超声环流技术粗提中草药及超声提取动力学研究

针对传统超声破碎提取法超声波利用率低和难于工程放大等问题,设计了一种频率可变、提取温度可控的超声环流反应器,并分别利用超声法和超声环流法提取陈皮中的黄酮类物质,通过对比两种方法的提取率,对影响提取效果的主要因素进行分析.同时,基于Fick第一定律建立了超声提取中草药的动力学方程,并利用超声提取陈皮实验对所建立的动力学方程进行验证.实验结果表明：理论值与实验值在提取初期符合较好,但在实验后期,二者出现较大偏差.造成这种现象的原因可能是长时间的超声作用导致黄酮发生降解以及被提取物中杂质含量增加.     

纳米复相陶瓷超声磨削频率与表面质量关系的实验研究

基于超声刻划试验得出超声振动下单颗磨粒去除材料方式的变化,从本质上解释了超声磨削下表面质量提高的原因.超声振动作用会导致材料的磨削层表面等效硬度急剧降低,材料去除方式从脆性向塑性转变,且随频率升高现象更为明显.实验结果表明,超声磨削下纳米复相陶瓷材料的表面质量高于普通磨削,且超声振动频率的升高对提高表面质量有促进作用.     

弱边缘医学超声图像目标区域的自动定位与分割

医学超声图像分割是图像处理中的一项关键技术.以胆结石超声图像为例,介绍一种新的弱边缘超声图像分割算法.首先采用基于直方图凹度分析的阈值分割方法确定Snake模型的初始蛇,再基于Snake模型结合贪婪算法对图像进行目标分割.实验结果表明该算法对弱边缘现象较为严重的医学超声图像进行目标分割时,定位准确,且分割效果良好.     

超声-Fenton高级氧化降解淀粉废水的研究

采用超声与Fenton高级氧化技术联合处理实际高浓度玉米淀粉废水,超声波与Fenton试剂联合作用时,在超声波的作用下,极短时间(10μs)内形成空化气泡会发生空化现象.由于玉米淀粉浓度较高,在超声作用时有机物更容易发生碰撞,产生较多的自由基,使玉米淀粉废水中的有机物得到降解.最终达到较好的去除效果.通过单独超声实验得到最佳的超声时间为150 min,超声波频率为45 kHz,超声波功率为200 W,pH值为3;通过超声与超声-H2O2联合的对比实验,得出H2O2最佳投加量为40 mmol/L;通过单独加入Fenton试剂与超声-Fenton联合的对比实验,得出FeSO4最佳投加量为8 mmol/L.在最佳参数条件下,超声-Fenton法处理高浓度玉米淀粉废水,其COD去除率可达到92%.     

超声强化亚临界CO_2萃取的动力学模型及机理

为了研究超声强化亚临界CO2萃取的机理,说明超声对亚临界CO2萃取的传质强化效果,借助萃取动力学模型对实验数据进行了拟合,并通过超声空化阈值的理论计算,得到亚临界CO2的空化阈值随温度和压力的变化,同时结合超声空化的验证实验,探讨了超声在亚临界CO2中的空化情况.结果表明:动力学方程能够较好地拟合萃取实验结果,模型方程中有无超声的E∞和k值的差异也证实了超声对亚临界CO2萃取有明显的传质强化效果;相对较高的温度和较低的压力更有利于超声空化效应的产生;亚临界CO2在理论计算不可能出现超声空化的条件下同样存在空化效应,此现象尚无合理的解释;超声强化亚临界CO2萃取的机理包括空化效应和强化传质.     

医学超声中的迁频接收机原理

由于超声波能对人体内部组织无创伤地进行探测,近年来,超声实时显象在医学上获得了越来越广泛的应用,B型超声显象成了一种有效的常规检查手段.因此,对超声接收机进行深入的研究,以获得更好的图象质量,是有意义的. 超声在生物介质中传播时,由于组织的吸收、散射、反射,强度急剧减弱,其衰减系数与超声频率有关,频率越高,衰减越快,因此其中心频率就随传播距离增加而向低处迁移.有许多文献都谈到过这个现象,但未曾见到有关该现象的定量计算. 本文论证了在高斯形脉冲情况下,频率迁移的一般规律,提出了定量公式,并且具体设计了迁频接收机,得到了较好的实验效果.     

