异细胞质在八倍体小黑麦育种上利用的研究

利用15个异细胞质中国春及对照中国春分别与黑麦杂交,结实率有所不同,出苗率差异显著,异细胞质对F1减数分裂中期I染色体配对有影响,Ae. sharonesie和Ae. bicornis细胞质分别促进和抑制中国春与黑麦F1部分同源染色体配对.用八倍体小黑麦回交F1,回交结实率差异显著,t检验表明,异细胞质对F1产生有功能雌配子有影响,Ae.crassa细胞质诱发雄蕊雌化.继续用八倍体小黑麦回交,得到4种异细胞质八倍体小黑麦,细胞学观察表明:减数分裂不稳定,多价体明显增多.利用Ae. juvenalis, T. timopheevi等4种细胞质可以将黑麦中有益基因直接转移给小麦.     

小麦“提型”雄性不育系的研究及其利用途径

小麦“提型”雄性不育系是指具有提莫菲维小麦细胞质的小麦雄性不育系(下称“提型”不育系),现在国内外正对它进行着广泛的研究和利用。“提型”不育系由国外于一九六二年通过种问杂交获得。当时以提莫菲维小麦作母本,     

普通小麦不同细胞质雄性不育系及其保持系萌动胚及幼芽同工酶的初步分析

近年来,随着小麦杂种优势利用研究的进展,国内外不少学者继提莫菲维(timop-heevi)细胞质雄性不育类型之后,又通过各种途径和方法选育了P型、S型、SP型和K型等。我省旱作所及涿鹿县原温泉屯大队实验场,先后选育了A型(Tr·aestivum)、E型(Irag)不育系,本研究用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶盘状电泳,对A型、E型、T型三种细胞     

3种黑麦类作物花药和花粉粒显微形态学比较

以3种不同倍性黑麦类作物为材料进行体视镜花药形态观察和扫描电子显微镜花粉粒形态观察。体视镜花药形态观察结果显示,六倍体小黑麦和八倍体小黑麦花药颜色相近,形状相似,二倍体黑麦与上述两者在花药形态方面有明显差异;3种不同倍性的黑麦类作物在花药大小上有显著差异。扫描电镜花粉粒形态观察结果显示,3种不同倍性黑麦类作物的花粉粒极轴长和赤道轴长存在差异,外壁纹饰都是颗粒状纹饰,但颗粒的大小排列疏密程度各有不同。本次研究通过对3种不同倍性黑麦类作物花药和花粉粒的显微结构观察和比较,给出了3种黑麦类作物之间的异同点并探讨了其分类学意义。     

水稻分子连锁图谱及重要性状的基因定位

对窄叶青８号京系１７的Ｆ１进行花药培养,获得了含有１３２个株系的加倍单倍体群体。     

提莫菲维小麦与葡萄牙野燕麦远缘杂交亲本与后代核型分析

为了探索提莫菲维小麦与葡萄牙野燕麦远缘杂交后代的真实性,该试验对其及杂交后代TP2稳定株系进行了核型分析.结果表明:母本提莫菲维小麦的染色体数目为28,核型为"2A"类型;父本葡萄牙野燕麦的染色体数目为42,核型为"2B"类型;TP2株系的染色体数目为42,核型为"2B"类型.TP2株系染色体相对长度分布在2.59～7.19之间,染色体长度比为2.78,臂比在1.00～2.11之间,包括等臂染色体(M)、中着丝粒(m)染色体和近中着丝粒染色体(sm),在第6和第17号染色体上发现2对随体,其核型公式为:2n=6x=42=6M+24m(2SAT)+12sm(2SAT).在TP2株系中具有4对与父本一致,而母本中不存在的染色体.     

