在非线性系统中的微观粒子的特性和非线性量子力学理论(下)

在非线性系统中由于存在着与粒子状态相关的非线性相互作用，微观粒子的状态和特征相对于线性系统而发生了很大变化。原有的线性型的量子力学理论不能很好地描述这些微观粒子的状态和特征。至此，必然要发展新的理论。本文研究了微观粒子在非线性作用下的运动特性和本性的变化，说明了在线性作用和非线性场中微观粒子的性质是明显不同的，启示我们必须建立微观粒子在非线性场中运动的新理论。接着我们研究了与微观量子效应迥然不同的宏观量子效应与非线性作用的孤立子运动的紧密关系，结合现代孤立子理论和超导与超流理论，我们首先提出了非线性量子力学的基本原理及在此基础上建立了系统、完整的非线性量子力学理论体系，并得到的一些新结论。最后我们还论证了这个理论的正确性和自洽性，它的运用范围以及它的重大意义。     

非线性量子力学的建立

笔者在长期研究工作的基础上,从提出非线性量子力学的基本原理出发,建立起了非线性量子力学理论,形成了完整的非线性量子力学的理论体系。从而把量子力学从线性领域推广和发展到非线性领域。在本文中笔者描述了建立这个非线性量子力学的物理背景,它的基本构思,研究的技术路线,产生的实际效果,与国际同类研究比较,本研究的创新和特点以及研究的重大意义。     

推移质运动过程的非线性动力学特性

天然沙质海岸及河床上存在着不同形式的床面形态, 其运动变化受床面附近推移质泥沙的运动特性所决定. 从床面层内推移质集体运动出发, 探讨了推移质运动过程的非线性动力学特性, 发现泥沙起动、推移质平衡输沙以及床面形态由平整到沙纹及沙垄等不同发展阶段, 受推移质运动过程的非线性动力特征所决定, 它们分别对应于推移运动过程中的不同非线性状态. 通过与法国夏都水利实验室床面形态试验比较, 进一步证明: “床面形态从平整到沙垄的演化与否”由推移质泥沙运动过程的突变特性所决定, “突变分界线”是平整床面与沙纹及沙垄床面的分界曲线.     

多孔硅发光中的极化子效应

多孔硅体现了许多新光学性质，本文通过温度依赖的发光，傅立叶红外谱，时间分辨红外谱的观察。发现了些有规律的信息。众所周知，多孔硅在空气中陈化氧化，导致内部纳米尺寸减小。界面层由氢变为氧，我们发现同时伴随着电子态从本征态向极化子态的变化，前者随尺寸减小能量升高，表现为正常的量子限域效应。而后者却随尺寸减小能量降低。表现为量子限域极化子效应。温度依赖的发光谱型和强度变化也清楚地反映了尺寸依赖的极化子行为。因此，我们提出了个基本的物理模型来描述多孔硅中增强的极化子尺寸效应及其光学行为。     

混凝土材料非线性多轴动态强度准则

将广义非线性强度理论的4个材料参数转化为混凝土材料的基本强度参数,通过混凝土材料的基本强度特性,分析了4个材料参数的变化规律与取值范围.基于S准则建立了混凝土材料4个基本强度参数的率效应表达式,建立了混凝土材料的非线性多轴动态强度准则,分析了动态强度参数的率效应规律,结果表明,混凝土材料的强度特性随着应变率的提高,逐渐向金属材料的强度特性过渡,在应变率从-3~3,应变率对混凝土动态强度的影响较大,并且动强度不是随着应变率的提高无限增大的,而是存在动强度峰值.通过与3组双轴压-压和2组双轴拉-压动态加载时混凝土材料试验结果的比较,表明非线性多轴动态强度准则可较好地描述混凝土材料双轴动强度规律.在同一应变率下,可较好地描述强度的非线性特性;不同应变率下,动强度面互不相交,即应变率效应与多轴应力状态对强度规律不存在耦合影响.     

非线性系统,人地协同论与系统辩证论

本文介绍了非线性系统及非线性作用的特点，探讨了非线性现象中所包含的系统辩证规律。提出了人地协同论，对“持续、快速、健康”发展理论进行了系统思考。     

基于最大方差展开的非线性信号降噪方法及其在故障诊断中的应用

将流形学习的思想引入信号降噪中,提出了一种新的基于最大方差展开（maximum variance unfolding,MVU）的非线性信号降噪方法.该方法首先基于相空间重构理论将含噪信号重构到高维相空间,再采用流形学习理论中的MVU算法对相空间数据进行非线性降维,将蕴含在相空间中代表吸引子的低维流形与噪声子空间分离,然后对低维流形进行逆重构,从而得到降噪后的信号.对加噪的Lorenz信号的仿真结果表明,该方法的降噪性能要优于基于KPCA的非线性降噪方法,且具有参数估计简单、参数影响不大等优点.最后将该降噪方法应用于带有轻碰磨故障的航空发动机转子―机匣系统振动信号,有效地提取出了淹没在噪声中的轻碰磨故障特征.     

