鸡溶菌酶和重组大肠杆菌融合蛋白(NADP-GDH)体外分子交联的初步研究

用PCR方法克隆的大肠杆菌NADP特异性谷氨酸脱氢酶 (NADP specificglutamatedehydrogenase ,NADP GDH)基因和其突变基因 ,插入表达载体pTrcHisC构建重组蛋白质表达体系 .经过IPTG诱导表达 ,用Talon固定化金属亲和层析树脂纯化出重组的天然和突变NADP GDH ,将它们和溶菌酶 (Lysozyme)通过热诱导去折叠方法进行体外蛋白质分子交联实验 ,在去折叠反应液中加入还原剂二硫苏糖醇 (DTT)后 ,不但没有分子间二硫键交联形成 ,同时也没有其他分子间共价键 (异肽键 )交联的形成 .另外 ,半胱氨酸残基定点突变后的NADP GDH重组蛋白质 ,无法参与形成分子间二硫键 ,实验证实经过热诱导去折叠后也没有分子间共价键 (异肽键 )交联 .这些结果进一步证明蛋白质分子间二硫键的形成能够促进蛋白质其他分子间共价键 (异肽键 )的形成 .     

Surprising dissimilarities in a newly formed pair of 'identical twin' stars

The mass and chemical composition of a star are the primary determinants of its basic physical properties-radius, temperature and luminosity-and how those properties evolve with time. Accordingly, two stars born at the same time, from the same natal material and with the same mass, are 'identical twins,' and as such might be expected to possess identical physical attributes. We have discovered in the Orion nebula a pair of stellar twins in a newborn binary star system. Each star in the binary has a mass of 0.41 +/- 0.01 solar masses, identical to within 2 per cent. Here we report that these twin stars have surface temperatures differing by approximately 300 K ( approximately 10 per cent) and luminosities differing by approximately 50 per cent, both at high confidence level. Preliminary results indicate that the stars' radii also differ, by 5-10 per cent. These surprising dissimilarities suggest that one of the twins may have been delayed by several hundred thousand years in its formation relative to its sibling. Such a delay could only have been detected in a very young, definitively equal-mass binary system. Our findings reveal cosmic limits on the age synchronization of young binary stars, often used as tests for the age calibrations of star-formation models.     

交联PE废旧料的回收方法及可逆交联高分子的研究进展

随着我国国民经济的快速发展,不可逆交联聚乙烯(XLPE)在日常生活中的应用越来越广泛,但同时也产生了大量的废旧料。通过不可逆化学键形成的XLPE交联结构很难被破坏,导致其加热难熔融、难以循环加工,因此XLPE废旧料回收困难,再生利用率低,并且造成了严重的环境污染。近年来发展起来的可逆交联技术通过在高分子中引入动态化学键形成分子链交联结构,使其在特定物理场下可以解除交联结构,从而具备可回收性和再加工性。本文综述了XLPE的传统回收方法和可逆交联高分子的研究进展,总结了XLPE回收方法的优点和局限性,重点介绍了解离型反应和缔合交换型反应在制备动态交联高分子材料中的应用。     

刺激响应水凝胶材料的研究进展

凝胶具有独特的基于化学键或物理作用交联形成的三维网状结构.刺激响应水凝胶在外界环境变化时通常展现出独特的响应性溶胀行为.近年来,科研人员构建了各种各样的pH响应水凝胶、温度响应水凝胶和光响应水凝胶等水凝胶材料,并对其响应机制进行了研究.文章综述了近年来科研人员在刺激响应水凝胶材料的构建及响应机制研究方面开展的工作,并对刺激响应水凝胶的应用进行了展望.     

Adsorption-induced scission of carbon-carbon bonds

Covalent carbon-carbon bonds are hard to break. Their strength is evident in the hardness of diamonds and tensile strength of polymeric fibres; on the single-molecule level, it manifests itself in the need for forces of several nanonewtons to extend and mechanically rupture one bond. Such forces have been generated using extensional flow, ultrasonic irradiation, receding meniscus and by directly stretching a single molecule with nanoprobes. Here we show that simple adsorption of brush-like macromolecules with long side chains on a substrate can induce not only conformational deformations, but also spontaneous rupture of covalent bonds in the macromolecular backbone. We attribute this behaviour to the fact that the attractive interaction between the side chains and the substrate is maximized by the spreading of the side chains, which in turn induces tension along the polymer backbone. Provided the side-chain densities and substrate interaction are sufficiently high, the tension generated will be strong enough to rupture covalent carbon-carbon bonds. We expect similar adsorption-induced backbone scission to occur for all macromolecules with highly branched architectures, such as brushes and dendrimers. This behaviour needs to be considered when designing surface-targeted macromolecules of this type-either to avoid undesired degradation, or to ensure rupture at predetermined macromolecular sites.     

