高温超导体中超导位相涨落:Nernst效应研究

高温超导体赝隙态具有许多反常的现象,与高温超导机理之间有密切联系,一直是研究的焦点.有理论提出在赝隙态存在预超导配对.能斯特（Nernst）效应测量探测到了超导转变温度TC0以上温区一定范围内存在磁通涡旋激发,支持了赝隙态中存在有限的超导序参量振幅和强烈的位相涨落的图象,说明TC0处的相变是由Cooper对之间长程位相关联的消失所驱动的.     

氧化物材料中赝能隙对输运性质的影响

在ｔ－Ｊ模型和Ｆｅｒｍｉｏｎ－Ｓｐｉｏｎ理论的框架下,研究了强关联氧化物超导材料的输运性质,在最佳掺杂区,系统的电阻与温度是线性关系。在欠掺杂区域,由于在低温情况下存在赝能隙减弱了带电粒子的散射,导致了电阻由在高温时与温度的线性关系转变成为低温时偏离线性关系。     

Mg掺杂GaN结构及电子结构的理论研究

采用基于密度泛函理论的赝势平面波方法研究了金属元素Mg掺杂GaN的结构及电子结构性质.计算金属Mg分别替换Ga和N原子后体系的结合能,得到Mg原子更容易替换Ga原子,与他人的结果一致.掺杂后晶格常数a和c反而略有增大,并且高压下的情况是类似的.Mg掺杂后GaN电子结构显示掺杂使得GaN带隙略有增加,压强从0增加到20GPa,掺杂前后带隙值分别增大约39.1%和38.4%.     

掺杂对涂层超导体CeO2缓冲层薄膜临界厚度影响的理论计算

采用第一性原理平面波赝势法计算了稀土元素掺杂超导带材缓冲层CeO2的晶体结构、电子能带、态密度和弹性常数,研究掺杂使CeO2缓冲层临界厚度增加的规律及其机理.在计算范围内,发现掺杂以后的晶胞体积V和弹性常数E^＊的变化主要取决于系统的电子数增加,拟合得到了弹性常数E^＊和系统电子数增量Δne之间的变化关系.分析表明,掺入Sm,Gd和Dy可以使Ce1-xRExO2缓冲层薄膜的临界厚度分别提高22%,43%和33%.     

Mg掺杂ZnSe电子结构与光学性质的第一性原理研究

采用密度泛函理论下的第一性原理平面波赝势方法,结合广义梯度近似,对Mg掺杂闪锌矿Zn Se的MgxZn1-xSe电子结构和光学性质进行了研究.结果表明:MgxZn1-xSe是一种直接带隙半导体,其价带顶主要由Se-4p态电子构成,位置基本保持不变;导带底主要由Se-4s态电子和Zn-4s态电子共同决定,并且随着掺杂浓度的增大向高能区方向移动,其能隙宽度随掺杂量的增大而变宽,吸收光谱出现蓝移,计算结果与现有文献符合得很好.     

Mg,Zn掺杂GaN的电子结构与光学性质的计算

运用超软赝势平面波第一性原理方法对Mg,Zn掺杂GaN的晶格参数、电子结构与光学性质进行了计算,结果得到GaN晶体掺杂Mg,Zn后晶格常数变大,带隙由2.084eV变为2.157,1.934eV;折射率由2.361增大为5.93,5.81,消光系数峰值向低能方向移动;静态反射率增大,反射峰值增大且位置向高能方向移动;吸收峰值由3.97减小为2.76,2.75,位置向低能方向移动;能量损失峰的位置向低能方向移动.     