超声喷泉灼热的实验方法

本文提出了超声喷泉灼热的实验方法．并测量到由自来水组成的这种超声喷泉使塑料靶灼热到大约250℃的温度．作者认为，超声空化的热效应和机械效应的协同传递是这种超声喷泉的热现象的机制．     

超声光栅

利用激光光源,可以对超声光栅的衍射现象实现大屏幕显示。本文介绍了在基础物理实验室中,对超声光栅衍射现象进行大屏幕显示的实验装置,以及利用这种装置测定透明液体中声速的原理和方法。     

低功率超声辐射LEVOVIST试剂致家兔肝脏微血管栓塞的研究

探讨在生物体内输注LEVOVIST试剂以增强其被低功率超声辐射时微小血管栓塞形成效率的新途径．将12只成年家兔随机平均分为单纯超声、单纯LEVOVIST试剂、低功率超声幅射 LEVOVIST试剂作用组和对照组共4组进行实验；实验样本均作常规病理组织学方法分析，实验数据均作统计学处理．实验数据显示低功率超声辐射 LEVOVIST试剂可显著增强声孔效应和血管栓塞率，靶区内89．11％的微小血管栓塞；单纯超声辐射血管组的栓塞效果不明显，单纯LEVOVIST试剂和对照组仅有少许栓塞现象．     

超声法优化金叶女贞叶中总黄酮的提取

以金叶女贞叶为材料,寻找其中总黄酮的超声提取的最佳条件.以总黄酮含量为考察指标,在单因素实验的基础上,采用L9(34)正交实验,超声提取研究了乙醇浓度、超声提取时间、超声功率、超声温度对提取金叶女贞叶中总黄酮的影响.从实验结果分析,影响超声提取效果的因素为乙醇浓度超声时间提取功率提取温度,结果表明粒度为40目,乙醇浓度为65%,超声时间为75 min,超声功率为400 W,提取温度为50℃时总黄酮得率最高.     

Preparation of Waterborne Nanoscale Carbon Black Dispersion with Sodium Carboxymethyl Cellulose

Waterborne nanoscale carbon black dispersion （NCBD） was widely used in inkjet printing, spun.dyeing fibers and coloration fabrics. In this paper, NCBD was prepared using sodium carboxymethyl cellulose （CMC） as dispersant. Effects of CMC viscosity, ultrasonic time and oxidation with hydrogen peroxide on carbon black （CB） particle size were discussed. The results showed that CB particle size decreased by mechanical agitation while it Increased by ultrasonic with the increase of CMC viscosity. Uitrasonk is a more effective method to disperse CB particles than that of mechanical agitation. CB particle size lbviously decreased with itcreasing ultrasonic time and arrived at about 160 nm for 60min.In addition,oxidation with 2 mol/L of H2O2 and 0.2wt% of CMC300 reduced CB particle size to 160nm at 90℃ for 2.5h.     

Preparation and electrochemical property of CMC/MWCNT composite using ionic liquid as solvent

Carboxymethyl cellulose sodium(CMC)/multi-walled carbon nanotube(MWCNT) composite was prepared by dissolving CMC with ionic liquid as solvent.The microstructure and electrochemical properties of CMC/MWCNTs were studied using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM),high-resolution transmission electron microscopy(HR-TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD) system and electrochemical workstation.The experimental results indicated that the CMC dissolved with ionic liquid could be uniformly enwrapped on the surface of MWCNTs,and the coating thickness of CMC was about 5.4 nm.There are obvious oxidation peaks in the cyclic voltammograms curves of glassy carbon electrode coated with a CMC/MWCNT composite in H2O2 phosphate buffer solution.The MWCNT content and ultrasonic time strongly affected the dispersivity and electrochemical property of CMC/MWCNT composite.While the MWCNT content and ultrasonic processing time was 2 wt% and 2 h respectively,CMC/MWCNT composite exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity.     

电纺碳纳米纤维短纤增强的高介电常数聚酰亚胺复合材料

通过碳化电纺纳米纤维研磨和超声破碎制备碳纳米纤维短纤(SCNFs),并用作填料制备碳纳米纤维短纤/聚酰亚胺(SCNFs/PI)复合材料.研究了SCNFs/PI复合材料的介电性能和力学性能.结果表明:SCNFs既对这种复合材料的机械性能具有显著的改善,也是制备高介电常数复合材料的良好导电填料.与纯PI相比,含 SCNFs质量分数为1%复合材料的抗拉伸强度提升了 39.43%; 同时,这个复合材料也显示了一个质量分数为4%的SCNFs低渗流阈值,此时的介电常数为60.79@100 Hz.这些电纺碳纳米纤维短纤增强的PI复合材料有望作为高性能介电材料在现代电子器件行业中得到良好应用.     

