking conservation in all three species, demonstrating homology significantly higher than within the C kappa coding region itself. Two short sequences from the J kappa-C kappa intron that were noted by other investigators to be homologous to proposed 'enhancer' sequences both lie within the conserved region.     

Cell-surface labelling reveals no evidence for membrane assembly and disassembly during fibroblast locomotion.

As a cultured fibroblast moves, particles or pieces of debris attached to its surface move backwards with respect to both the cell and the substrate1,2, as also do concanavalin A (Con A) receptors in the membrane of the leading lamella3. One suggested explanation is that membrane components from the cytoplasm are assembled and introduced into the surface membrane of the moving cell close to its leading edge and flow backwards to a 'sink'; there the membrane is disassembled, and its components enter the cytoplasm and flow forward within the cell, to be re-introduced later into the surface membrane1,4. However, because cell-surface receptors can be redistributed as a result of cross-linking by external ligands5,6 it has been proposed that the backward flow of Con A receptors and particles may result from such a cross-linking rather than from a flow of intact cell membrane7,8. To investigate these alternatives, I have studied moving fibroblasts by means of a cell membrane label that does not induce the redistribution of its receptors. My results do not seem compatible with the membrane flow model.     

An efficient way of finding good indel seeds for local homology search

Designing good or optimal seeds is a key factor for local homology search in bioinformatics. Continuous seeds have existed for nearly 20 years used by BLAST series programs. Recently, spaced seeds, which were introduced by PattenHunter program, were shown to be more sensitive and faster than continuous seeds under the same similarity level. However, there are 2 main disadvantages for space seeds： （i） It assumes that only matches and mismatches occur within seed alignments, but not insertions and deletions （indels）; （ii） calculating optimal spaced seeds is an NP-hard problem. Introduction for indel seeds solved the first problem, but the second is getting much harder because of its higher exponential level. In this paper, we introduce an efficient way of designing good （even optimal） indel seeds under ＂indel overlap complexity＂ model, and it can be calculated in polynomial time. We calculate indel seeds from weight of 11 to 15. The result shows that indel seeds have higher sensitivities than spaced ones and our algorithm finds good indel seeds very quickly.     

均匀分布随机数的一种综合评估法

描述了产生均匀分布的Ｕ（０，１）随机数的数学原理，提出了均匀分布随机数的综合评估方法，对由软件产生的均匀分序列的随机性能作出了评估，选出了若干能产生较佳随机性能的均匀分布随机序列的种子。     

Closely related sequences on human X and Y chromosomes outside the pairing region

During meiosis the human X and Y chromosomes form a synaptonemal complex which covers most of Yp and the terminal 30% of Xp (ref. 1). By analogy with the autosomes, this is presumed to reflect DNA sequence homology. It has been suggested that these regions of the X and Y chromosomes contain either related or identical loci which are distal to a site of cross-over, and support for these ideas has come from the finding that an X-linked cell-surface antigen controlling gene MIC2 is related to a gene on the Y chromosome. A number of DNA sequences have been shown to occur either on the X and Y chromosomes or on the X, Y and autosomes. We have now isolated a sequence from the Y chromosome which is present on Xq and Yq. This region lies well outside the pairing segments, and sequence analysis reveals no base change in 1 kilobase pair (kb). This high degree of similarity between the X and Y chromosomes near the tips of the long arms is a strong indication that interchange can occur in this region.     

Structural alteration of viral homologue of receptor proto-oncogene fms at carboxyl terminus

A role for proto-oncogenes in the regulation and modulation of cell proliferation has been suggested by the findings that the B-chain of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is encoded by the proto-oncogene sis and that the erb-B oncogene product is a truncated form of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. Furthermore, the product of the proto-oncogene fms (c-fms) may be related or identical to the receptor for macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1). v-fms is the transforming gene of the McDonough strain of feline sarcoma virus (SM-FeSV) and belongs to the family of src-related oncogenes which have tyrosine-specific kinase activity. Furthermore, nucleotide sequence analysis of the v-fms gene product revealed topological properties of a cell-surface receptor protein. To elucidate the features involved in the conversion of a normal cell-surface receptor gene into an oncogenic one, we have now determined the complete nucleotide sequence of a human c-fms complementary DNA. The 972-amino-acid c-fms protein has an extracellular domain, a membrane-spanning region, and a cytoplasmic tyrosine protein kinase domain. Comparison of the feline v-fms and human c-fms sequences reveals that the proteins share extensive homology but have different carboxyl termini.     