广义非线性强度理论及其变换应力空间

基于摩擦材料的试验规律和在前人研究成果的基础, 提出了广义非线性强度理论, 它用一个表达式统一描述π 平面及子午面上各种材料的非线性强度特性, 包含或逼近了现有的非线性单一强度理论. 在主应力空间中, 广义非线性强度理论在π 平面上的破坏函数为介于SMP准则和Mises准则之间的光滑曲线;在子午面上的破坏函数为幂函数曲线. 在基于广义非线性强度理论的变换应力空间内, 广义非线性强度理论可以合理地与各种以p和q为应力参量的本构模型相结合, 使模型简单地实现三维化.     

空间轴对称塑性问题的统一特征线场理论

提出一种基于统一强度理论的统一空间轴对称特征线场理论，新理论充分考虑了各种不同材料的中间主应力效应和拉压强度比，可以适用于各种没的材料，现有的基于Tresca准则、Mises准则和Mohr-Coulomb理论的特征线场以及Haar-vonKarman完全塑性条件和Szczepinski假设的轴对称征线场均为此理论的特例，此理论还可以构造出一系列适用于不同材料的新的空间轴对称特征线场，系统地形成了空间轴对称塑性问题的特征线场理论，它可以应用于机械、土木和塑性理论等领域中的很多空间轴对称塑性问题。给出两个计算实例，并与用统一弹塑性有限元程序UEPP的计算和文献中的Mohr-Coulomb理论的实例进行了比较，结果表明提出的统一特征线场在理论上是可靠的，在实用中是可行的，它的工程应用可以取得相应的经济效益。     

一类非线性奇异Hamilton系统的H_∞控制

文中研究了一类非线性奇异Hamilton系统的稳定性和H_∞控制问题.基于该系统的结构特征,首先应用严格系统等价理论将该系统等价地转化为非线性耗散Hamilton微分代数系统,接着在此耗散形式下,研究非线性奇异Hamilton系统的稳定性问题并设计它的H_∞控制器,最后给出一个非线性电路系统的仿真实例.     

Re-conceiving quantum theories in terms of information-theoretic constraints

This paper examines Bub's interpretation of the foundational significance of the theorem of Clifton, Bub, and Halvorson (CBH) which characterizes quantum theories in terms of information-theoretic constraints. Bub argues that quantum theory must be re-conceived of as a principle theory of information where information is a new physical primitive, to the exclusion of hidden variable theories. I will argue, contrary to Bub, that the CBH theorem cannot be used to exclude hidden variables theories. Drawing inspiration from Bub, I sketch an alternative conception of quantum mechanics as a theory of information, but one which embraces all empirically equivalent quantum theories.     

Quantum jumps,superpositions, and the continuous evolution of quantum states

The apparent dichotomy between quantum jumps on the one hand, and continuous time evolution according to wave equations on the other hand, provided a challenge to Bohr's proposal of quantum jumps in atoms. Furthermore, Schrödinger's time-dependent equation also seemed to require a modification of the explanation for the origin of line spectra due to the apparent possibility of superpositions of energy eigenstates for different energy levels. Indeed, Schrödinger himself proposed a quantum beat mechanism for the generation of discrete line spectra from superpositions of eigenstates with different energies.However, these issues between old quantum theory and Schrödinger's wave mechanics were correctly resolved only after the development and full implementation of photon quantization. The second quantized scattering matrix formalism reconciles quantum jumps with continuous time evolution through the identification of quantum jumps with transitions between different sectors of Fock space. The continuous evolution of quantum states is then recognized as a sum over continually evolving jump amplitudes between different sectors in Fock space.In today's terminology, this suggests that linear combinations of scattering matrix elements are epistemic sums over ontic states. Insights from the resolution of the dichotomy between quantum jumps and continuous time evolution therefore hold important lessons for modern research both on interpretations of quantum mechanics and on the foundations of quantum computing. They demonstrate that discussions of interpretations of quantum theory necessarily need to take into account field quantization. They also demonstrate the limitations of the role of wave equations in quantum theory, and caution us that superpositions of quantum states for the formation of qubits may be more limited than usually expected.     