搅拌方式对Ni-TiN复合镀层影响的研究

采用机械搅拌和超声波搅拌的电镀方法,在45钢基体上制备Ni-TiN复合镀层。利用原子吸收分光光度计(AAS)、扫描电镜(SEM)及摩擦磨损试验机对复合镀层的TiN粒子复合量、显微组织及其耐磨性能进行研究。结果表明,超声波搅拌-电沉积制备的Ni-TiN复合镀层,其TiN微粒的复合量最大值为10.7wt%,而机械搅拌-电沉积制得的Ni-TiN复合镀层,其TiN微粒的复合量最大值为8.8wt%。采用机械搅拌时,Ni-TiN复合镀层表面有大量粒径较大的颗粒出现,其平均粒径在3μm;而采用超声波搅拌时,Ni-TiN复合镀层表面颗粒相对较小,约为1μm。摩擦磨损试验表明,超声波搅拌-电沉积Ni-TiN复合镀层的磨损程度较小,而机械搅拌-电沉积Ni-TiN复合镀层的磨损程度则较为严重。     

Influence of Dispersion of Nano-ZnO Particles in Polymer Matrices on Properties of Relevant Nano Composite Fibers

IntroductionIt is well knownthat nanoparticles have rich propertiesand are useful for functional composites . The nanometricsize ,leading to huge specific surface area up to or morethan1 000m2/g ,andtheir unique properties have attractedintensive interests . Thus many articles have elucidated thepreparation of polymer matrix nanocomposites( PMNC)[1 6]. Polymers are very i mportant matricesbecause of their flexibility and easy processing .Nanoparticles i mpart larger-size congeries because of…     

Influences of ultrasonic irradiation on the morphology and structure of nanoporous Co nanoparticles during chemical dealloying

The Co-61.8 wt% Al nanoparticles of 45 nm were prepared by hydrogen plasma-metal reaction (HPMR) method. The nanoparticles display core shell structure with Al13Co4 and CoAl core and aluminum oxide shell (about 2 nm). Under ultrasonic irradiation, nanoporous fcc-Co nanoparticles were produced successfully by chemically dealloying the Co-Al nanoparticles at room temperature, whereas, without ultrasonic irradiation CoAl phase could hardly react with sodium hydroxide solution. At 323 K the Co-Al nanoparticles could be dealloyed to fcc-Co and hcp-Co phases even without ultrasonic irradiation. The surface area of the dealloyed nanoparticles under ultrasonic irradiation was larger than that of the dealloyed sample without ultrasonic irradiation at the same temperature. It is believed that the microjet and shock-wave induced by ultrasonic irradiation give rise to particles size reduction, interparticle collision and surface cleaning, and accelerate the dealloying process and the phase transformation.     

水处理活性炭的超声波再生技术

为研究水处理活性炭的再生,利用超声波处理技术,以甲基橙为有机化合物模型,进行吸附饱和木质活性炭的超声处理再生实验。结果表明,Fe^2＋、Cu^2＋的加入明显提高了超声反应的脱色率。在pH值为1．0,温度为30℃,声能密度为180W／L,Fe^2＋和Cu^2＋的投加量为0．6g／L的条件下,超声反应30min后,脱色率都可达到95．5％。     

碳纤维在聚乙烯复合材料中的作用

作者将沥青基碳纤维作为增强纤维以不同比例(0～25％)加入到聚乙烯树脂中制成复合材料,并研究了这些复合材料的力学性能、电学性能及耐热性的变化规律。结果表明:碳纤维有显著的增强作用。随碳纤维比例的增大,该复合材料的拉伸强度、弯曲强度、弯曲模量及热变形温度均呈上升态势;而缺口冲击强度及击穿电压呈下降态势。碳纤维增强的结果将使该复合材料比聚乙烯有更宽的使用范围。     

A process model for BOF process based on bath mixing degree

The process model for BOF process can be applied to predict the liquid steel composition and bath temperature during the whole steelmaking process. On the basis of the traditional three-stage decarburization theory, the concept of mixing degree was put forward, which was used to indicate the effect of oxygen jet on decarburization. Furthermore, a more practical process model for BOF steelmaking was developed by analyzing the effect of silicon, manganese, oxygen injection rate, oxygen lance height, and bath temperature on decarburization. Process verification and end-point verification for the process model have been carried out, and the verification results show that the prediction accuracy of carbon content reaches 82.6% (the range of carbon content at the end-point is less than 0.1wt%) and 85.7% (the range of carbon content at end-point is 0.1wt%–0.7wt%) when the absolute error is less than 0.02wt% and 0.05wt%, respectively.     

硫含量对中碳非调质钢中硫化物及组织的影响

利用真空感应炉冶炼了不同硫含量的中碳非调质钢,研究了S含量对非调质钢中硫化物形态分布及显微组织的影响.结果表明：在0.025%~0.065%范围内,随S质量分数的增加,非调质钢中硫化物的数量增多,偏聚分布现象加重;晶内铁素体比例随之升高,组织得到细化.通过热力学计算及相图信息研究了硫化物的类型转变. S含量增加时第Ⅲ类MnS在凝固末期以离异共晶形式较早析出,剩余液相中的S在凝固结束时以共晶形式析出为第Ⅱ类MnS.单独MnS以及MnS- V( C, N)复合硫化物均可作为晶内铁素体的有效形核核心,促进铁素体的生成.