裂隙岩体中隧道变形破坏的节理有限元模拟计算

裂隙岩体是地下工程施工中经常遇到的一类岩体,研究其变形和破坏机理是工程安全施工的保证。以天平线关山隧道工程为例,采用基于修正Goodman单元的节理网络有限元法,将裂隙岩体看作由岩块和节理、裂隙组成的二元结构,其中岩块和节理、裂隙分别采用线性Mohr-Coulomb强度准则和非线性Barton-Bandis剪切强度准则。通过有限元软件Phase~2模拟分析了隧道开挖过程中裂隙岩体的变形破坏特点以及不同工况下隧道拱顶的沉降量,并讨论了Barton-Bandis准则中节理粗糙程度(J_(RC))的取值对围岩稳定性的影响。研究方法为裂隙岩体的数值计算提供了新手段,节理粗糙度(J_(RC))的反演结果能为支护设计和加固措施提供参考依据。     

剪切荷载下岩体结构面-浆体-锚杆相互作用机理宏细观研究

基于PFC中FISH语言,采用双线性锚杆本构模型对岩体加锚节理面在剪切荷载作用下的力学行为进行数值模拟研究,通过变化锚杆刚度和浆体强度,深入研究岩体结构面-浆体-锚杆相互作用下锚固体系宏细观力学响应。结果表明:加锚节理面的力学响应与锚固结构的力学性质密切相关。锚杆刚度越大,节理面宏观抗剪强度越高;随着锚杆刚度的增加,岩体和浆体中的裂纹也越来越多,锚杆对浆体和岩体的损伤逐渐增加。岩体结构面-浆体-锚杆相互作用,裂纹的产生首先起于节理面上和锚杆与节理面交叉处,随着剪切位移的不断增加,节理面上的裂纹在接触力集中的地方继续产生,而在锚杆周围则由锚杆与节理面交叉处向锚杆两端继续扩展,且裂纹集中在锚固体系的受压侧,主要为由"压致拉"机理导致的张拉裂纹。浆体的强度过小或过大都可能导致锚固体系中裂纹数量的增多,且裂纹以张拉裂纹为主。当浆体强度较低时,裂纹主要集中在浆体中,而当浆体强度较高时,裂纹主要集中在岩体中。因此,在对节理岩体进行加固的过程中,应综合考虑节理面宏观上的抗剪强度和细观上锚固体系的损伤,以实现锚固体系的宏细观耦合支护。分析结论对于节理岩体的锚固支护设计具有参照价值。     

基于紫外图像的隧道岩体样本节理裂隙二维面积及三维体积估计

通过对隧道施工断面的岩体裂隙发育程度的量化测量,实现对隧道断面内部岩体的节理裂隙量化评价,对隧道施工安全和维护进行决策支持;结合计算机图像处理技术,提出了一种基于紫外图像的施工样本岩体裂隙测量的方法。采用该方法对获取的施工岩体节理裂隙样本浇灌环氧树脂液体,并将其做成固定厚度(18mm)的切片,建立岩体节理裂隙特征模型,使用最佳匹配搜索特征方法自动确定节理裂隙区域,利用紫外线光对切片进行照射并获取样本岩体裂隙的紫外图像;最后通过图像处理技术对样本裂隙图像进行处理,对施工岩体样本的节理裂隙二维面积和三维体积精确估计。对19个岩体样本(100多幅紫外图像和100多幅可见光图像)进行采样试验,并进行数据分析。研究结果表明:该算法的准确度和事实性达到预期;该方法可以通过对岩体样本细微的节理裂隙密度和孔隙度的计算估计,实现对节理裂隙二维面积和三维体积的有效测量;通过测量估计节理裂隙的相关信息,获取较为精确的岩体样本节理裂隙的面积和体积。该方法可应用于各类公路及铁路隧道施工中的施工面岩体节理裂隙检测与测量,有助于工程技术人员选择安全合理的施工方案。     