基于核糖体DNA大亚基片断序列探讨中国东海海域赤潮原甲藻的分子分类

采用PCR扩增技术对分类上有争议的中国东海赤潮原因种(被称为东海原甲藻．本简称：东海株系)的基因组DNA进行了核糖体DNA大亚基片断(LSU rDNA)的扩增和测序．并与一同扩增的来自美国CCMP的被称为具齿原甲藻(本简称：CCMP株系)的同源序列进行分析比较。结果表明，两710bp的LSUrDNA同源序列中仅存在7个碱基的差异．遗传相似度高达99．01％．遗传差异为0．99％．进一步与Genebank其他3种原甲藻即P．mezicanum、P．mieans和P．minimum的同源序列进行比较，发现其他3种原甲藻两两问的种间遗传相似度在91．1％～95．5％之间．而P.micans和P．minimum种内不同株系的遗传相似度为99．4％～99．9％．均为99％以上．综合这些数据说明东海株系与CCMP株系之间的0．99％的遗传差异应视为种内差异．原甲藻的东海株系与CCMP株系当属异名同种．因此本试验结果从分子水平支持了被称为东海原甲藻的原甲藻与被称为具齿原甲藻(P．deantatum)的原甲藻同为一种的观点。     

Isolation and characterisation of a yeast chromosomal replicator.

A yeast DNA sequence that behaves as a chromosomal replicator, ars1 (autonomously replicating sequence), has been isolated. On transformation, ars1 allows autonomous replication of all co-linear DNA. The replicator can integrate into other replication units and can function in multimeric form. The 850-base pair ars1 element has no detectable homology to other yeast sequences. Such replicator-containing plasmids can be used for the isolation of DNA sequences in yeast cells as well as for the study of chromosomal DNA replication.     

A new acute transforming feline retrovirus and relationship of its oncogene v-kit with the protein kinase gene family

A new acute transforming feline retrovirus, the Hardy-Zuckerman 4 feline sarcoma virus (HZ4-FeSV), has been isolated from a feline fibrosarcoma. The viral genome of HZ4-FeSV contains a new oncogene designated v-kit, has the structure 5' delta gag-kit-delta pol-delta env 3' and specifies a gag-kit polyprotein of relative molecular mass 80,000. The predicted kit amino-acid sequence displays partial homology with tyrosine-specific protein kinase oncogenes. HZ4-FeSV appears to have been generated by transduction of feline c-kit sequences with feline leukaemia virus.     

核糖体DNA ITS区应用于虫草属无性型鉴定的初步研究

虫草无性型鉴定是困扰学术界的一个难题．本文检索了互联网上报道的虫草及可能的无性型序列，应用相关软件构建进化树，研究了它们的同源性．从总体上看，核糖体DNA ITS区序列研究与传统经典分类学相互印证进行虫草无性型鉴定是完全可行和必要的．     

Lectin-induced expression of DR antigen on human cultured follicular thyroid cells

HLA-DR antigens, the human equivalent of mouse I region-associated or Ia products, are polymorphic cell surface sialoglycoproteins involved in initiation of the immune response. Their expression is normally restricted to B lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic and other antigen-presenting cells and vascular endothelium and possibly some cells of the mucosa lining body cavities. HLA-DR expression can be modified during cell differentiation; B lymphocytes become negative on maturing to plasma cells and human T lymphocytes acquire these antigens when activated in vitro or in vivo. We report here that human thyroid follicular cells which are normally negative for HLA-DR molecules, can be induced to express these antigens when cultured with phytohaemagglutinin (PHA), concanavalin A (Con A) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM). These lectins exert their action directly on the thyroid cells with no concomitant mitogenic effect.     