V掺杂CrSi2能带结构的第1性原理计算

 采用基于第1性原理的密度泛函理论(DFT)赝势平面波方法和广义梯度近似,计算了V掺杂CrSi₂体系的能带结构和态密度,计算结果表明,本体CrSi₂是具有ΔE_g=0.35eV狭窄能隙的间接带隙半导体,其费米面附近的态密度主要由Cr的3d层电子和Si的3p层电子的态密度决定;V替代Cr掺杂后,费米能级进入价带,费米面插在价带的中间,带隙变窄,且间接带隙宽度ΔE_g=0.25eV;掺杂后费米面附近的电子能态密度则由Cr的3d层电子、V的3d层电子和Si的3p层电子的态密度共同决定,掺杂后V原子成为受主,在价带顶附近贡献了一定数量的空穴,使掺杂后CrSi₂的导电类型变为p型,提高了材料的电导率.     

Cu/N共掺杂ZnS电子结构和光学性质的第一性原理计算

采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法,计算了本征ZnS、N单掺杂、Cu-N共掺杂与Cu-2N共掺杂ZnS晶体的能带结构、电子态密度与光学性质.结果表明,Cu/N共掺杂体系降低了体系的带隙,增加了其光催化活性.对于Cu-2N掺杂,分析其态密度,发现共掺杂体系的总态密度在费米能级附近更加弥散,更多的态密度穿越费米能级,使共掺杂更容易获得p-型ZnS,同时费米能级附近的杂质态降低了跃迁能,使得共掺杂体系能有效提高其在可见光区的吸收系数.     

La掺杂SrTiO3电子结构的密度泛函理论研究

目的 研究La掺杂对SrTiO3体系电子结构和导电性的影响.方法 采用基于密度泛函理论(DFT)框架下的第一性原理平面波超软赝势方法 .结果 La掺杂后,体系总体态密度只是向低能方向进行了刚性平移,费米能级进入导带,简并化加剧,刚性能带模型仍然适用于Sr1-xLaxTiO3体系:由于Bumtein-Moss移动效应,光学带隙明显展宽,在导带底出现大量由La原子贡献的自由载流子-电子,改善了SrTiO3的导电性能.结论 La掺杂对SrTiO3的导电性起着非常重要的作用.     

同主族C-Si共掺杂TiO2可见光区光催化性能的第一性原理计算

本文利用密度泛函理论（DFT）第一性原理平面波超软赝方法对C-Si共掺杂TiO2电子结构、差分电荷密度和光学特性进行了研究,计算结果表明,共掺杂能明显降低体系的带隙(约为1.7eV)。能有效增加其光催化活性;从总态密度图可以得到,费米能级附近的杂质态降低了载波跃迁能。C-Si的共掺杂能有效提高其在可见光区域的吸收系数,特别是在三种不同的构型中,第三构型在可见光区域具有最大吸收系数。     

Inhomogeneity, dynamical symmetry, and complexity in high-temperature superconductors: Reconciling a universal phase diagram with rich local disorder

A model for high-temperature superconductors incorporating antiferromagnetism, d-wave superconductivity, and no double latticesite occupancy can give energy surfaces delicately balanced between antiferromagnetic and superconducting order for specific ranges of doping and temperature. The resulting properties can reconcile a universal cuprate phase diagram with rich inhomogeneity, relate that inhomogeneity to pseudogaps, give a fundamental rationale for giant proximity effects and other emergent behavior, and provide an objective framework to separate essential from peripheral in the superconducting mechanism. high-temperature superconductivity, pseudogap, critical dynamical symmetry, inhomogeneity, complexity, emergent behavior     

Emergence of preformed Cooper pairs from the doped Mott insulating state in Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta

Superconductors are characterized by an energy gap that represents the energy needed to break the pairs of electrons (Cooper pairs) apart. At temperatures considerably above those associated with superconductivity, the high-transition-temperature copper oxides have an additional 'pseudogap'. It has been unclear whether this represents preformed pairs of electrons that have not achieved the coherence necessary for superconductivity, or whether it reflects some alternative ground state that competes with superconductivity. Paired electrons should display particle-hole symmetry with respect to the Fermi level (the energy of the highest occupied level in the electronic system), but competing states need not show such symmetry. Here we report a photoemission study of the underdoped copper oxide Bi(2)Sr(2)CaCu(2)O(8+delta) that shows the opening of a symmetric gap only in the anti-nodal region, contrary to the expectation that pairing would take place in the nodal region. It is therefore evident that the pseudogap does reflect the formation of preformed pairs of electrons and that the pairing occurs only in well-defined directions of the underlying lattice.     

