利用应力、强度模型确定安全系数

提出一种通过可靠性分析计算安全系数的方法,它不仅适用于应力、强度正态分布,也适应于应力、强度非正态分布,但必须利用应力、强度的分布干涉理论,将分布曲线干涉部分转化为等值的正态分布,通过举例,进一步说明该方法适合于压力容器的设计。     

一种齿轮强度可靠性设计的改进方法

在原先齿轮强度可靠性设计中,强度和应力均按正态分布近似处理,计算精度较低。将齿面接触疲劳强度按威布尔分布、应力按正态分布处理,将齿根弯曲疲劳强度和应力均按对数正态分布处理,再根据平均安全系数和可靠度之间的关系,推导出了齿轮强度可靠性设计和校核公式。通过改进,使齿轮强度可靠性计算精度有所提高。     

用可靠性平均安全系数校核外压容器的稳定性

提出了采用可靠性平均安全系数进行外压容器的稳定性校核的方法,并在机械强度可靠性设计的基础上,建立了将呈非正态分布的变量转化为呈正态分布的变量模型,以获得可靠性安全系数.通过用此方法校核受各种载荷的外压容器,并将应力和强度的变化以及失效的不同后果考虑到设计中,比用稳定系数的常规设计方法更安全、更经济.     

基于应力-强度干涉模型的火工品可靠性设计方法

考虑火工品外界刺激量具有随机性的特点,提出了基于应力-强度干涉模型的火工品可靠性设计方法. 该方法将可靠性指标通过应力-强度干涉模型转换为火工品感度分布参数,通过感度分布参数的合理取值实现火工品发火可靠性与安全可靠性的兼容设计. 推导了应力与强度分布服从正态-正态、对数正态-对数正态分布情况下的火工品可靠性设计公式. 实例说明采用该方法的设计结果能同时满足发火可靠性指标和安全可靠性指标.      

疲劳强度的可靠性设计

目前的机械设计方法(包括疲劳设计)是依靠“安全系数”来补偿对材料及载荷知识的不足,所得的设计可能比必需的要笨重得多。可靠性设计是减轻重量的一种设计方法,这种设计可应用于不同的领域中,如航天、航空和汽车等的某种结构及零件的设计。 由于在疲劳设计中的很多参数,如载荷、材料强度和零件的几何尺寸,都是具有统计特性的,假设这些参数都为正态分布并彼此独立的。强度及应力两个分布曲线存在有一个重叠面积,它表征了应力超过强度或零件要破坏的情况。 引入正态分布函数的代数及用统计法修正的Goodman图线,作出了疲劳强度的可靠性设计。     

以可靠度为基础的起重机金属结构疲劳许用应力计算

给出了基于可靠度的疲劳强度的许用应力计算公式．当结构抗疲劳损伤强度Ｑ和结构疲劳损伤量Ｄ均为正态分布或对数正态分布时，疲劳许用应力与可靠度有一一对应关系，并可用显式表示．     

基于灰色原理与现场数据的汽车零部件可靠性计算

针对汽车零部件可靠性问题,从轻量化和强度安全性的角度出发,采用灰色原理建立了基于现场应力数据的汽车零部件可靠性计算方法,并通过VB编程实现.分析了传统应力测试与评价方法的苛刻要求及计算的不精确.讨论了灰色原理计算标准差的方法、正态分布可靠度的计算方法、等效正态变换的方法.结论为:本方法可以克服传统方法的苛刻要求;本方法的计算结果更接近真实值;将强度对数正态分布转换为等效正态分布,具有广泛代表性.     

疲劳强度中的可靠性设计

引用相当疲劳极限σlim,k及相当工作应力σF的概念,建立给定寿命及非时称循环应力下工作的零件疲劳强度的可靠度模型（图1）。利用应力、强度均服从正态分布的可靠度系数方程^[1]UR=σ^-lim,k-σ^-F/√Sσlin,k^2+SσF^2,算出零件疲劳强度的可靠度R=φ(UR).通过一个算例阐明可靠性设计在现代疲劳强度设计中的应用。     

正态-极值Ⅰ型可靠度的Bayes方法

在强度一应力模型中,设强度服从正态分布.应力服从极值Ⅰ型分布,其中应力已知,强度未知。本文应用 Bayes 方法,就强度参数的无信息验前分布得到了结构可靠度 P,的置信下限和正态一正态模型可靠度的置信下限.最后给出了实例计算。     

随机载荷下组合变形梁的可靠性设计

本文提出了梁在横向振动时各阶模态下任一横截面弯矩的表达式。结合材料力学理论,从载荷统计规律性出发导出了简支梁危险截面上最大正应力的计算公式。在此基础上建立了正态分布情况下梁的可靠性设计的强度条件。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the