不同物种间胰岛素及其编码mRNA,DNA序列比较与分析

通过PSI-BLAST搜索与人类胰岛素原(含有86个氨基酸)相似的蛋白质序列，并进行比对，计算比对矩阵的相似得分和期望值，同时运用ClustalW算法对不同物种编码前胰岛素原mRNA及其翻译的蛋白质和DNA序列进行多重比对．结果发现，脊椎动物的胰岛素蛋白质一级结构(A链和B链)和mRNA非常相似，但部分动物C肽的部分序列有差异；系统进化分析表明，人和猴、小鼠和大鼠编码胰岛素的mRNA在进化上关系相近．各物种间编码相同氨基酸的核苷酸序列（CDS)相同，但编码胰岛素的DNA序列不同．各物种胰岛素原蛋白质序列中，A链和B链序列保守，C肽有一定的差异；DNA序列差异较大．     

距骨多糖（APS）和距骨类黄酮（AF）对活体外正常老鼠细胞和瘤变老鼠细胞的淋巴细胞繁殖及T—淋巴细胞亚群的影响

作者研究了距骨多糖（APS）和距骨类黄酮（AF）对外活体老鼠细胞和瘤变老鼠细胞的淋巴繁殖和T-淋巴细胞亚群的影响，结果表明：在正常的老鼠细胞中，单独加入APS能诱导非活性的淋巴细胞进行繁殖，而且对于由Con A（伴刀豆球蛋A）激活的淋巴细胞，在加入APS后，繁殖速率加快；单独加入AF不能诱导非活性的淋巴细胞进行繁殖，但是AF能加速的Con A激活的淋巴细胞进行繁殖，在瘤变的老鼠细胞中，由Con A激活的淋巴细胞繁殖速率下降，但当分别加入APS和AF后，繁殖速率得到提高，因此作者认为：不论是正常的老鼠细胞中还是在瘤变的老鼠细胞中，单独使用APS或是一起使用APS与Con A，都能引起T-淋巴细胞总数的增加，并且能使不稳定CD4^ /CD8^ 比率趋于正常化；一起使用AF与Con A时，也具有相同的效应。     

Messenger RNA targeting of rice seed storage proteins to specific ER subdomains

Rice seeds, a rich reserve of starch and protein, are a major food source in many countries. Unlike the seeds of other plants, which typically accumulate one major type of storage protein, rice seeds use two major classes, prolamines and globulin-like glutelins. Both storage proteins are synthesized on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and translocated to the ER lumen, but are then sorted into separate intracellular compartments. Prolamines are retained in the ER lumen as protein bodies whereas glutelins are transported and stored in protein storage vacuoles. Mechanisms responsible for the retention of prolamines within the ER lumen and their assembly into intracisternal inclusion granules are unknown, but the involvement of RNA localization has been suggested. Here we show that the storage protein RNAs are localized to distinct ER membranes and that prolamine RNAs are targeted to the prolamine protein bodies by a mechanism based on RNA signal(s), a process that also requires a translation initiation codon. Our results indicate that the ER may be composed of subdomains that specialize in the synthesis of proteins directed to different compartments of the plant endomembrane system.     

Isolation of an excision product of T-cell receptor alpha-chain gene rearrangements

The genes for the T-cell receptor, like the immunoglobulin genes, are rearranged as DNA. The mechanism of this rearrangement is not clear; unequal crossover between chromosomes and the looping-out and excision of the excess DNA have both been suggested. We isolated small polydisperse circular (spc) DNAs from mouse thymocytes and cloned them into a phage vector. Of the 56 clones we analysed, nine contained sequences homologous to T-cell receptor alpha-chain joining (J alpha) segments. We have characterized one of these clones; it contains one J alpha segment, and the product out of the recombination of a variable region of the alpha-chain gene (V alpha) with a J alpha gene segment. This is the first demonstration of the presence in extrachromosomal DNA of a reciprocal recombination product of any rearranging immunoglobulin or T-cell receptor gene. The finding verifies that V alpha-J alpha joining can occur by the looping-out and excision of chromosomal DNA.     

猪2型圆环病毒福建析的全基因组克隆与序列分析

根据已发表猪2型圆环病毒PCV2序列设计两对特异性扩增引物对福建龙岩市某规模化猪场疑似PCV2感染病例进行PCV2的检测与全基因组克隆,经测序与序列拼接,获得了PCV2福建株全基因组序列PCV2-LY.序列分析结果表明,PCV2-LY全长1767 bp,与国内外各分离株同源性在95.1 %-98.0%之间,ORF1氨基酸同源性在97.1%-99.6%之间,而ORF2氨基酸同源性在92.7%-99.1%之间