Vegetation Restoration Technique System and Its Ecological Functions of the Degraded Ecosystem in the Arid-Hot Valleys —— Taking the Example of Typical Mode in Small Watershed of Yuanmou

This paper concluded the vegetation restoration technique system in the arid-hot valleys and studied the anti-erosion function, environmental function and biological diversity effects of vegetation restoration on the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The results showed that the soil erodibility decreased significantly after the vegetation restoration. The climate environment of the small watershed had a great improvement after the vegetation restoration, of which the temperature decreased, the humidity increased, the harsh environment of dry and hot in this region changed. The studies of the ecosystem biodiversity were mainly on the analysis of the relations between biodiversity and ecological function of the artificial ecological forest pattern and the natural enclosed treatment mode on the severely of degraded land. It could conclude that the natural enclosed treatment mode is helpful to the biodiversity of the ecosystem and the improvement and stability of the ecosystem, and Leucaena artificial forest restoration pattern reduced the species diversity but optimized the ecological function. Therefore, as to the severely and extremely severely degraded ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys, Leucaena pattern of gully control and natural enclosed treatment mode are the relatively optimal choices.     

Analysis of ecosystem degradation factors in Yuanmou arid-hot valleys based on interpretative structural model

For ecological restoration and reconstruction of the degraded area, it is an important premise to correctly understand the degradation factors of the ecosystem in the arid-hot valleys. The factors including vegetation degradation, land degradation, arid climate, policy failure, forest fire, rapid population growth, excessive deforestation, overgrazing, steep slope reclamation, economic poverty, engineering construction, lithology, slope, low cultural level, geological hazards, biological disaster, soil properties etc, were selected to study the Yuanmou arid-hot valleys. Based on the interpretative structural model （ISM）, it has found out that the degradation factors of the Yuanmou arid-hot valleys were not at the same level but in a multilevel hierarchical system with internal relations, which pointed out that the degradation mode of the arid-hot valleys was ＂straight （appearance）-penetrating-background＂. Such researches have important directive significance for the restoration and reconstruction of the arid-hot valleys ecosystem.     

Selection of adaptive grass and frutex and their planting benefits in the arid-hot valleys of Yuanmou

In view of the environment character of the soil and content of the soil organic carbon, 278 species of grass and frutex were introduced from abroad and China, Some were selected by applied production and plantation benefit investigations. The results showed that： In the arid-hot valleys of Yuanmou the selected species showed the characteristics of fast growth and high yield （38 227.00 kg/hm2）, high nutrition value （CP% content of legu- minous grass and frutex were 22.47%）, as well as the strong ad- versity resistance to high air temperature and arid climate （soil humidity was 3.4%）. The selected species not only effectively meliorated soil and increased fertility, but also improved small environment weather.     

Landscape ecological evaluation on the artificial forest of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leucaena leucocephala</Emphasis>

Based on the theory of ecology, this article conducted a landscape ecological evaluation on Leucaena leucocephala artificial forest in the add-hot valley, Yuanmou Xiaokua hill, using a combination method of qualitative analysis and landscape comprehensive evaluation. The comprehensive evaluation indexes of landscape include forest coverage, biodiversity, stability, soil erosion, environmental quality, availability, scientific research characteristic, economic benefits. Using AHP （analytical hierarchy process）, determine the grade of ecological evaluation factors and the weight of evaluation index and calculate the CEI （comprehensive evaluation index） on ecological evaluation. Evaluation results showed that the area CEI was 0.714 225, a better quality of the ecological level, but biodiversity indicators was the lowest. To sum up, it was difficult to maintain ecological restoration effectiveness and process but also guarantee a good biodiversity in the add-hot valleys. We must reasonably arrange the alien species and the native species, in order to obtain a stable and sustainable eco-system.     

Selection of judging indicators for surface morphology of soil crack under different development degrees in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region

Quantification of complicated surface morphology of soil crack is a prerequisite and key to soil crack study. This paper takes soil crack quads in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region as examples, selecting several morphological indicators, and analyzes the soil crack＇s morphological features under various development degrees. By statistic analysis, three quantitative indicators for surface morphology are selected, namely soil crack area density, area weighted mean fractal dimension and connectivity index R, which can not only express the development intensity of soil cracks, but also effectively describe its morphological complexity and connectivity. The research results set a good base for the establishment of soil crack assessment system in Yuanmou arid-hot valley region.     