White dwarf stars with carbon atmospheres

White dwarfs represent the endpoint of stellar evolution for stars with initial masses between approximately 0.07 and 8-10, where is the mass of the Sun (more massive stars end their life as either black holes or neutron stars). The theory of stellar evolution predicts that the majority of white dwarfs have a core made of carbon and oxygen, which itself is surrounded by a helium layer and, for approximately 80 per cent of known white dwarfs, by an additional hydrogen layer. All white dwarfs therefore have been traditionally found to belong to one of two categories: those with a hydrogen-rich atmosphere (the DA spectral type) and those with a helium-rich atmosphere (the non-DAs). Here we report the discovery of several white dwarfs with atmospheres primarily composed of carbon, with little or no trace of hydrogen or helium. Our analysis shows that the atmospheric parameters found for these stars do not fit satisfactorily in any of the currently known theories of post-asymptotic giant branch evolution, although these objects might be the cooler counterpart of the unique and extensively studied PG 1159 star H1504+65 (refs 4-7). These stars, together with H1504+65, might accordingly form a new evolutionary sequence that follows the asymptotic giant branch.     

Hydrogen bonding at the water surface revealed by isotopic dilution spectroscopy

The air-water interface is perhaps the most common liquid interface. It covers more than 70 per cent of the Earth's surface and strongly affects atmospheric, aerosol and environmental chemistry. The air-water interface has also attracted much interest as a model system that allows rigorous tests of theory, with one fundamental question being just how thin it is. Theoretical studies have suggested a surprisingly short 'healing length' of about 3??ngstr?ms (1?? = 0.1?nm), with the bulk-phase properties of water recovered within the top few monolayers. However, direct experimental evidence has been elusive owing to the difficulty of depth-profiling the liquid surface on the ?ngstr?m scale. Most physical, chemical and biological properties of water, such as viscosity, solvation, wetting and the hydrophobic effect, are determined by its hydrogen-bond network. This can be probed by observing the lineshape of the OH-stretch mode, the frequency shift of which is related to the hydrogen-bond strength. Here we report a combined experimental and theoretical study of the air-water interface using surface-selective heterodyne-detected vibrational sum frequency spectroscopy to focus on the 'free OD' transition found only in the topmost water layer. By using deuterated water and isotopic dilution to reveal the vibrational coupling mechanism, we find that the free OD stretch is affected only by intramolecular coupling to the stretching of the other OD group on the same molecule. The other OD stretch frequency indicates the strength of one of the first hydrogen bonds encountered at the surface; this is the donor hydrogen bond of the water molecule straddling the interface, which we find to be only slightly weaker than bulk-phase water hydrogen bonds. We infer from this observation a remarkably fast onset of bulk-phase behaviour on crossing from the air into the water phase.     

The end of world population growth

There has been enormous concern about the consequences of human population growth for the environment and for social and economic development. But this growth is likely to come to an end in the foreseeable future. Improving on earlier methods of probabilistic forecasting, here we show that there is around an 85 per cent chance that the world's population will stop growing before the end of the century. There is a 60 per cent probability that the world's population will not exceed 10 billion people before 2100, and around a 15 per cent probability that the world's population at the end of the century will be lower than it is today. For different regions, the date and size of the peak population will vary considerably.     

微米级交联聚丙烯酰胺微球的反相乳液聚合法研究

选择丙烯酰胺(AM)、丙烯酸(AC)及对聚乙二醇大分子单体在反相乳液中进行交联共聚反应.考察了影响聚合反应的乳化体系、引发剂、温度等因素,用透射电镜(TEM)测定交联聚合物的形态.结果表明,得到了粒径为几百纳米的交联聚合物,固含量可达25％(质量分数).     