从两栖类少量胚胎细胞中快速制备细胞质RNA

介绍一种用于从两栖类动物少量胚胎细胞中快速制备细胞质RNA的简便方法。首先利用NP-40溶解细胞,去掉细胞核后的细胞质溶解物用SDS及尿素变性处理蛋白质,酚提后即可从上相中用酒精沉淀出细胞质RNA。整个制备过程可在微离心管中进行,1h左右可完成。由此法制备的细胞质RNA,可用于各种目的的分析。     

六倍体小黑麦开花习性的观察及雌蕊柱头生活力的测定

本文以六倍体小黑麦H87—287,H87—291为参试种,观察六倍体小黑麦和开花习性,认为六倍体小黑麦的开花与小麦相似;一般从开花到终花持续6.7天,开花后2—4天为盛期;从一天来讲,白天开花的数量占多数;雌蕊柱头的生活力可以持续11天,但在开花后第3—5天的生活力最强;六倍体小黑麦的异交率很高,约在40％。这些对小黑麦的育种及良繁有一定参考价值。     

高温胁迫对小黑麦光合作用影响

为了解高温胁迫对小黑麦叶片光合作用的影响,探索高温胁迫下小黑麦应激机制,以4个六倍体小黑麦品种(系)为材料,在籽粒灌浆早期进行高温胁迫,测定了高温胁迫下旗叶光合作用指标的变化。结果表明,高温胁迫导致4个小黑麦品种的旗叶净光合速率(P_n)下降了11. 4%～39. 8%、胞间CO_2浓度(Ci)上升了2. 0%～6. 8%、蒸腾速率(T_r)下降了1. 1%～26. 2%、气孔导度(G_s)变化不显著。在胁迫结束后10 d,经高温胁迫后的4个小黑麦品种旗叶的Pn仍显著低于对照、T_r多显著下降;品种新小黑麦3号、新小黑麦4号经高温胁迫后的G_s仍显著低于对照同时Ci下降,而品种扩繁1号、新小黑麦5号经高温胁迫后的Gs较对照变化不显著而C_i较对照极显著上升。参试小黑麦品种中新小黑麦3号耐热性较强,新小黑麦5号、新小黑麦4号次之,扩繁1号最弱;新小黑麦4号对损伤修复能力较强,新小黑麦3号、扩繁1号次之,新小黑麦5号最弱。综上,高温胁迫下小黑麦净光合速率下降主要受到非气孔因素影响,而且高温胁迫对光合机构造成的损伤是不可逆转,同时参试的4个小黑麦品种(系)间在耐热性和对高温损伤修复的性能间也存在差异,本研究为理解高温胁迫对六倍体小黑麦的影响机制提供了参考。     

六倍体小黑麦耐盐相关基因cDNA-AFLP技术体系的建立

为建立和优化六倍体小黑麦耐盐相关基因克隆cDNA-AFLP技术反应体系,并探索其应用效果,以对盐胁迫反应不同的4个六倍体小黑麦品种(系)为材料,对其在0.15mol/L氯化钠胁迫72h的cDNA-AFLP技术中DNA聚合酶浓度、模版浓度和引物筛选等过程进行了摸索和优化。结果显示,建立了以1.0UTaqDNA聚合酶为扩增酶、预扩产物稀释20倍、EcoRI和MseI为内切酶及其相应接头为引物的六倍体小黑麦耐盐相关基因cDNA-AFLP技术体系,并从64对引物组合中筛选出稳定、高效的引物组合以及236个差异片段。结果表明,该cDNA-AFLP技术体系更易分离出差异性片段,为六倍体小黑麦在盐胁迫及其它逆境环境下的基因克隆提供一种有效手段。     

Restorable variation of cytoplasmic type of male sterile line in rice by in vitro culture