Prediction of Soil Erosion on Different Underlaying Surface in Construction Period of Xichang to Panzhihua Expressway

In order to investigate the behavior of soil erosion on the slope of the different underlaying surface during construction, the experiment with natural rainfall on Xichang-Panzhihua highway was conducted, to quantify the runoff and soil loss. The results show that. （1） the main type of soil erosion is gully erosion, the amount of soil erosion caused by gully erosion is higher than that by surface erosion. （2） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the slope of the embankment is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the embankment and rain intensity. （3） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the cutting slope is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the cutting slope and rain intensity. （4） The principal factor causing soil erosion on the slope of the dumped soil area is individual amount of precipitation, the width of the flat roof and rain intensity. There are well linear relationships between the amount of soil erosion and the principal factor, and their correlation coefficient are 0.935 7-0.999 8.     

Photosynthesis characteristics of three species of forages in the arid-hot valleys

By using TPS-1 portable photosynthesis measuring system, the photosynthesis characteristics of three kinds of high quality forages used in the arid-hot valley eco-agricultural models in Yuanmou were measured. The paper shows that Pennisetum purpureum Schumach is the heliophilous shade tolerance C4 plant and Styiosanthes guianensis is the heliophilous shade tolerance plant, both of them could make full use of the light energy under the weak light environment and have relatively strong CO2 assimilation capacity. Cajanus cajan（L.） Millspaugh is the strong heliophilous plant with high requirement for light and has a relatively weak CO2 assimilation capacity. Generally, these three kinds of high quality forages are drought resistant and show a relatively good adaptability to the arid-hot valley environment. To improve cultivation administration level and to interplant timely in the forest can be helpful to the ecological niche and to improve the productivity force.     

黑土地切沟侵蚀的成因与危害

探讨了黑土地切沟侵蚀的成因，如地形、降水、土壤、植被以及人为等因素，还从土地资源、社会资源以及治理费用高昂等角度详细分析了切沟侵蚀的危害性，提出要深入研究切沟侵蚀发生发展规律，以期更好的防治模式．     

Rainfall-interception effect of vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River

This paper divides the process of rainfall redistribution into four levels in vegetation restored region of gully in arid-hot valley of Jinshajiang River. These levels include arbor interception, litter interception, soil interception and surface runoff. The results showed that the maximum of interception was 8.10 mm, the mean interception was 4.53 mm, the maximum of interception rate was 56.10 % and the mean interception rate was 32.63 %.When the rainfall is over 20 mm, the interception rate descends rapidly along with the rainfall increasing. The maximum of water-holding content of litter was 8.14-20.33 t/hm^2, the mean of which is 12.52 t/hm^2 and the maximum of water-holding content was over two times of it own weight. The rainfall of litter interception was 150.24 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 24.48%.The maximum water-holding capacity of soil achieves 2 198.54 t/hm^2, but that of the barren land is 1 825.60 t/hm^2. The rainfall of soil interception was 219.87 mm, accounted for the rainfall income 35.82%. The surface runoff of vegetation restored region was 43.41 mm, accounted for 7.07% of the rainfall income, but the surface runoff of non-forest land was 413,24 mm, accounts for 70.26% of the rainfall income.The surface runoff of the planted forest community was by 63.19% lower than that of the non-forest land. Through the interception of the forest land that reduced the soil erosion effectively, good hydrology effect was obtained.     

Critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau

Scientific evidence for the upper limit of farmland is proposed. Shallow gully erosion is one of erosion types distributed extensively on sloping farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau. Field observation and aerial photos interpretation, as well as laboratory experiments show that the shallow gully erosion occurring on the steeper farmland in the hilly regions of the Loess Plateau is an important factor leading to intensive erosion on slope, because of its extensive distribution and intensive runoff collection. The data on the formation, development and distribution of shallow gullies on sloping farmland indicate that critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation ranges from 15 to 20 degrees with an average of 18.2 degrees. Therefore, it is suggested that critical slope gradient for compulsory abandonment of farmland on the hilly Loess Plateau should be kept within the critical slope gradient for shallow gully initiation to prevent shallow gully formation in order to control soil loss more effectively. But as the first step, the cultivation on the slopes with slope larger than 25 degrees where the maximum erosion occurs should be strictly forbidden.     