Sn-zeolite beta as a heterogeneous chemoselective catalyst for Baeyer-Villiger oxidations

The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, first reported more than 100 years ago, has evolved into a versatile reaction widely used to convert ketones-readily available building blocks in organic chemistry-into more complex and valuable esters and lactones. Catalytic versions of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation are particularly attractive for practical applications, because catalytic transformations simplify processing conditions while minimizing reactant use as well as waste production. Further benefits are expected from replacing peracids, the traditionally used oxidant, by cheaper and less polluting hydrogen peroxide. Dissolved platinum complexes and solid acids, such as zeolites or sulphonated resins, efficiently activate ketone oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. But these catalysts lack sufficient selectivity for the desired product if the starting material contains functional groups other than the ketone group; they perform especially poorly in the presence of carbon-carbon double bonds. Here we show that upon incorporation of 1.6 weight per cent tin into its framework, zeolite beta acts as an efficient and stable heterogeneous catalyst for the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of saturated as well as unsaturated ketones by hydrogen peroxide, with the desired lactones forming more than 98% of the reaction products. We ascribe this high selectivity to direct activation of the ketone group, whereas other catalysts first activate hydrogen peroxide, which can then interact with the ketone group as well as other functional groups.     

An enantiomerically pure hydrogen-bonded assembly

Chiral molecules have asymmetric arrangements of atoms, forming structures that are non-superposable mirror images of each other. Specific mirror images ('enantiomers') may be obtained either from enantiomerically pure precursor compounds, through enantioselective synthesis, or by resolution of so-called racemic mixtures of opposite enantiomers, provided that racemization (the spontaneous interconversion of enantiomers) is sufficiently slow. Non-covalent assemblies can similarly adopt chiral supramolecular structures, and if they are held together by relatively strong interactions, such as metal coordination, methods analogous to those used to obtain chiral molecules yield enantiomerically pure non-covalent products. But the resolution of assemblies formed through weak interactions, such as hydrogen-bonding, remains challenging, reflecting their lower stability and significantly higher susceptibility to racemization. Here we report the design of supramolecular structures from achiral calix[4]arene dimelamines and cyanurates, which form multiple cooperative hydrogen bonds that together provide sufficient stability to allow the isolation of enantiomerically pure assemblies. Our design strategy is based on a non-covalent 'chiral memory' concept, whereby we first use chiral barbiturates to induce the supramolecular chirality in a hydrogen-bonded assembly, and then substitute them by achiral cyanurates. The stability of the resultant chiral assemblies in benzene, a non-polar solvent not competing for hydrogen bonds, is manifested by a half-life to racemization of more than four days at room temperature.     

中专学生身体素质测量分析

本文采取随机整群抽样方法,对郑州五所普通中等专业学校的1000名学生身体素质进行测量,结果显示：国家规定达标的测验项目优良率33％以上,迭标率95％以上;没有规定达标的测验项目优良率17％以下,差下等47％以上．可见,学生的身体素质存在明显偏差,在体育教育和教学中存在一定的缺陷,应对学生的身体素质进行全面的教育与锻炼,以改变学生的身体素质存在的偏差,使学生身体素质得以全面的提高．     

黑凹胫跳甲发生情况的调查观察与药剂防治试验

本文对海口郊区蕹菜上发生的黑凹胫跳甲[Chaetocnema baslis(Baly)]的生活史、生活习性和为害情况,进行了调查观察;同时对该虫进行了化学防治试验。结果表明:该虫在海口郊区一年可发生4个世代,具世代重叠,而无越冬现象;成虫群集性强,性喜干燥,畏忌潮湿;为害蕹菜损失率一般为12％左右。药剂防治以50％的巴丹可湿性粉500倍液喷雾效果较好,药后24小时防效达100％。     

开关型连续YAG激光电源的改进

叙述了该电源的工作过程和电路原理;介绍了对启动电路和控制电路的改进.通过对启动电路的改进,使电源启动的成功率可达百分之百;通过对控制电路的改进,使电源运转精度达到千分之二;其稳定性可靠性均有所提高.     

New concept on coal structure and new consideration for the generation mechanism of oil from coal

The traditional two_phase structural model of coal based on the chemical covalence bonding has to be revised since recent discoveries of powerful mixed solvent such as CS-2/C-5H-9N, giving extra high yields in coal extraction at room temperature. It is believed that the physically associated interactions play important roles in the structure of coal. A composite model of coal is suggested. The organic matter of coal is mainly composed of some parts: the rigid 3_D macromolecules linked with chemical bonds; the polar molecules of high and moderate molecular weights, corresponding to asphaltenes and resins; the hydrocarbons with lower molecular weights. The polar molecules are associated by physical interactions (such as hydrogen bonding, charge transfer interactions, π_π interactions of aromatic sheets, etc.) each other and with macromolecules to form the network structure, in which some smaller nonpolar molecules are trapped. Based on the new concept of the composite coal model, some considerations for the generation mechanism of oil from coal have approached. Since the energy level of physical association is much lower than the chemical covalent bonding, the upper threshold of oil window for the generation of oil from coal seems not to be limited strictly after the theory of oil generation at the latter stage of the kerogen maturation. It looks reasonable to pay more attention to the geological conditions including the salt, water, minerals and environments of the sedimentation. The evolution process of physically associated interactions in the composite structure of coal and the generation of oil is thought to be intimately influenced by these factors.     