Rice male sterile (MS) lines, IR66707A and IR69700A, which possess the cytoplasm of Oryza perennis and O. glumaepatula respectively, belong to the cytoplasmic type. Their sterility could be maintained but not be restored. By somatic cell culture of these two MS lines, 47 somaclones with 465 R1 plants were obtained. All of the 465 R1 plants were sterile in the spring season in Guangzhou. According to the expression of the R1 plants and the level of similarity to their donor parents, they could be divided into three types. The plants of type Ⅰ were male sterile. The sterility of some somaclones of this type could be restored by the test crossing varieties or alternated to fertile by changes of some environmental conditions. The hybrid F1 of test cross from the MS somaclones in type Ⅰ was fertile while the hybrid F1 from the donor MS lines was still sterile. The R1 plants of type Ⅱ were similar to the donor parents and also male sterile. The hybrid F1 from all of the plants of type Ⅱ crossed to test variety were still sterile, so they did not possess restorability. For the somaclone of type Ⅲ, all of R1 plants were sterile in both male and female organs. No seed was set in both conditions of self and cross pollination. The fact that the restorable variants obtained in the cytoplasmic type of MS lines of rice by in vitro culture reported here should be the first sample in somaclonal variation in plant kingdom.     

Breeding and molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium addition lines resistant to powdery mildew

Wheat-related species Th. intermedium was used to cross with common wheat Yannong 15. In the self progenies of the hybrid, two addition lines, Ⅱ-1-7-1 and Ⅱ-3-3-2, stable in cytology, were developed by cytology and powdery mildew resistance identification. Their chromosome number were 2n = 44 and formed 22 bivalents at PMC MI. In F1 of the two addition lines crossing with Yannong 15, there appeared about one univalent at PMC MI, respectively. Resistance identification in greenhouse and field using the No. 15 and mixed strains of E. gramnis f. sp. tritici showed that they were immune to powdery mildew. Chromosome number and resistance identification using the F2 single plants of the addition line crossing with Yannong 15 indicated that the resistant gene was located on the alien chromosomes. In situ hybridization using St and E genomic DNA as probe showed that the added chromosome in the two addition lines probably came from the E genome of Th. intermedium, which indicated that a pair of E genome chromosomes carried a new resistant gene to powdery mildew.     

冬春性小黑麦花药愈伤组织诱导的影响因素

以12个冬春性小黑麦杂交组合F1代为材料,分别接种到不同培养基上,研究了基因型和培养基以及激素和碳源对花药愈伤组织诱导的影响,并对冬春小黑麦在不同培养基上的诱导率做了比较。结果表明,基因型和培养基对冬性小黑麦愈伤组织的诱导率均有显著影响;而对部分春性小黑麦的影响差异不显著;激素和碳源的调整对愈伤组织的诱导有一定程度的影响,但差异不显著。冬春性小黑麦在不同培养基上的反应不同．冬性小黑麦在PⅡ培养基上的愈伤组织诱导率最高,而春性小黑麦的最适培养基因基因型的不同而不同。     

Breeding and molecular cytogenetic identification of wheat-Thinopyrum intermedium addition lines resistant to powdery mildew

Wheat-related species Th. intermedium was used to cross with common wheat Yannong 15. In the self progenies of the hybrid, two addition lines, Ⅱ-1-7-1 and Ⅱ-3-3-2, stable in cytology, were developed by cytology and powdery mildew resistance identification. Their chromosome number were 2n = 44 and formed 22 bivalents at PMC MI. In F₁ of the two addition lines crossing with Yannong 15, there appeared about one univalent at PMC MI, respectively. Resistance identification in greenhouse and field using the No. 15 and mixed strains of E. gramnis f. sp. tritici showed that they were immune to powdery mildew. Chromosome number and resistance identification using the F² single plants of the addition line crossing with Yannong 15 indicated that the resistant gene was located on the alien chromosomes. In situ hybridization using St and E genomic DNA as probe showed that the added chromosome in the two addition lines probably came from the E genome of Th. intermedium, which indicated that a pair of E genome chromosomes carried a new resistant gene to powdery mildew.     