无人机摄影测量提取黄土高原切沟参数精度分析

选取陕北黄土丘陵沟壑区桥沟小流域为研究区,分别用同时相的地面三维激光扫描数据和固定翼无人机摄影测量数据提取切沟形态参数,分析无人机摄影测量提取切沟参数的误差及其原因．结果表明:1）无人机摄影测量与三维激光测量比较,提取切沟面积、周长和沟长二维形态参数的百分误差<10%;2）与三维激光扫描测得切沟横截面积、平均沟深和体积三维形态参数相比较,无人机摄影测量误差<20%,沟壁陡峭、植被覆盖度较高的大型切沟测量参数误差较大,而沟壁坡度相对较小、植被相对稀疏的小型切沟测量参数误差较小;3）固定翼无人机垂直摄影采集数据的方式会导致切沟沟壁细节数据缺失,从而降低切沟参数提取精度．基于无人机摄影测量生成的DSM无法有效过滤植被影响,在一定程度上影响切沟参数的提取精度．与三维激光测量相比,无人机摄影测量切沟地貌参数的精度略低,在切沟短期动态变化监测方面还存在一定的局限性．      

根溪小流域崩岗分布特征研究

崩岗集中发育于华南丘陵谷坡及山间地以风化花岗岩残积物为基底的红土地貌,被称为南方地区的"生态溃疡",是该地区最严重的土壤侵蚀类型.降雨、气温等气候因子的极端变化,内部各种节理等软弱结构面的广泛分布,加之过度的植被破坏是崩岗形成、发展的主要的驱动因素.通过对南方红壤侵蚀区(根溪小流域)野外调查,分析坡向、形态、发育阶段和活动状况上的数量及面积状况,在此基础上得出:南坡崩岗的数量和面积要明显多于其他坡位;中期崩岗数量最多,面积最大;从形态来看,条形崩岗数量最多,混合形崩岗数量最少,爪形崩岗面积最大,弧形崩岗面积最小;半稳定型崩岗个数最多,且面积最大,活跃型崩岗个数最少,稳定型崩岗面积最小.     

西昌-攀枝花高速公路路堤土壤侵蚀实验研究

为探讨高速公路施工期路堤边坡水土流失规律,对西昌-攀枝花高速公路路堤边坡进行了天然降雨条件下水土流失观测试验,结果表明,路堤边坡的主要侵蚀形式是沟蚀,主要侵蚀因子是次降雨量、路堤顶面宽度及土壤可蚀性,土壤侵蚀量与次半宽雨量之间存在着良好的相关关系,其相关系数为0.9985～0.9989.提出了预测西昌-攀枝花高速公路路堤边坡土壤侵蚀量的土壤侵蚀模型.     

干密度及细颗粒含量对滑坡坝溃决影响的试验研究

为研究坝体物质组成对滑坡堰塞坝溃决过程的影响,本文针对不同干密度、细颗粒含量,配制8组不同的坝体材料,开展人工堰塞坝的水槽模型试验,分析模型试验中不同坝体材料的浸润线发展过程、纵向侵蚀过程及溃决破坏特征。结果表明：(1)堰塞坝浸润线发展速率随着干密度减小而增大,随着细颗粒含量减小而增大。(2)干密度较小的坝体其溃决历时明显小于干密度较大的坝体,并且干密度较小的坝体其侵蚀速度明显大于干密度较大的坝体;细颗粒含量较大的坝体侵蚀速度慢,溃决达到稳定时的时间更长。(3)随着干密度减小,堰塞坝抗侵蚀能力减弱,易形成冲沟,冲沟两侧壁越早形成悬空面,溃口处易失稳坍塌,溃决持续时间越短;细颗粒含量越大,砂土堰塞坝面抗侵蚀能力越弱,越易形成冲沟,溃口处易多次失稳坍塌,溃决持续时间越长。研究成果不仅深化对堰塞坝灾害的认识,还为进一步揭示外界诱发因素与堰塞坝的内在响应机制提供依据。     

