动态失速下H型垂直轴风力机实时变桨控制规律

针对垂直轴风力机风能利用率低、自启动能力弱的问题,以1 kW H型垂直轴风力机为研究对象,通过对比美国Sandia国家实验室动态失速下测得的风力机实验结果与风洞静态实验结果,分析动态失速对桨距角调节的影响规律;以风轮的最大切向力为目标,得到垂直轴风力机在上风区和下风区的最佳理论攻角分别为14.8°和-14.8°。为使风轮在旋转过程中维持在最佳攻角附近,基于双致动盘多流管理论进行Matlab编程计算,建立风轮工作状态下的受力模型,获得垂直轴风力机在各个方位的桨距角。通过对0°和180°方位角下的桨距角进行修正,给出垂直轴风力机1周变桨距规律。最后,利用双致动盘多流管理论对提出的变桨控制规律进行理论验证。研究结果表明:利用该变桨距规律得到的风能利用率可以由34.6%提高到42.8%。     

小型H型垂直轴风力机变桨机构的优化设计与试验

为解决现有垂直轴风力机风能利用率较低的问题,以获得风轮最大切向力为目标,分别获得了风轮上风区和下风区叶片的最佳理论攻角为8°和-8°,计算出了叶片一周桨距角调节策略。在此基础上,采用随机方向法对双曲柄变桨机构进行了优化设计,得到了不同叶尖速比下变桨机构的参数组合。为验证垂直轴风轮变桨机构的合理性,以叶尖速比2为例,利用ADAMS软件对变桨机构模型进行了运动学特性仿真,并采用旋转测角法对叶片桨距角变化曲线进行了数据拟合,计算结果显示:实际桨距角变化曲线与理想变桨曲线的贴合程度较高。风洞试验进一步证明:所设计的变桨距垂直轴风力机具有更好的自启动性能,且在现有风速下比定桨距垂直轴风力机的发电效率至少提高了7.86%。     

大型风电长叶片气动外形的高效低载三维设计

海上风力机等大型风电设备叶片较长，所承受气动载荷较大，易产生变形，影响气动性能和运行稳定性。针对这一问题，以美国NREL实验室的5 MW大型风电叶片为例，对其进行以各截面翼型形线、安装角及额定功率下桨距角为设计变量的高效低载三维优化。优化基于动量叶素理论和多岛遗传算法，以叶根弯矩最低和风能利用率最大为优化目标，并将优化叶片与原始叶片于变桨、变风况下的气动性能进行对比。结果表明：在设计工况下，相较于原始叶片，优化叶片在保证高气动效率的同时叶根弯矩降低了5%；变风况条件下，变桨前优化叶片的风能利用率平均提升了1%，叶根弯矩平均降低了5.8%，变桨后优化叶片的叶根弯矩平均降低了4%。     

对变桨距及定桨距叶片气动性能与功率控制方式的分析

通过对变桨距及定桨距叶片气动性能与功率控制方式的分析,结合风电场的实际情况,寻找出了风力机在安装运行中的问题,并提出了解决办法。     

H型垂直轴风力发电机变桨控制策略研究

针对垂直轴风力发电机自启动能力差和风能利用效率低的问题,提出了自动变桨控制策略,并搭建了H型垂直轴风力发电机实验平台。基于叶素理论对叶片进行分析,得出了叶尖速比λ1情况下的变桨规律。将定桨距模型和自动变桨距模型进行对比,结果表明:采用自动变桨距方案可以有效的提高垂直轴风力机的自启动能力和风能利用效率。     

并网风力机中基于变桨距角的神经网络控制方法

针对并网风力机的运行特性,在其传动系统和发电机的动态模型基础上设计控制器.当外界风速较大,提出采用基于神经网络的风力机叶片桨距角控制器抑制多余的风能进入发电系统,维持风力发电机馈送到电网的功率稳定;当风速较低时,风力机转速需要跟随风速变化,调整叶片桨距角处于捕捉最大风能位置处,保证风力机的风能转换效率最优,提高其运行效率.仿真结果验证了该控制方法的有效性.     

垂直轴风力机尾缘开裂襟翼气动性能及其偏转角调节规律

为提高垂直轴风力机的气动性能,提出在小型3叶片垂直轴风力机叶片尾缘加装开裂襟翼的设计方案。首先,根据CFD数值模拟和正交设计得到偏转角对风力机气动性能影响最大;然后,进一步分析了叶尖速比分别为1.5和2.5时襟翼偏转角对风力机气动性能的影响和增升机理;最后,提出了襟翼偏转角调节规律。研究结果表明:襟翼的较优参数组合为长度l=20%c、偏转角β=10°和布置位置t=90%c。当叶尖速比TSR分别为1.5和2.5时,较小的襟翼偏转角(0°β10°)能提升叶片平均切向力系数CTavg,其中,襟翼偏转角β=10°时,风力机的风能利用率CP分别提升了7.7%和4.6%;与原型风力机相比,应用襟翼偏转角调节规律后,风能利用率CP分别提升12.4%和10.4%。     

1.5MW风力机叶片设计与气动性能分析

叶片是风力机中最关键的部件,其气动性能决定风力机的风能利用效率。本文通过Glauert法设计1.5 MW水平轴风力机叶片,并利用FLuENT中的k-ωSST湍流模型,采用周期性边界,对叶片进行气动性能进行数值模拟。分析叶片桨距角固定的风力机在不同来流时风轮的转矩和轴向推力。研究表明:风轮在额定工况下,输出功率1 602 kW,风能利用系数达到0.325,满足设计要求;风速大于12 m/s时,可通过适当降低转速来维持风力机输出功率。     

双馈感应发电机调速风力机

研究了低成本宽范围双馈感应电机调速风力机，根据数学模型导出矢量控制系统，讨论了三种四象限功率变换器，该风力机在低风速时桨距角不变，保持最佳叶尖速比以获得最大风能；在高风速时储存或释放部分能量，桨距角仅完成限制最大输出功率，减少机械应力，风能储存在风力机机械惯性中，减少力矩冲击。     

水平轴变转速风力机气动参数辨识

文章对变转速水平轴风力机气动参数辨识的问题进行了研究 .风轮的功率曲线为风力机气动性能的整体体现 ,直接影响系统的经济性与控制性能 .通常情况下 ,功率曲线与桨距角和叶尖速比有关 ,可以看成是它们的非线性函数 ,一般由气动性能计算得到 .本文首先利用辨识算法 ,在风轮功率曲线的函数形式假设已知的前提下 ,利用测量的输入输出数据 ,辨识出功率曲线函数的参数 .最后 ,利用辨识出的曲线参数 ,预估系统风轮转速 ,并与测量的转速对比 ,以验证辨识模型的准确性 .     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that