月桂醇马来酸单酯磺酸钠的合成

以月桂醇、马来酸酐和亚硫酸钠为原料,合成了月桂醇马来酸单酯磺酸钠．结果表明：酯化反应最佳工艺系件为n[月桂醇]：n[马来酸酐]=1．00：1．05,催化剂烷基磺酸的用量为物料总量的1％（质量分数）,于80℃下单酯化反应3h,得产率大于98％的单酯化产物．磺化反应条件以加浓度为30％的NaHSO3溶液,其加入量为马来酸酐物质的量的1．10倍,加热温度90℃下磺化反应4h最佳．产物以IR进行表证,结果表明为预期产物．     

磺基琥珀酸聚氧乙烯辛烷基混合双酯磺酸钠的合成与性能研究

1：以亚硫酸钠为磺化剂合成了磺基琥珀酸聚氧乙烯辛烷基混合双酯钠（ATOESS）。最佳工艺条件为：n（正辛醇）：n（顺酐）=1.0：1.2,于95℃单酯化反应4 h,得到琥珀酸辛烷基单酯;酯化产物在n（聚乙二醇200）：n（单酯）=2.0：1.0,130℃条件下反应3 h,得到产率为93%的双酯化产物;该产物在n（亚硫酸氢钠）：n（双酯）=3.0：1.0,140℃下,反应6 h,得到双酯磺酸钠。产物物性分析表明,所合成的磺基琥珀酸聚氧乙烯辛烷基混合双酯钠（ATOESS）具有较好的表面活性。     

乙二醇双子琥珀酸2-甲基戊基酯磺酸钠的合成及性能

采用酯化反应无需有机溶剂为介质、以碳基固体酸作酯化反应催化剂、磺化反应不外加相转移催化剂在常压下反应的新方法合成了乙二醇双子琥珀酸2-甲基戊基酯磺酸钠,最佳工艺条件为：单酯化反应,n（乙二醇）：n（顺酐）：l_00：2．10,催化剂碳基固体酸用量为顺酐质量的2％,于100℃反应4．7h,酯化率99．02％（质量分数）;双酯化反应。n（2-甲基-l-戊醇）：n（顺酐）=1-30：1．00,于210℃反应1．2h,酯化率95．34％（质量分数）;磺化反应,n（亚硫酸氢钠）：n（顺酐）：1．05：1．00。于油浴120℃反应3．2h,磺化率100．64％（质量分数）．对产物结构进行了IR光谱表征,测定了产物性能：CMC为2．5×10。mol／L,7cMc为27．79mN／m,乳化力为11．5min,渗透力为6s,耐硬水力为13．5min．比较了碳基固体酸和无水乙酸钠、对甲苯磺酸对酯化反应的催化效果,结果表明：碳基固体酸对酯化反应的催化效果好．且易于分离．     

脂肪醇琥珀酸酯磺酸盐的合成及性能

通过正交实验确定脂肪醇琥珀酸酯的合成工艺条件.酯化反应较佳的工艺条件为：n（十二醇）：n（马来酸酐）=2.4：1.0,酯化温度为170℃,时间是2.5 h;磺化的工艺条件：n（酯）：n（亚硫酸氢钠）=1.0：3.0,磺化的温度是85℃,时间是6 h.通过红外光谱分析,确定了产品的化学性能,产物的主要物性为：表面张力、临界胶束浓度、钙皂分散力、乳化性能、润湿力.     

活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12/C)催化合成1,4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯

以1，4-丁二醇，马来酸酐，十二醇聚氧乙烯醚(AEO2)为原料，合成了一种结构新型的化合物——1，4-丁二醇双马来酸AEO2双酯，此化合物的合成由两步酯化反应组成，酯化反应Ⅰ采用正交实验，确定最优工艺条件为：n(马来酸酐)：n(1，4-丁二醇)=2．15：1．00，反应时间1h，催化剂用量ω(乙酸钠)=1．0％．酯化反应Ⅱ采用活性炭负载杂多酸(PW12／C)为催化剂，该催化剂的最优制备条件为：m(PW12)：m(C)==4：6，回流时间4h，烘干温度150℃，烘干时间4h．酯化反应Ⅱ采用均匀实验优化工艺条件，最优工艺条件为：n(1，4-丁二醇双马来酸单酯)：n(AEO2)=1．00：2．15，反应温度150℃，反应时间14h，催化剂用量ω(PW12／C)=1．5％，对每步合成的产物结构用IR和1HNMR进行表征。     

