Sampling in spatial vision

The human visual system is capable of making spatial discriminations with extraordinary accuracy. In normal foveal vision, relative position, width or size can be judged with an accuracy much finer than the size or spacing of even the smallest foveal cones. This remarkable accuracy of spatial vision has been termed 'hyperacuity'. Almost a century ago Ewald Hering proposed that the accuracy of Vernier acuity could be accounted for by averaging of discrete samples along the length of the lines comprising the targets; however, the discovery that Vernier acuity of a few arc seconds could be achieved with dots has rendered the nature and role of sampling in spatial discrimination unclear. We have been investigating the sampling of spatial information in central and peripheral vision (the perifovea) of normal human observers and in observers with strabismic amblyopia. Our results, presented here, show that peripheral vision and central vision of strabismic amblyopes differ qualitatively in their sampling characteristics from those of the normal fovea. Both the periphery and the central visual field of strabismic amblyopes demonstrate marked positional uncertainty which can be reduced by averaging of spatial information from discrete samples.     

室内环境设计及空间视觉浅析

室内环境设计是一门多科现代技术和艺术相融合的综合性学科，室内设计手法也是多种多样的，文章从实用角度去阐述室内环境色彩和光源色彩合理地运用，以及空间的布置、家具的摆放。为室内空间提供良好的视觉条件，从而在人们生理、心理上达到舒适、安全、美的感受。     

Image Retrieval Based on Objects＇ Spatial Orientation Relationships

A new concept of characteristic scanning radial (CSR) is proposed for the segmented image on the basis of two shape-speciiic points oi its shape-objects. Subsequently, two characteristic attribute sequences (CAS) of relative distance and relative direction are derived to represent the spatial orientation relationships among objects of the image. A novel image retrieval algorithm is presented using these two CASs. The proposed retrieval approach not only satisfies the transformational invariance, but also attains the quantitative comparison of matching. Experiments identify the effectiveness and efficiency of the algorithm adequately.     

融合运动和空间关系特性的显著性区域检测

为了解决传统视觉显著性模型在复杂现实场景中容易失效的问题,提出了一种融合运动和空间关系特性的显著性检测方法.在颜色对比度的基础上,引入图像中目标的空间深度关系和运动特征.首先建立深度显著性模型,并使之与颜色显著性融合获得空域显著图;然后通过分析运动矢量得到运动特征显著性,并采用加性融合和乘性融合联合的方式计算出最终的显著图.实验分析建立在多个立体图像数据库之上,量化评价和视觉观测均表明:本方法可以有效地提取显著性区域,检测效果优于传统方法.     

Sensitivity loss in odd-symmetric mechanisms and phase anomalies in peripheral vision

The ability to detect, discriminate and identify spatial stimuli is much poorer in the peripheral than in the central visual field. Some deficits are eliminated by scaling stimulus size. For example, grating detectibility is roughly constant across the visual field when spatial frequency and target extent are scaled appropriately. Other deficits persist despite scaling. For instance, some readily detectable patterns are more difficult to identify peripherally than in the fovea. This deficit is caused, at least partially, by a reduced ability to encode spatial phase (or relative position). To specify the properties of foveal and peripheral phase-encoding mechanisms, we measured discrimination thresholds for compound gratings at several eccentricities. Our observations are consistent with a two-channel model of phase encoding based on even- and odd-symmetric mechanisms (see Fig. 1), but the sensitivity of the odd-symmetric mechanisms decreases dramatically with eccentricity. Thus, the loss of sensitivity in one type of mechanism may underlie the reduced ability to encode spatial phase peripherally.     