基于离散裂隙网络与离散元耦合方法的礼让隧道岩体力学参数确定

为了准确地确定礼让隧道节理岩体力学参数,采用3DEC程序中离散裂隙网络(discrete fracture network, DFN)技术,建立了能反映节理裂隙分布特征的离散裂隙网络模型。在此基础上,结合室内岩石、节理力学试验,运用等效岩体技术及3DEC程序,建立基于离散裂隙网络-离散元(discrete fracture network-discrete element method,DFN-DEM)耦合方法的等效岩体模型,并构建反映工程岩体节理分布特征的多尺度等效节理岩体计算模型;通过对多尺度等效节理岩体计算模型进行单轴压缩试验,获取岩体峰前及峰后的力学性质,分析节理岩体的尺寸效应、各向异性、表征单元体及等效岩体力学参数。结果表明:DFN-DEM耦合技术解决了非贯通节理的建模问题;随着等效岩体尺度增大,节理岩体峰值强度、弹性模量逐渐减小,各向异性特性逐渐减弱,且尺度达到5 m×5 m×10 m趋于稳定得到表征单元体;表征单元体尺度下等效岩体力学参数为弹性模量9 GPa、单轴抗压强度0.7 MPa、内摩擦角25°、黏聚力0.3 MPa、抗拉强度0.12 MPa,与Hoek-Brown强度准则所得力学参数对比,两者较为接近。该法为研究工程岩体的稳定性提供了数据基础。     

预应力锚索对岩质边坡加固效应的数值模拟

针对预应力锚索加固岩质边坡稳定性分析与评价问题,应用FLAC 3D建立了双滑面楔形体边坡模型,模拟了边坡边开挖、边锚固的施工过程及室内模型的超载破坏试验,分析了锚固岩体的位移和应力、节理裂隙面位移随工况的变化以及锚索预应力损失等问题.研究结果表明:预应力锚索加固作用提高了边坡整体的稳定性;分析边坡的整个破坏过程可知边坡的变化过程为柔性变化,而不是刚性变化;从锚索预应力变化情况可知锚索自上而下进入屈服状态,不同部位的锚索受力有先后、大小之分,呈不均匀分布;对锚固后边坡安全系数进行计算,计算结果与模型试验得出的结果相近.     

裂隙煤岩体的流固耦合精细模型

将裂隙煤岩体视为裂隙-孔隙双重介质,以满足某种概率分布的主干裂隙网络描述煤岩体裂隙的分布;将主干裂隙间包含低序次裂隙的基质煤(岩)块视为各向同性孔隙介质,建立裂隙煤岩体的流固耦合精细模型.对不同介质分别进行渗流-应力耦合分析,在应力计算时采用等厚度节理单元进行模拟,在渗流计算时,采用节理单元的中面坐标将节理单元转换为线单元进行模拟的数值技术,解决2类介质耦合求解时存在不同介质间流体的交换问题.研究结果表明:裂隙煤岩体流固耦合的数值实验结果反映了裂隙煤岩体渗流的各向异性,孔隙渗流滞后裂隙渗流现象,体现了煤岩体贯通主干裂隙网络对渗流场分布起控制作用;数值实验结果较真实地模拟了煤岩体应力分布的复杂性,体现了孔隙单元的有效体积应力和裂隙单元的有效法向应力随渗流发展的时效演化规律.     

节理岩体中隧洞围岩的损伤破坏机理

结合细观节理形态的变化,在二轴围压条件下,数值模拟了节理岩体中隧洞围岩损伤破坏过程,研究了节理岩体中隧洞围岩体的破坏机理,分析了岩体中节理倾角对隧洞围岩稳定性的影响规律.结果表明:裂隙的产生和发展延伸主要是拉应力的作用,裂隙延伸方向大致与节理面垂直;节理倾角较小时,岩体中破裂以垂直于节理面的拉裂隙为主;节理倾角较大时,岩体裂隙以沿节理面的滑动裂隙为主;不同倾角的节理面对岩体破坏的脆性也有较大影响;岩体破坏前有大量微裂隙产生,同时伴随着声发射能量的释放,利用微震监测技术抓住这些微破裂前兆信息,能够较好地进行隧洞塌方、冒顶、岩爆等灾害预测,提前做好支护等应对措施,以保障人员、设备安全.     

