吐哈盆地北部山前带下侏罗统天然气气源与成藏模式

为了明确山前带柯柯亚下侏罗统气藏,对于这套位于中上侏罗统油气藏之下的天然气性质、来源及成藏模式,运用地球化学分析和天然气气藏解剖方法进行研究.研究结果表明:本区天然气甲烷碳同位素分布在-44.0‰～－38.7‰,乙烷碳同位分布在-29.0‰～－27.5‰,属于偏腐泥型的腐殖气,伴生原油的物理性质和生物标志物呈现出典型的成熟煤系油特征,并与中上侏罗统油气来源不同,即地质条件和地球化学数据都证明天然气母质处于成熟演化阶段,垂向运移距离短,来自八道湾组煤系泥岩;天然气大量充注前大面积致密储层的形成、下侏罗统异常超压的发育以及源储的紧密叠置,都是形成致密砂岩气藏的地质条件.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin, China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation po- tential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

Discussion of gas enrichment mechanism and natural gas origin in marine sedimentary basin,China

There are abundant natural gas resources in Chinese marine sedimentary basin. The exploration hot shots of natural gas are the Palaeozoic marine strata here in recent years, and several large scale gas fields have been discovered. Chinese Palaeozoic high-post matured and coal measure hydrocarbon source rocks are mainly prone to gas generation in the present. This research considered that gas source rocks and TSR are the key cause of gas enrichment of marine strata. High-quality argillaceous and coal measure hydrocarbon rocks are distributed widely in the Palaeozoic marine strata, which have been in highly matured phase in the present. The argillaceous source rock generally contains various sulfates that could accelerate crude oil cracking to gas for TSR occurrence, and coal measure source rock mainly generates gas, so Chinese marine basin gives priority to accumulating gas. Marine strata have not founded oil reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin and Ordos Basin, and they consist mainly of dry gas. Marine natural gases are the mixed gases of oil cracking gas and coal-formed gas in a general way, oil cracking gases contain usually some H2S and CO2. Hydrocarbon carbon isotopes are very complicated, and methane and ethane isotopic values bear apparent reversal caused by thermal evolution and mixing among different genetic types of natural gas. Coal-formed gases are the main component of Chinese marine natural gas. The Upper Permian of the Sichuan Basin and the Carboniferous-Permian of the Ordos Basin coal measure hydrocarbon source rock present large hydrocarbon generation potential, which are the prospecting highlight of marine natural gas hereafter. Oil cracking gas exploration will be paid much attention to in the Tarim Basin because of the lack of coal measure hydrocarbon source rock.     

油气组分及同位素组成特征在莺琼盆地油气二次运移研究中的应用

油气不同组分的物理化学特性差异及地层中岩石、矿物选择性吸附造成的色层效应使油气在运移过程中其组分和同位素组成发生一定的变化 ,这为利用油气地化特征探讨油气运移提供了理论基础。利用该原理对莺琼盆地崖 13 1气藏天然气甲烷δ13C1值及凝析油族组分 (烷烃、芳烃、胶质 )、C6化合物 (正构烷烃、异构烷烃、环烷烃、芳烃 )等的相对含量和碳同位素组成进行了研究。结果表明 ,该气藏中天然气甲烷及凝析油族组分的δ13C1值由西到东呈现逐渐变轻的趋势 ;凝析油中极性相对弱的组分含量逐渐增加 ,极性相对强的组分含量逐渐降低。这表明崖13 1气藏中的油气应主要来自一号断层西侧的莺歌海盆地 ,其运移方向是由西以东。对莺琼盆地东方 1 1气藏天然气甲烷δ13C1值的研究表明 ,该气藏主要是由下覆烃源岩生成的天然气向上运移到浅层形成的 ,气藏中大部分天然气的垂向运移距离在 2km以上     