Chromosomal Location of Gene for Earbranching of Barley Natural Mutant ＂f151＂ Using SSR Markers

0　IntroductionHighgrainyieldisoneoftheimportanttargetsinbarleybreeding .Thenumberofgrainsperearisoneofthethreeconstitutivefactorsofyieldinbarley ,andthenumberofspikeletsperearisanimportantfactorwhichaffectsonthenumberofgrainsperear .Earbranching ,differentfromgeneralbranching ,hasbeensuggestedbyAsana (1 970 )asaplanttypewhichbearsagreaternum berofspikeletsandtherebyincreasesthegrainproduc tion[1] .Therefore ,theexcavationandcultivationofear branchingbarleycouldlayasoundfoundationforsignifi c…     

嘉陵江水系中游瓦氏黄颡的寄生虫生态研究——1.胆囊中的寄生粘孢子虫

报道了寄生于瓦氏黄颡胆囊中的3种粘孢子虫(四极虫1种,巨囊两极虫和麦穗碘泡虫)感染率的周年动态;感染率与瓦氏黄颡全长间存在显著的直线和抛物线关系;水温对感染率有显著影响.四极虫使宿主的肥满度平均下降10%.指出了四极虫是瓦氏黄颡的严重致病寄生虫.讨论了3种粘孢子虫间存在的生态位分离和竞争.     

Restorable variation of cytoplasmic type of male sterile line in rice byin vitro culture

Rice male sterile (MS) lines, IR66707A and IR69700A, which possess the cytoplasm of Oryza perennis and O. glumaepatula respectively, belong to the cytoplasmic type. Their sterility could be maintained but not be restored. By somatic cell culture of these two MS lines, 47 somaclones with 465 R₁ plants were obtained. All of the 465 R₁ plants were sterile in the spring season in Guangzhou. According to the expression of the R₁ plants and the level of similarity to their donor parents, they could be divided into three types. The plants of type Ⅰ were male sterile. The sterility of some somaclones of this type could be restored by the test crossing varieties or alternated to fertile by changes of some environmental conditions. The hybrid F₁ of test cross from the MS somaclones in type Ⅰ was fertile while the hybrid F₁ from the donor MS lines was still sterile. The R₁ plants of type Ⅱ were similar to the donor parents and also male sterile. The hybrid F₁ from all of the plants of type Ⅱ crossed to test variety were still sterile, so they did not possess restorability. For the somaclone of type Ⅲ, all of R₁ plants were sterile in both male and female organs. No seed was set in both conditions of self and cross pollination. The fact that the restorable variants obtained in the cytoplasmic type of MS lines of rice by in vitro culture reported here should be the first sample in somaclonal variation in plant kingdom.     

水稻温敏核不育系HD9802S不育性遗传的初步观察

以水稻温敏核不育系HD9802S配组的HD9802S／湘早92和HD9802S／荆楚15的F1和F2代为材料,对这两个杂交早籼稻组合F2群体的花粉育性进行了观察分析．结果表明,F2群体中可育株数和不育株数经卡平方测验符合3：1的理论比例,初步确定温敏核不育系HD9802S的雄性不育性由一对主效隐性核基因控制;同时根据F2群体花粉育性表现出连续分布的特征,推测其雄性不育性还受其他微效基因的影响。     

籽瓜瓜子皮色性状遗传研究

通过自交、杂交和回交后代的表现情况,研究籽瓜瓜子皮色性状的遗传。结果表明,籽瓜瓜子皮色是由多基因控制,并受环境条件的影响。不同的皮色性状在表现上存在一定的显隐性关系,其中,黑色对红色和白色都为不完全显性。不同皮色的亲本相互杂交后,后代中都有一定的中间颜色类型出现,并有明显的母性遗传现象     

Genetic analysis and gene mapping of leafy head （lhd）, a mutant blocking the differen-tiation of rachis branches in rice （Oryza sativa L.）

Flowers, fruits and seeds are products of plant re- productive development and provide the important sources of foods for humans. Therefore, the moleculargenetic mechanisms of floral development have been ahotspot of research of plant developmental biology[1]. Rice is one of the most important staple food crops. Theoutcome of its reproductive development would determine the yield and quality of grains. Rice is also a model plantof cereals. Hence, the study of rice reproductivedevelopment, esp…