基于淤地坝淤积信息的小流域泥沙来源及产沙强度研究

根据黄土丘陵区王茂沟流域关地沟3号淤地坝29年泥沙沉积旋回变化,以及各旋回层泥沙中、坝控流域沟间地和沟谷地表层土壤中137Cs的测量,结合淤地坝修建、运行历史资料及次降雨资料,估算了坝控流域沟间地和沟谷地的相对产沙量和坝控流域不同时期的侵蚀产沙强度。研究表明,沟间地是该小流域泥沙主要来源,该流域泥沙的70%源自沟间地;坝控流域1959~1987年期间,年侵蚀产沙强度由强变弱,呈显著降低趋势。     

稀性泥石流沟道侵蚀试验研究

泥石流对沟道的侵蚀破坏作用比一般水流强烈,由于对其侵蚀深度的估计不足,往往导致防治工程的失效。通过室内等比模拟稀性泥石流沟道侵蚀试验来探究其规律。试验研究表明:坡度变化对侵蚀效果的影响大于流量的影响;在一定范围内,侵蚀深度随泥石流的磨损力增大呈线性增加,并给出经验公式。结合野外调查,对于松散堆积物源较厚的沟道流通区,该经验公式具备一定的适用性。     

典型铁路工程边坡降雨侵蚀过程规律调查

在我国水力侵蚀5大分区选取典型铁路边坡进行径流小区侵蚀或沟蚀侵蚀试验,通过试验数据结果分析各个典型铁路工程边坡的水力侵蚀过程和主要影响因素,给出了铁路工程边坡水力侵蚀入渗过程、产流过程、产沙过程和侵蚀模数的时间过程规律,以及各过程主要因素的影响规律.     

Impoverishment of Soil Nutrients in Gully Erosion Areas in Yuanmou Basin

The impoverishment of soil nutrients of nine gully head areas in Yuanmou Basin is assessed through an integrated evaluation method established on the basis of Fuzzy mathematics and multivariate mathematical theory. Results show that soil erosion of gully erosion area in Yuanmou basin has resulted in severe impoverishment of soil nutrients. All gully head areas are at high leves of impoverishment except for one at middle. By probing into and analyzing the mechanism of impoverishment of soil nutrients, we find that soil erosion has led to impoverishment of soil nutrients in a way of compacting soil, heightening position of obstacle horizon, and reducing the content of organic matter, as well as the direct loss of nutrient elements. Finally, this paper points out that soil and water conservation arming at the prevention of soil erosion is the most effective way against impoverishment of soil nutrients in Yuanmou basin.     

基于物源特征的白龙江流域泥石流易发性评价

白龙江流域是泥石流地质灾害的易发区和高发区,历史上曾发生过多次泥石流灾害。为探讨物源对泥石流的影响,对流域内泥石流物源数量、类型、分布进行了详细地调查分析,进而研究了物源转化泥石流的方式。在分析泥石流物源发育影响因素的基础上,采用确定性模型与灰色关联组合方法,筛选出物源敏感性、坡面侵蚀程度、沟床比降、沟壑密度四个因子,运用AHP模型进行区域泥石流易发性区划。得出以下认识：(1)白龙江流域泥石流物源分为重力侵蚀堆积型、坡面侵蚀汇集型、沟道侵蚀堆积型和弃渣侵蚀堆积型。其中物源量最多的为重力侵蚀堆积型,分布面积最广的是坡面侵蚀汇集型;(2)泥石流的物源多分布于坡度在15°~45°范围内的斜坡上,1 000~2 500 m的高程范围内,距离断裂500 m范围内,且物源量与植被覆盖率呈较好的负相关性;(3)流域内物源转化为泥石流的方式主要有崩落冲刷拉槽型、集中堵塞溃决型、沟道揭底铲刮型、坡面径流侵蚀溜滑型;(4)白龙江流域泥石流高易发区位于物源分布密集区,即泥石流流域中下游两岸。     

GIS支持下的土壤侵蚀动态变化研究:浙江一例

土壤侵蚀是土地退化的主要原因，也是导致生态环境恶化的重要因素，开展土壤侵蚀动态模拟研究具有重要意义．地理信息系统(GIS)因其强大的空间分析功能，为土壤侵蚀动态分析研究提供了有力支持．根据美国通用水土流失方(USLE)，以GIS软件为支持，以浙江省横溪流域为例，对该流域1990年至2003年土壤侵蚀动态变化进行模拟，并对流域内不同土地利用方式下的土壤侵蚀进行了动态评估，探讨了土壤侵蚀变化与土地利用变化的关系，为横溪流域今后的土壤侵蚀动态预测提供参考．