喇嘛教在蒙古地区的传播和萨满教的衰落

<正> 蒙古族早期信仰萨满教。到元朝,蒙古宫廷中的统治者才改信喇嘛教。明朝时期,喇嘛教冲击了萨满教,扫除了传教的障碍。于是喇嘛教在蒙古地区得到普遍地传播。至清朝,喇嘛教成了蒙古地区占统治地位的宗教,萨满教几乎销声匿迹。在喇嘛教和萨满教的发展过程中,经历了一个此长彼消、此消彼长、互相冲击、互相争斗的过程,最后喇嘛教取代了萨满教。究竟古代蒙古地区萨满教有哪些宗教观念,喇嘛教又是怎样传入蒙古的,它在蒙古地区对萨满教有何影响,这两种宗教兴衰的原因何在。这些问题都值得研究。本文拟就上述问题作一些探讨。     

论和硕特在藏时期噶丹颇章政权与清朝的关系

清朝早在后金太祖努尔哈赤时期 ,就与在蒙古社会中拥有极高威望和巨大影响力的喇嘛教僧人发生联系 ,并给予他们特别的优礼和尊崇 1 ,以此作为联合、结好和“安众蒙古”的一项重要政策。到皇太极统治时代 ,随着清朝势力的向东扩展和对漠南蒙古的收服 ,满蒙关系对于清朝已经越来越具有决定性意义。因此 ,为了进一步加强对蒙古各部的凝聚和影响 ,不但继续实行利用喇嘛教笼络蒙古的政策 ,还将自己的注意力转向对广大蒙古地区具有强大宗教影响力的喇嘛教发祥地——西藏。 1 639年 ,清太宗皇太极正式派遣察汗喇嘛一行专程前往西藏 ,带信给当时掌管…     

精英艺术:神的诞生与隐退

艺术的神圣性在前现代时期来源于自身以外的宗教 ;当宗教衰微之后 ,“天才”和世俗政治权力成了它的新神。然而 ,随着 2 0世纪文化的变迁 ,传统的人文艺术文化急剧衰落 ,旧的精英文化阶层解体 ,艺术的膜拜价值最终淡出了历史舞台。     

二十世纪初中国知识份子的洋教观——《辛亥革命前十年时论选集》

“洋教”指西方传来的宗教。近代西方宗教的大肆传播是随着帝国主义的坚船利炮而来的。对于“洋教”的入侵。对于西方的宗教。近代知识分子持何种看法呢？在本文中他们从西方宗教的本质，教义内容来批驳西方宗教的不可信；从宗教和政治的关系来反对侵略者利用宗教来干预中国内政；虽然宗教不可信，但是其中一部分人看到西方宗教中也有一些有用之处可以教导我民。对于怎样抵制“洋教”的入侵，徐图自强的他们也提出了不同见解。     

旭烈兀西征对伊斯兰世界的影响

13世纪中期,旭烈兀蒙古军西征波斯等伊斯兰地区,先后灭木剌夷国和阿拔斯王朝,沉重打击了伊斯兰教“异端”亦思马因派的势力,在西亚阿拉伯地区建立了外族的正式统治,成为阿拉伯文化衰落、西方近代文明兴起的转折点。埃及马木留克王朝击败蒙古军,恢复阿拔斯朝哈里发的宗教领袖地位,为伊斯兰世界作出了贡献。     

宗教天职与世俗政治的弥合与裂变——以路德参与1528年德国预防性战争的争论为例

16世纪初期的欧洲，罗马教会与神圣罗马帝国之间的关系，已在文艺复兴运动和快速发展的社会经济触动下悄然变化，宗教和世俗政治都面临着是因循守旧还是积极改革的艰难抉择。马丁·路德通过不断向宗教和世俗政治阐述他的神学主张，积极推动宗教改革。在1528年的“预防性战争”危机中，他亦积极充当事件和争论的调停人。路德在履行宗教天职过程中与世俗政治之间的冲突与让步，显示出16世纪德国宗教改革与世俗政治变革相互纠结的时代特征。     

缅甸：袈裟的国度

去年,缅甸发生了一场带有明显政治诉求的民主运动。游行队伍中身穿袈裟的僧侣方阵静静地走在队伍前面,尤为引人注目。就是在国外,也出现很多缅甸僧侣抗议的身影。甚至有西方媒体将这次运动比喻为“藏红花革命”或“袈裟革命”。按说,按佛教教义,特别是小乘教教义,僧侣应该“出世”和“独善自我”,但缅甸僧侣为何如此热衷于政治？佛教和僧侣在缅甸社会生活中扮演什么样的角色呢？     

近代蒙古司法审判制度的演变

清代前期，清政府通过时蒙古的特殊立法，确立了蒙古地区独具特色的司法审判制度。近代以来，特别是清末至民国时期，随着中国传统的司法审判制度的演变和历届中央政府时蒙古的“与内地一体化”政策的实施，蒙古传统的司法审判制度也发生了很大的变化。     

印尼政治与宗教因素的“不解之缘”

正宗教因素涉及政治的国度激进宗教思想和保守主义政治思潮持续在印尼政坛发酵,选举党派之争的背后,是民主政治与世俗政治在发展时,需要面对宗教思想所带来的巨大冲击。雅加达民众在10月16日迎来了新省长。当天下午四时,印尼总统佐科在国家宫为新当选的雅加达特区省长阿尼斯及其搭档桑迪阿加主持就职仪式。仪式结束后,阿尼斯与桑迪阿加及他们的支持者步行抵达雅加达省政厅,在民俗文化节目的欢迎下,和前任省长查洛特进行权力交接仪式。至此,印尼首都     

试论滇文化青铜贮贝器的“纪念碑性”

中国的青铜时代又可称为“礼制艺术时代”。这一时期的时代特点是用青铜材料铸造各种“礼器”，这些礼器具有逐渐丰富的以政治和宗教为核心的“纪念碑性”，也可视之为另一种意义上的“纪念碑”。青铜贮贝器是滇文化时期的重器，其纪念碑性来源于铜鼓、铜桶等礼器，最初体现了滇人对权力与财富的占有。在此基础上表达了滇人在军事、宗教与社会生活等诸多方面的观念。从贮贝器纪念碑性产生、发展到衰落的历程可看出，滇文化时期的滇池区域也具有中国青铜时代的一般特点。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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