Sulphate sequestered in the sulphate-binding protein of Salmonella typhimurium is bound solely by hydrogen bonds

An important question in understanding substrate binding by proteins is how charged groups are stabilized in the absence of their solvation shell. We have addressed this question here by solving the structure of the sulphate-binding protein of Salmonella typhimurium with bound substrate at 2.0 A resolution. The results are remarkable in that the charged oxygen atoms of the sulphate molecule, which is buried and completely inaccessible to the solvent, are not stabilized by the formation of salt-bridges but by hydrogen bonds donated by specific residues of the protein. These hydrogen bonds are in turn coupled via peptide units to several resonating hydrogen bonding systems. These findings may be of general significance for the role of electrostatic interactions in protein structure and function.     

动物蛋白酶化技术

我们筛选出一种微生物蛋白酶对动物血、羽毛粉、蹄胶粉等角蛋白进行酶化,可溶性氮高达6.7-7.8％,占总氮的60～72％,氨基氮2.5-4.5％,占总氮的20～35％。     

The formation of the first low-mass stars from gas with low carbon and oxygen abundances

The first stars in the Universe are predicted to have been much more massive than the Sun. Gravitational condensation, accompanied by cooling of the primordial gas via molecular hydrogen, yields a minimum fragmentation scale of a few hundred solar masses. Numerical simulations indicate that once a gas clump acquires this mass it undergoes a slow, quasi-hydrostatic contraction without further fragmentation; lower-mass stars cannot form. Here we show that as soon as the primordial gas--left over from the Big Bang--is enriched by elements ejected from supernovae to a carbon or oxygen abundance as small as approximately 0.01-0.1 per cent of that found in the Sun, cooling by singly ionized carbon or neutral oxygen can lead to the formation of low-mass stars by allowing cloud fragmentation to smaller clumps. This mechanism naturally accommodates the recent discovery of solar-mass stars with unusually low iron abundances (10(-5.3) solar) but with relatively high (10(-1.3) solar) carbon abundance. The critical abundances that we derive can be used to identify those metal-poor stars in our Galaxy with elemental patterns imprinted by the first supernovae. We also find that the minimum stellar mass at early epochs is partially regulated by the temperature of the cosmic microwave background.     

青年与诺贝尔科学奖

诺贝尔颁发100年来，共有466位科学家获此殊，其中45岁以下的青年科学家有148位，占获奖总人数的30％。众多的青年科学家获得诺贝尔奖，其客观原因是该奖最青睐做出最大贡献的人，主观原因是青年人没有包袱，勇于原始性创新，思维敏捷，能揭露事物更深层的本质。     

A non-spherical core in the explosion of supernova SN 2004dj

An important and perhaps critical clue to the mechanism driving the explosion of massive stars as supernovae is provided by the accumulating evidence for asymmetry in the explosion. Indirect evidence comes from high pulsar velocities, associations of supernovae with long-soft gamma-ray bursts, and asymmetries in late-time emission-line profiles. Spectropolarimetry provides a direct probe of young supernova geometry, with higher polarization generally indicating a greater departure from spherical symmetry. Large polarizations have been measured for 'stripped-envelope' (that is, type Ic; ref. 7) supernovae, which confirms their non-spherical morphology; but the explosions of massive stars with intact hydrogen envelopes (type II-P supernovae) have shown only weak polarizations at the early times observed. Here we report multi-epoch spectropolarimetry of a classic type II-P supernova that reveals the abrupt appearance of significant polarization when the inner core is first exposed in the thinning ejecta (approximately 90 days after explosion). We infer a departure from spherical symmetry of at least 30 per cent for the inner ejecta. Combined with earlier results, this suggests that a strongly non-spherical explosion may be a generic feature of core-collapse supernovae of all types, where the asphericity in type II-P supernovae is cloaked at early times by the massive, opaque, hydrogen envelope.