Abrupt onset of a second energy gap at the superconducting transition of underdoped Bi2212

The superconducting gap--an energy scale tied to the superconducting phenomena--opens on the Fermi surface at the superconducting transition temperature (T(c)) in conventional BCS superconductors. In underdoped high-T(c) superconducting copper oxides, a pseudogap (whose relation to the superconducting gap remains a mystery) develops well above T(c) (refs 1, 2). Whether the pseudogap is a distinct phenomenon or the incoherent continuation of the superconducting gap above T(c) is one of the central questions in high-T(c) research. Although some experimental evidence suggests that the two gaps are distinct, this issue is still under intense debate. A crucial piece of evidence to firmly establish this two-gap picture is still missing: a direct and unambiguous observation of a single-particle gap tied to the superconducting transition as function of temperature. Here we report the discovery of such an energy gap in underdoped Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+delta in the momentum space region overlooked in previous measurements. Near the diagonal of Cu-O bond direction (nodal direction), we found a gap that opens at T(c) and has a canonical (BCS-like) temperature dependence accompanied by the appearance of the so-called Bogoliubov quasi-particles, a classical signature of superconductivity. This is in sharp contrast to the pseudogap near the Cu-O bond direction (antinodal region) measured in earlier experiments.     

A BCS-like gap in the superconductor SmFeAsO0.85F0.15

Since the discovery of superconductivity in the high-transition-temperature (high-T(c)) copper oxides two decades ago, it has been firmly established that the CuO(2) plane is essential for superconductivity and gives rise to a host of other very unusual properties. A new family of superconductors with the general composition of LaFeAsO(1-x)F(x) has recently been discovered and the conspicuous lack of the CuO(2) planes raises the tantalizing question of a different pairing mechanism in these oxypnictides. The superconducting gap (its magnitude, structure, and temperature dependence) is intimately related to pairing. Here we report the observation of a single gap in the superconductor SmFeAsO(0.85)F(0.15) with T(c) = 42 K as measured by Andreev spectroscopy. The gap value of 2Delta = 13.34 +/- 0.3 meV gives 2Delta/k(B)T(c) = 3.68 (where k(B) is the Boltzmann constant), close to the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer (BCS) prediction of 3.53. The gap decreases with temperature and vanishes at T(c) in a manner consistent with the BCS prediction, but dramatically different from that of the pseudogap behaviour in the copper oxide superconductors. Our results clearly indicate a nodeless gap order parameter, which is nearly isotropic in size across different sections of the Fermi surface, and are not compatible with models involving antiferromagnetic fluctuations, strong correlations, the t-J model, and the like, originally designed for the high-T(c) copper oxides.     

超导的纯电子机制

从电子晶格的相互作用，受晶格屏蔽的电子间的相互作用，以及电子自旋的磁力作用等纯电子机制阐明正常超导和高温超导共同的机理，说明MgB2的超导和陶瓷性超导的机理相同，都是由于自由电子少的原因，以此对BCS公式作以修正，并预言Li2O的临界温度高于MgB2。     

Vortex-like excitations and the onset of superconducting phase fluctuation in underdoped La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO4