A lower limit for atmospheric carbon dioxide levels 3.2 billion years ago

The quantification of greenhouse gases present in the Archaean atmosphere is critical for understanding the evolution of atmospheric oxygen, surface temperatures and the conditions for life on early Earth. For instance, it has been argued that small changes in the balance between two potential greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide and methane, may have dictated the feedback cycle involving organic haze production and global cooling. Climate models have focused on carbon dioxide as the greenhouse gas responsible for maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures during a time of low solar luminosity. However, the analysis of 2.75-billion-year (Gyr)-old palaeosols--soil samples preserved in the geologic record--have recently provided an upper constraint on atmospheric carbon dioxide levels well below that required in most climate models to prevent the Earth's surface from freezing. This finding prompted many to look towards methane as an additional greenhouse gas to satisfy climate models. Here we use model equilibrium reactions for weathering rinds on 3.2-Gyr-old river gravels to show that the presence of iron-rich carbonate relative to common clay minerals requires a minimum partial pressure of carbon dioxide several times higher than present-day values. Unless actual carbon dioxide levels were considerably greater than this, climate models predict that additional greenhouse gases would still need to have a role in maintaining above-freezing surface temperatures.     

论冀中地区O、C—P凝析气藏的形成条件

据凝析油轻烃组成、甲烷及其同系物碳同位素组成、天然气与源岩吸附气指纹时比、双环倍半萜组合特征及地质结构的综合分析,查明O、C—P大多数提析气藏的油气主要来源于石炭—二叠系煤系腐植型有机质,混入了部分下第三系的油气。对石炭—二叠系成烃特点的分析表明,R。=0.6%～1.3%,以成气为主,生油为辅,原始油气比一般大于1OOCm3/t。成熟期的石炭—二叠系有机质的成烃特点和具备油气富集的良好地质条件是O、C—P凝析气藏形成的基本条件。     

Kinetic study of hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene from Lunnan area, Tabei uplift

The molecular compositions and molecular carbon isotopic compositions of gas hydrocarbons produced in the hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene from Lunnnan area were investigated by pyrolysis of asphaltene sealed in gold tube in a limited system. The experimental results indicated that oil asphaltene from Lunnan area had relatively high generation potential of methane. However, the molecular compositions and molecular carbon isotopic compositions of gas hydrocarbons in the hydrocarbon generation of oil asphaltene exhibited different characteristics from that of gas hydrocarbons by primary cracking of kerogen and secondary cracking of oil. Based on kinetic simulation with paleo-geothermal data of oil reservoir, the methane produced by cracking of oil asphatene was characterized by relatively light carbon isotopic compositions. This result could not explain relatively heavy carbon isotopic compositions of natural gas from Lunnan area. Pyrolysis of kerogen from source rocks under very high temperature probably made remarkable contributions to natural gas from Lunnan area.     

注入二氧化碳及氮气驱替煤层气机理的实验研究

论述了我国开采煤层气目前存在的问题,并且通过煤对二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氮气（N2）吸附机理的分析,提出注入二氧化碳（CO2）或氮气（N2）提高煤层气采收率技术的可行性。并从其注气驱替煤层气的作用机理的不同,从理论上和实验中得出注入二氧化碳（CO2）的效果要优于氮气（N2）。     

煤层气注气开采多组分流体扩散模型数值模拟

为了解决低渗透煤层气开发遇到挑战,依据双重介质扩散渗流和多组分吸附平衡理论,建立了注气开采煤层气多组分流体扩散渗流模型,利用数值方法研究了注气开采煤层气的增产机理．研究表明,注入二氧化碳气体不但减少了煤层甲烷的分压,加速了煤层甲烷的解吸,而且二氧化碳气体比甲烷气体更易吸附,竞争吸附置换煤层甲烷分子,从而提高了煤层气产量,结果表明注气开采煤层气是提高我国低渗透煤层气产量的有效途径。     

流固耦合作用下注气开采煤层气增产规律研究

提高低渗透煤层气产量是我国煤层气开采中急需解决的关键问题,加速煤层甲烷解吸过程的注气增产方法是提高低渗透煤层气产量的有效途径。由于排采降压在孔隙流体压力变化的范围内会引起储层孔隙介质的应力和应变的变化,造成有效渗透率和孔隙度的降低,同时也影响注气和产气的动态参数。研究这些规律,首先建立了注气开采煤层气多组分流体扩散渗流的流固耦合模型,利用数值方法研究了注气开采煤层气的增产机理。研究表明,注入二氧化碳气体不但减少了煤层甲烷的分压．加速了煤层甲烷的解吸;而且二氧化碳气体比甲烷气体更易吸附,竞争吸附置换煤层甲烷分子,从而提高了煤层气产量,同时必须重视耦合作用对注气增产造成的不利影响。     