改性磷脂加脂剂的制备研究

通过对大豆磷脂进行酯交换、马来酸酐酯化,中和、亚硫酸化化学改性,合成出了亚硫酸化大豆磷脂。研究了改性反应中各因素对反应的影响,得到了酯交换反应的最佳工艺条件为：反应温度70℃,反应时间1h,甲醇与磷脂的质量比为11：100;酯化反应的最佳工艺为：催化剂质量分数为0．8％,反应温度100℃,反应时间3h,马来酸酐与磷脂的质量比为12：100—13：100;在亚硫酸化反应中采用碱-NaHSO3—Na2S2O5体系。先中和后亚硫酸化,中和温度为50—60℃,反应结束后,升高温度至70—80℃。磺化反应程度控制在50％-60％。反应1-1．5h。     

富马酸海藻糖甲酯的合成及抑菌活性研究

富马酸海藻糖甲酯的合成分3步完成：第一步,以摩尔比为1：1的甲醇和马来酸酐为原料,以3％的无水AlCl3和3％的硫酸氢钠为异构化催化剂,在60℃下酯化反应0．5h,再升温至80℃异构化反应2h,得到富马酸单甲酯（MMF）;第二步,以摩尔比为1：2．5的MMF和亚硫酰氯为原料,在90℃下反应1h,得到富马酸单甲酯单酰氯（MMFC）;第三步,将MMFC和海藻糖按摩尔比4：1混合,以二氯甲烷为分散剂,在10％无水K2CO3和10％TBAB（w％MMFC）相转移催化下,40℃水浴反应3h,得到富马酸海藻糖甲酯（TMF）,收率69．24％．抑菌活性试验结果表明：TMF对混合菌群的生长具有良好的抑制作用,其抑菌能力优于MMF,与苯甲酸相当．     

1，4-丁二醇双琥珀酸八氟戊醇双酯磺酸钠的合成工艺研究

采用八氟戊醇、马来酸酐、1,4-丁二醇为原料,合成了一种新型的双子表面活性剂—1,4-丁二醇双琥珀酸八氟戊醇双酯磺酸钠。通过实验得到各步反应的最优工艺条件,单酯化反应：马来酸酐与八氟戊醇摩尔比为1.2：1.0,加入占马来酸酐质量1％的无水乙酸钠,反应时间为4h,反应温度为90℃;双酯化反应：八氟戊醇马来酸单酯与1,4-丁二醇的摩尔比为2.1：1.0,占八氟戊醇马来酸单酯质量1.5％的对甲苯磺酸催化剂,反应温度为160℃,反应时间为7h;磺化反应：NaHSO3与1,4-丁二醇双马来酸八氟戊醇双酯摩尔比为1.0：2.2,反应温度为100℃,反应时间为6h。对终产物的性能进行测定,表面张力为：29.6 mN·m-1,CMC为0.005 g／L。     

复合型固体酸SO4^2-/ZrO2-MoO3催化合成反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的研究

合成了新型的复合型固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3并把它作为催化剂用于反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的合成,考察了影响反应的因素．结果表明：用固体酸SO4^2-／ZrO2-MoO3作催化剂,以马来酸酐和甲醇为原料,直接合成反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的最佳工艺条件为：n（甲醇）：n（酸酐）=6：1,催化剂用量为1．5％（总质量）,反应温度95～100℃,反应时间为3h,反-丁烯二酸二甲酯的产率达93％以上．     

磺化琥珀酸化改性羊毛脂皮革加脂剂的制备及性能

首先将羊毛脂与单乙醇胺反应得到酰胺化羊毛脂,再与马来酸酐反应得到单酯,然后与亚硫酸钠进行磺化反应得到磺化琥珀酸化改性羊毛脂加脂剂.酰胺化反应的优化条件为:温度125℃,时间3h,催化剂甲醇钠用量0.3%(基于羊毛脂的质量分数);单酯化反应的优化条件为:酰胺化羊毛脂与马来酸酐的摩尔比为1:1.05,温度90℃,时间3h;磺化反应的优化条件为:单酯与亚硫酸钠的摩尔比为1:1.05,温度80℃,时间2h.酰胺化羊毛脂羟值为119.07mg KOH·g-1时,加脂革的油润感和柔软度最好.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

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