Two general features of a superconductor, which appear at the critical temperature, are the formation of an energy gap and the expulsion of magnetic flux (the Meissner effect). In underdoped copper oxides, there is strong evidence that an energy gap (the pseudogap) opens up at a temperature significantly higher than the critical temperature (by 100-220 K). Certain features of the pseudogap suggest that it is closely related to the gap that appears at the critical temperature (for example, the variation of the gap magnitudes around the Fermi surface and their maximum amplitudes are very similar). However, the Meissner effect is absent in the pseudogap state. The nature of the pseudogap state, and its relation (if any) to the superconducting state are central issues in understanding copper oxide superconductivity. Recent evidence suggests that, in the underdoped regime, the Meissner state is destroyed above the critical temperature by strong phase fluctuations (as opposed to a vanishing of the superfluid density). Here we report evidence for vortices (or vortex-like excitations) in La(2-x)Sr(x)CuO4 at temperatures significantly above the critical temperature. A thermal gradient is applied to the sample in a magnetic field. Vortices are detected by the large transverse electric field produced as they diffuse down the gradient (the Nernst effect). We find that the Nernst signal is anomalously enhanced at temperatures as high as 150 K.     

Inhomogeneity,dynamical symmetry,and complexity in high-temperature superconductors:Reconciling a universal phase diagram with rich local disorder

A model for high-temperature superconductors incorporating antiferromagnetism,d-wave superconductivity,and no double lattice-site occupancy can give energy surfaces delicately balanced between antiferromagnetic and superconducting order for specific ranges of doping and temperature. The resulting properties can reconcile a universal cuprate phase diagram with rich inhomogeneity,relate that inhomogeneity to pseudogaps,give a fundamental rationale for giant proximity eects and other emergent behavior,and provide an objective framework to separate essential from peripheral in the superconducting mechanism.     

Evidence for ubiquitous strong electron-phonon coupling in high-temperature superconductors

Coupling between electrons and phonons (lattice vibrations) drives the formation of the electron pairs responsible for conventional superconductivity. The lack of direct evidence for electron-phonon coupling in the electron dynamics of the high-transition-temperature superconductors has driven an intensive search for an alternative mechanism. A coupling of an electron with a phonon would result in an abrupt change of its velocity and scattering rate near the phonon energy. Here we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy to probe electron dynamics-velocity and scattering rate-for three different families of copper oxide superconductors. We see in all of these materials an abrupt change of electron velocity at 50-80 meV, which we cannot explain by any known process other than to invoke coupling with the phonons associated with the movement of the oxygen atoms. This suggests that electron-phonon coupling strongly influences the electron dynamics in the high-temperature superconductors, and must therefore be included in any microscopic theory of superconductivity.     

Nodal quasiparticle in pseudogapped colossal magnetoresistive manganites

A characteristic feature of the copper oxide high-temperature superconductors is the dichotomy between the electronic excitations along the nodal (diagonal) and antinodal (parallel to the Cu-O bonds) directions in momentum space, generally assumed to be linked to the 'd-wave' symmetry of the superconducting state. Angle-resolved photoemission measurements in the superconducting state have revealed a quasiparticle spectrum with a d-wave gap structure that exhibits a maximum along the antinodal direction and vanishes along the nodal direction. Subsequent measurements have shown that, at low doping levels, this gap structure persists even in the high-temperature metallic state, although the nodal points of the superconducting state spread out in finite 'Fermi arcs'. This is the so-called pseudogap phase, and it has been assumed that it is closely linked to the superconducting state, either by assigning it to fluctuating superconductivity or by invoking orders which are natural competitors of d-wave superconductors. Here we report experimental evidence that a very similar pseudogap state with a nodal-antinodal dichotomous character exists in a system that is markedly different from a superconductor: the ferromagnetic metallic groundstate of the colossal magnetoresistive bilayer manganite La1.2Sr1.8Mn2O7. Our findings therefore cast doubt on the assumption that the pseudogap state in the copper oxides and the nodal-antinodal dichotomy are hallmarks of the superconductivity state.     

高斯正交系综中金属小粒子的超导电性

利用推广的BCS场理论，考虑随机矩阵理论的能级统计，得到了适合奇偶两种电子数的金属小粒子能隙和超导转变温度的统一公式．计算结果表明，对于总自旋为零的、服从高斯正交系(GOE)的金属小粒子，可以从理论上定性再现其随其尺寸变小，所出现的超导电性先增强后衰减到零、连续变化的实验现象，说明了此类现象与库仑堵塞和能谱统计有关。