On classical cloning and no-cloning

It is part of information theory folklore that, while quantum theory prohibits the generic (or universal) cloning of states, such cloning is allowed by classical information theory. Indeed, many take the phenomenon of no-cloning to be one of the features that distinguishes quantum mechanics from classical mechanics. In this paper, we argue that pace conventional wisdom, in the case where one does not include a machine system, there is an analog of the no-cloning theorem for classical systems. However, upon adjoining a non-trivial machine system (or ancilla) one finds that, pace the quantum case, the obstruction to cloning disappears for pure states. We begin by discussing some conceptual points and category-theoretic generalities having to do with cloning, and proceed to discuss no-cloning in both the case of (non-statistical) classical mechanics and classical statistical mechanics.     

Pluralism and anarchism in quantum physics: Paul Feyerabend's writings on quantum physics in relation to his general philosophy of science

This paper aims to show that the development of Feyerabend's philosophical ideas in the 1950s and 1960s largely took place in the context of debates on quantum mechanics.In particular, he developed his influential arguments for pluralism in science in discussions with the quantum physicist David Bohm, who had developed an alternative approach to quantum physics which (in Feyerabend's perception) was met with a dogmatic dismissal by some of the leading quantum physicists. I argue that Feyerabend's arguments for theoretical pluralism and for challenging established theories were connected to his objections to the dogmatism and conservatism he observed in quantum physics.However, as Feyerabend gained insight into the physical details and historical complexities which led to the development of quantum mechanics, he gradually became more modest in his criticisms. His writings on quantum mechanics especially engaged with Niels Bohr; initially, he was critical of Bohr's work in quantum mechanics, but in the late 1960s, he completely withdrew his criticism and even praised Bohr as a model scientist. He became convinced that however puzzling quantum mechanics seemed, it was methodologically unobjectionable – and this was crucial for his move towards ‘anarchism’ in philosophy of science.     

The primitive ontology of quantum physics: Guidelines for an assessment of the proposals

The paper seeks to make progress from stating primitive ontology theories of quantum physics—notably Bohmian mechanics, the GRW matter density theory and the GRW flash theory—to assessing these theories. Four criteria are set out: (a) internal coherence; (b) empirical adequacy; (c) relationship to other theories; and (d) explanatory value. The paper argues that the stock objections against these theories do not withstand scrutiny. Its focus then is on their explanatory value: they pursue different strategies to ground the textbook formalism of quantum mechanics, and they develop different explanations of quantum non-locality. In conclusion, it is argued that Bohmian mechanics offers a better prospect for making quantum non-locality intelligible than the GRW matter density theory and the GRW flash theory.     

GRW as an ontology of dispositions

The paper argues that the formulation of quantum mechanics proposed by Ghirardi, Rimini and Weber (GRW) is a serious candidate for being a fundamental physical theory and explores its ontological commitments from this perspective. In particular, we propose to conceive of spatial superpositions of non-massless microsystems as dispositions or powers, more precisely propensities, to generate spontaneous localizations. We set out five reasons for this view, namely that (1) it provides for a clear sense in which quantum systems in entangled states possess properties even in the absence of definite values; (2) it vindicates objective, single-case probabilities; (3) it yields a clear transition from quantum to classical properties; (4) it enables to draw a clear distinction between purely mathematical and physical structures, and (5) it grounds the arrow of time in the time-irreversible manifestation of the propensities to localize.     

非线性随机动力学与控制研究进展及展望

随机动力学系用概率与统计方法研究自然界、工程及社会中各种随机动力学过程与现象。经一个世纪的发展，非线性随机动力学与控制已有相当的理论方法，主要是扩散过程理论方法。本文概述该理论方法，特别是作者提出与发展的非线性随机动力学与控制的Hamilton理论体系框架。最后建议各领域随机动力学与控制研究者进行跨学科的合作研究。     

Holism, physical theories and quantum mechanics

Motivated by the question what it is that makes quantum mechanics a holistic theory (if so), I try to define for general physical theories what we mean by `holism'. For this purpose I propose an epistemological criterion to decide whether or not a physical theory is holistic, namely: a physical theory is holistic if and only if it is impossible in principle to infer the global properties, as assigned in the theory, by local resources available to an agent. I propose that these resources include at least all local operations and classical communication. This approach is contrasted with the well-known approaches to holism in terms of supervenience. The criterion for holism proposed here involves a shift in emphasis from ontology to epistemology. I apply this epistemological criterion to classical physics and Bohmian mechanics as represented on a phase and configuration space respectively, and for quantum mechanics (in the orthodox interpretation) using the formalism of general quantum operations as completely positive trace non-increasing maps. Furthermore, I provide an interesting example from which one can conclude that quantum mechanics is holistic in the above mentioned sense, although, perhaps surprisingly, no entanglement is needed.