汽油机涡轮增压系统数值模拟与优化匹配特性分析

通过对汽油机可变截面增压(VGT)系统和废气再循环(EGR)系统进行匹配数值模拟,研究VGT增压系统对汽油机动力性和燃油经济性等性能的影响.为了最大程度地提高汽油机的动力性能并且有效降低污染物排放,研究VGT和EGR匹配对汽油机主要性能的影响.研究结果表明:低速低负荷采用一定量的EGR,可提高燃油经济性,但EGR过高,会破坏燃油经济性,最大EGR率可达51％;当中高速中高负荷采用EGR率为0时,燃油经济性提高;若增加EGR率,则会降低燃油经济性,EGR率过大还会导致动力不足.     

降低电控喷射汽油燃油消耗率及NOx排放的研究

在一台单缸电控燃油喷射汽油机上,采用排气再循环（EGR）及提高压缩比的方法来改善汽油机在化学计量比下运行时的经济性,降低其NOx、（NOx HC）的排放,结果表明,当压缩比ε提高到10、并优化进气涡流比和排气再循环率后,汽油机的平均比油耗下降了2.54%,NOx的平均排放体积分数下降了54.8%,（NOx HC）的平均排放体积分数下降了43.24%,放热规律的计算表明,汽油机的燃烧过程有较大的改善。     

实现二冲程汽油机分层扫气的膜片式燃油喷射系统

研究开发了一种简单有效的，用于小型冲程汽油机的膜片式燃油喷射系统（ＤＦＩ），该系统利用可反映发动机循环供气量的曲轴箱脉动压力驱动膜片式油泵进行燃油的计量和喷射，由于其灵活的燃油喷射方式，该系统和专门的换气系统结合起来可实现分层扫气。     

实现二冲程汽油机分层把气的膜片式燃油喷射系统

研究开发了一种简单有效的、用于小型二冲程汽油机的膜片式燃油喷射系统（ＤＦＩ）．该系统利用可反映发动机循环供气量的曲轴箱脉动压力驱动膜片式油泵进行燃油的计量和喷射．由于其灵活的燃油喷射方式，该系统和专门的换气系统结合起来可实现分层扫气．     

降低电控喷射汽油机燃油消耗率及NO_x排放的研究

在一台单缸电控燃油喷射汽油机上 ,采用排气再循环 (EGR)及提高压缩比的方法来改善汽油机在化学计量比下运行时的经济性 ,降低其NOx、(NOx HC)的排放 .结果表明 ,当压缩比ε提高到 10、并优化进气涡流比和排气再循环率后 ,汽油机的平均比油耗下降了 2 5 4 % ,NOx 的平均排放体积分数下降了 5 4 8% ,(NOx HC)的平均排放体积分数下降了 4 3 2 4 % .放热规律的计算表明 ,汽油机的燃烧过程有较大的改善     

EGR对GDI汽油机燃烧和排放的影响

为降低GDI发动机污染物排放,试验研究了中小负荷下废气再循环和过量空气系数对缸内直喷汽油机燃烧及排放的影响规律。研究表明：加入EGR能显著降低缸内峰值压力,且过量空气系数小于1时,废气对燃油的蒸发雾化起积极作用,使燃烧持续期增大,但燃烧放热率降低;EGR能显著降低直喷汽油机的NOx排放,但对CO排放的影响较弱;过量空气系数小于1时,EGR对HC排放的影响较明显,HC排放随EGR率增大而减小;随过量空气系数的增大,EGR对HC排放的影响逐渐降低。总体来看,当过量空气系数小于1时,EGR对缸内直喷汽油机的燃烧和排放影响较明显,废气的稀释和热容作用起重要作用;EGR的加入,降低了GDI汽油机核态颗粒物的排放,随EGR率增大,PM排放降低。当过量空气系数大于1后,EGR对缸内直喷汽油机的燃烧和排放的影响逐渐减弱。     

电增压促进废气再循环对发动机性能的影响

在一台1.5 L带废气涡轮增压的直喷汽油机上进行了电动增压和废气再循环（exhaust gas recirculation, EGR）协同对发动机动力性和经济性的影响规律试验研究。结果表明：全负荷下电动增压促进最高废气再循环率随转速的上升而下降,在4个试验转速下分别提升了17.7%、15.2%、13.84%和0;部分负荷下电动增压促进最高废气再循环率随负荷的提高与转速下降,在6个试验工况下最高废气再循环率分别被提高了23.63%、30.31%、0、14.09%、19.74%和0。全负荷与较低的3个转速下电动增压介入后有效燃油消耗率（brake specific fuel consumption, BSFC）降低近10%,最高转速下废气涡轮增压完全取代电动增压;部分负荷下的两组工况内,电动增压介入后,最高BSFC降低了10.8%和8.4%。结论表明合理应用电增压促进最高废气再循环率可以提升发动机的燃油经济性并保持较高的动力性。     

新型燃油添加剂对汽油机燃烧与排放的影响

为了探讨新型多效燃油添加剂(代号MAZ)对车用汽油机燃烧和排放特性的影响,文中介绍了燃油添加剂的功用和基本工作原理,并在汽油机试验台架上,进行了一系列燃油中添加剂在等同工况下的外特性试验和负荷特性试验．试验结果表明,燃油添加剂MAZ能有效改善汽油机的燃烧过程,排气中CO,HC的排放分别减少11．6％～19．6％和22．9％～25．2％．     

废气再循环对汽油缸内直喷汽油机燃烧和排放的影响

为降低汽油缸内直喷(GDI)发动机污染物排放,试验研究了中小负荷下废气再循环和过量空气系数对缸内直喷汽油机燃烧及排放的影响规律。研究表明:加入废气再循环(EGR)能显著降低缸内峰值压力;且过量空气系数小于1时,废气对燃油的蒸发雾化起积极作用,使燃烧持续期增大;但燃烧放热率降低。EGR能显著降低直喷汽油机的NOx排放,但对CO排放的影响较弱。过量空气系数小于1时,EGR对HC排放的影响较明显,HC排放随EGR率增大而减小。随过量空气系数的增大,EGR对HC排放的影响逐渐降低。总体来看,当过量空气系数小于1时,EGR对缸内直喷汽油机的燃烧和排放影响较明显,废气的稀释和热容作用起重要作用。EGR的加入,降低了GDI汽油机核态颗粒物的排放;随EGR率增大,PM排放降低。当过量空气系数大于1后,EGR对缸内直喷汽油机的燃烧和排放的影响逐渐减弱。     

废气再循环温度对小排量增压汽油机燃烧及性能的影响

为研究不同废气再循环(EGR)温度对汽油机燃烧特性的影响,基于一台1.3T涡轮增压汽油机改造了低压EGR系统,通过开关EGR冷却水使EGR达到不同的温度.结果表明:在1 500r·min-1,10%EGR率,小、中、大3个负荷工况下,随着EGR温度升高,燃油消耗率有升高趋势,但是其升高幅度不超过0.3%.EGR温度升高后,最佳点火提前角提前,中、小负荷燃烧持续期增长,大负荷燃烧持续期基本不变.在大负荷工况下,当关闭EGR冷却后,EGR温度急剧升高,会对进气过程产生不利影响,发动机最大仅能达到的平均有效制动压力为1.166 MPa,相比于该转速下10%EGR率低温EGR能达到的1.202 MPa,下降了3%.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that