基于人眼感知特性的图像空间频率计算方法

结合图像的变换域特征和人眼的视觉特性,通过对图像的空间频率与视觉感知上的空间频率的分析研究,提出了一种基于人眼感知特性的数字图像的空间频率计算方法,并在图像技术中的实际应用做了具体的分析研究,结果表明,在图像频域中的空间频率计算中,该方法既简单又实用。     

An efficient selectivity estimation method for spatial query optimization with topological relationships

Many commercial database systems maintain histograms to summarize the contents of relations and permit the efficient estimation of query result sizes and the access plan cost. In spatial database systems,most spatial query predicates are consisted of topological relationships between spatial objects,and it is very important to estimate the selectivity of those predicates for spatial query optimizer. In this paper, we propose a selectivity estimation scheme for spatial topological predicates based on the multidimensional histogram and the transformation scheme. Proposed scheme applies two-partition strategy on transformed object space to generate spatial histogram and estimates the selectivity of topological predicates based on the topological characteristics of the transformed space. Proposed scheme provides a way for estimating the selectivity without too much memory space usage and additional I/Os in most spatial query optimizers.     

An efficient selectivity estimation method for spatial query optimization with topological relationships

Many commercial database systems maintain histograms to summarize the contents of relations and permit the efficient estimation of query result sizes and the access plan cost. In spatial database systems, most spatial query predicates are consisted of topological relationships between spatial objects, and it is very important to estimate the selectivity of those predicates for spatial query optimizer. In this paper, we propose a selectivity estimation scheme for spatial topological predicates based on the multidimensional histogram and the transformation scheme. Proposed scheme applies twopartition strategy on transformed object space to generate spatial histogram and estimates the selectivity of topological predicates based on the topological characteristics of the transformed space. Proposed scheme provides a way for estimating the selectivity without too much memory space usage and additional I/Os in most spatial query optimizers.     

An efficient selectivity estimation method for spatial query optimization with topological relationships

Many commercial database systems maintain histograms to summarize the contents of relations and permit the efficient estimation of query result sizes and the access plan cost. In spatial database systems, most spatial query predicates are consisted of topological relationships between spatial objects, and it is very important to estimate the selectivity of those predicates for spatial query optimizer. In this paper, we propose a selectivity estimation scheme for spatial topological predicates based on the multidimensional histogram and the transformation scheme. Proposed scheme applies two-partition strategy on transformed object space to generate spatial histogram and estimates the selectivity of topological predicates based on the topological characteristics of the transformed space. Proposed scheme provides a way for estimating the selectivity without too much memory space usage and additional I/Os in most spatial query optimizers.     

通道相位失配对空间谱测向算法的影响

分析了通道相位失配对MUSIC算法、ESPRIT算法和极大似然算法的影响,比较了这3种算法对相位失配的适应性。计算机仿真结果表明,极大似然算法对通道相位失配有较好的适应性,MUSIC算法次之,ESPRIT算法受影响比较大。     

偏振涡旋孤子光束能否携带涡旋相位

理论上研究了柱对称矢量光束在克尔非线性介质中形成的偏振涡旋空间光孤子,并把这种新奇的光孤子与传统的相位涡旋空间光孤子作了比较.最终分别在直角坐标系和极坐标系下证明了这种偏振涡旋孤子光束不能携带涡旋相位.     

基于井下移动机器人双目视觉空间点坐标计算方法

为了解决基于移动机器人双目视觉井下环境三维重建中关键的空间点的重建问题,采用模拟数据实验方法和实际双目系统采集的实际场景图像数据的实验方法,研究了平行双目视觉系统的成像规律,提出了对双目视觉系统采集的图像对进行平行极线约束的校正方法以及由两幅图像对应点计算图像上的像点所表示的场景空间点的空间坐标,从而实现空间点的重建。研究结果表明:该方法对井下巷道的视觉测量、三维数据获取以及井下巷道环境的三维重建具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

空间相位调制表面等离子体共振检测蛋白质芯片

蛋白质组学研究需要无标记高通量的检测技术.将空间相位调制与表面等离子体共振传感结合,使生物分子相互作用引起的反射光的相位变化转换成干涉条纹的移动,通过计算条纹的位移可得到相位的变化量,解析出相关的蛋白质相互作用信息.实验结果表明: 系统的相位分辨率为 0.2°, 可检测出质量分数为0.02%的食盐溶液,相当于3×10-5 RIU(refractive index unit)的折射率分辨率.适当增加传感芯片上金膜的厚度,可将折射率分辨率提高到2×10-6 RIU.兔IgG与羊抗兔IgG相互作用实验又进一步表明: 该系统具有实时阵列检测蛋白质相互作用的能力,进一步提高精度并完善后可成为蛋白质组学研究的重要工具.     