节理岩体数值模拟及力学参数确定

采用FLAC3D程序和离散裂隙网络技术构建的遍布节理岩体模型能同时考虑节理岩体中节理和岩体的作用,具有概念清晰、建模快捷、计算效率高等特点. 首先对现场结构面测绘数据进行统计分析,获得其概率分布特征参数,在此基础上分两尺度考虑节理并确定其离散裂隙网络模型;其次基于离散裂隙网络模型构建相应的节理岩体模型,研究其强度特征并获取工程岩体单轴抗压强度;结合Hoek-Brown、Mohr-Coulomb准则及最大围压拟合综合确定节理岩体力学参数;最后将拟合所得参数用于边坡稳定性分析,分别运用强度折减法和极限平衡法计算两种模型的安全系数,对比发现计算结果基本一致,表明所提出的研究思路用于确定节理岩体参数是可行的.     

土锚相互作用特征的数值实现方法及验证

 为探讨锚杆和土体的相互作用特征,研究了锚杆单元的数值实现方法及其正确性。首先,探讨了土锚相互作用机制,建立了锚杆单元的数值实现方法;然后,进行锚杆锚固力的现场试验监测,得到锚杆锚固力随时间的变化过程,并将现场试验结果与数值模拟结果进行对比。结果表明,① 随下部土方开挖,锚杆锚固力不断增加,土方开挖到底后,锚固力基本趋于稳定;② 数值计算得到的最大锚固力为259.0kN,试验结果为229.4kN,二者差别较小,且数值计算得到的锚固力随时间变化规律与试验得到的结果较为相近,验证了数值模型的正确性。     

节理裂隙边坡锚注加固力学模型与实验研究

对加锚注浆节理模型进行力学分析,并与注浆胶结裂隙岩体模型力学试验结果进行对比验证。研究结果表明:压力注浆能够提高加锚节理裂隙边坡弱面的抗剪强度及抗剪刚度;裂隙注浆胶结体强度与浆液配比、注浆压力、裂隙所含介质的组成以及岩体赋存应力场、渗流场有关;锚杆与注浆体共同作用能够发挥两者各自的力学特性,从而提高边坡的加固效果。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

海南岛地体及其毗邻陆缘晚中生代—新生代古地磁研究和构造演化

本文叙述了对海南岛及其毗邻大陆边缘白垩纪到第四纪地层岩石进行古地磁研究的全部工作过程。通过分析岩石中剩余磁矢量的磁偏角及磁倾角的变化,提出海南岛白垩纪以来经历的构造演化模式如下:早期伴随顺时针旋转而向南迁移,后期伴随逆时针转动并向北运移。联系该地区及邻区的地质、地球物理资料,对海南岛上述的构造地体运动提出以下认识:北部湾内早期有一拉张作用,主要是该作用使湾内地壳显著伸长减薄,形成北部湾盆地。从而导致了海南岛的早期构造运动,而海南岛后期的构造运动则主要是受南海海底扩张的影响。海南地体运动规律的阐明对于了解北部湾油气盆地的形成演化有重要的理论和实际意义。     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

《Chinese Science Bulletin》SUBJECT INDEX TO VOLUME 59(2014)

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Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

The elongation method,originally proposed by Imamura was further developed for many years in our group.As a method towards O(N)with high efficiency and high accuracy for any dimensional systems.This treatment designed for one-dimensional(ID)polymers is now available for three-dimensional(3D)systems,but geometry optimization is now possible only for 1D-systems.As an approach toward post-Hartree-Fock,it was also extended to