纯相位液晶空间光调制器相位调制特性的优化

针对美国BNS生产的Model PF512反射型纯相位液晶空间光调制器进行了相位调制的特性研究.通过实验和分析比较,优化了相位调制对灰度响应的关系,修正了客户查找表,提高了调制器的精度,对该调制器的使用具有重要的意义.     

利用振幅型空间光调制器作相移器的相移干涉术

利用电寻址的振幅型空间光调制器作相移器,可以通过计算机单向移动写入空问光调制器上的二值光栅,从而实现精确的相移．该空间调制器分辨率高,系统中无机械马达及传动器件,毋需相移器的标定,易于实现,理论分析和实验结果分别验证了其可行性和正确性,     

Measurement of the spatial coherence of a trapped Bose gas at the phase transition

The experimental realization of Bose-Einstein condensates of dilute gases has allowed investigations of fundamental concepts in quantum mechanics at ultra-low temperatures, such as wave-like behaviour and interference phenomena. The formation of an interference pattern depends fundamentally on the phase coherence of a system; the latter may be quantified by the spatial correlation function. Phase coherence over a long range is the essential factor underlying Bose-Einstein condensation and related macroscopic quantum phenomena, such as superconductivity and superfluidity. Here we report a direct measurement of the phase coherence properties of a weakly interacting Bose gas of rubidium atoms. Effectively, we create a double slit for magnetically trapped atoms using a radio wave field with two frequency components. The correlation function of the system is determined by evaluating the interference pattern of two matter waves originating from the spatially separated 'slit' regions of the trapped gas. Above the critical temperature for Bose-Einstein condensation, the correlation function shows a rapid gaussian decay, as expected for a thermal gas. Below the critical temperature, the correlation function has a different shape: a slow decay towards a plateau is observed, indicating the long-range phase coherence of the condensate fraction.     

低浓度固液两相流颗粒相本构关系的动理学分析

固液两相流的动理学理论认为固体颗粒相可用Boltzmann方程描述。从流场中的颗粒受力分析出发 ,应用动理学的 Chapman- Enskog法 ,探讨了低浓度固液两相流下的 Boltzmann方程的二阶近似解和颗粒相本构关系。结果表明 ,尽管颗粒所受相间力与两相脉动速度有关 ,但在两相脉动速度近乎无关的极限条件下 ,颗粒速度分布函数和颗粒相本构关系与快速颗粒流的相同。这样的极限条件在含粗重颗粒的两相流中可以近似实现     

Motion-deblurring in human vision

If photographs are taken of moving objects at slow shutter speeds the images of the objects are blurred. In human vision, however, we are not normally conscious of blur from moving objects despite the fact that the temporal response of the photoreceptors is sluggish. It has been suggested that there are motion-deblurring mechanisms specifically to aid the visual system in the analysis of the shape of retinally moving targets. Models of motion deblurring have been influenced by the finding that certain very precise spatial pattern discriminations are unaffected by motion. An example is vernier hyperacuity, in which the observer must detect the direction of offset between two lines with abutting ends. With a stationary stimulus, observers can detect a vernier cue of less than 10 arcsec and acuity is unaffected by retinal-image motion of up to 3 deg s-1 We confirm this finding, but provide evidence against any general deblurring mechanism by showing that another kind of hyperacuity, discrimination of the distance between two parallel lines (spatial interval acuity), is interfered with by motion. This argues against a general deblurring mechanism, such as a neural network 'shifter circuit', and we point out that the high level of vernier acuity for moving stimuli is susceptible to an alternative explanation.     

计算机视觉中的图象选择

从视觉心理学的角度阐述了计算机视觉只能有效地处理经过选择的图象，并给出了一些选择图象的准则。