低渗透性煤层注液态CO2置换驱替CH4试验

针对低渗透性煤层瓦斯难以抽采的问题,结合液态CO_2低温、低黏、渗流阻力小、相变增压等特性,提出低渗透性煤层注液态CO_2置换驱替CH_4技术。在韩城矿区桑树坪二号井开展煤层注液态CO_2置换驱替CH_4工业性试验,开发了压注工艺系统,确定了压注关键性参数,判定了CO_2置换驱替CH_4技术效果。试验结果表明:液态CO_2压注时压力呈现波动特性,起始升压速率较快,达到2.5MPa左右时趋于稳定;压注管路瞬时流量为0.6~1.4m~3/h,累计压注液态CO_2为6.0m~3;以压注过程中检验孔内CO_2体积分数为指标,判定试验有效影响半径达到18m。试验区域瓦斯抽采体积分数是原始体积分数的2.5倍,抽采纯量是原始纯量的3.5倍,相比瓦斯抽采效率提高。     

注入增产法提高煤层气采收率的理论探讨

美国Amoco公司开发的注入增产法是一项很有前途的提高煤层气采收率的方法,为此笔者在研究煤对二元气体吸附特征的基础上,探讨了注入增产法的基本原理。结果表明,煤对常见气体的吸附能力由强到弱为：二氧化碳、甲烷、氮气、氢气;煤对二元混合气体总的吸附及对甲烷的吸附均符合Langmiur方程,但在ＣＨ４＋Ｈ２或ＣＨ４＋Ｎ２的吸附系统中,对Ｈ２或Ｎ２吸附时吸附量与压力之间不遵从此关系式,而在ＣＨ４＋ＣＯ２吸附系统中,煤对ＣＯ２的吸附量和压力之间的关系仍可用Langmuir方程定量描述;注入增产法提高煤层瓦斯抽放率是通过注入其它气体使煤对甲烷的吸附量减小来实现的,且注入Ｎ２优于ＣＯ２。     

天然气藏中二氧化碳含量的测井定量评价方法

当气层中含有二氧化碳时,由于烃气、非烃气以及束缚水同时存在,导致孔隙流体成分及其测井响应趋于复 杂,尤其是二氧化碳溶于水后形成的附加导电性不强且无明显规律,使得运用电阻率方法对二氧化碳的定性识别和定 量计算变得非常困难。基于孔隙度测井方法,利用甲烷气体和二氧化碳气体对热中子减速以及扩散方面影响的差异, 选取中子长短源距计数率值建立了二氧化碳定量计算模型。同时,考虑到在储层高温高压条件下甲烷和二氧化碳气 体声波和密度测井响应特征,结合已有的孔隙度和饱和度数据,运用基于体积物理模型的最优化方法对各流体成分的 含量进行计算。将两种方法同试油和测试结果进行了对比,均取得了良好的效果,证实了方法的可靠性。     

高温高压条件下甲烷和二氧化碳溶解度试验

根据不同温度和压力条件下测得的甲烷和二氧化碳两种气体在碳酸氢钠型水中的溶解度数据,对两种气体的溶解度与温度、压力及地层水矿化度之间的关系进行研究。结果表明:在地层水中的溶解机制不同,导致两种气体的溶解度值随温度、压力条件的变化具有不同的演变特征;综合前人低温(小于90℃)测试的溶解度数据,可将甲烷溶解度与温度之间的演变关系划分为缓慢递减(0~80℃)、快速递增(80~150℃)和缓慢递增(大于150℃)3个阶段;二氧化碳溶解度随温度的升高而逐渐降低,随压力升高而逐渐增大,其溶解与析离能力受压力影响更为明显;实际地层中,两种气体间溶解度的差异演变影响了天然气的空间分布。     

Natural gas geochemistry of low evolutionary stage of medium- and small-sized basins in Yunnan Province, southwestern China

The biogenic gas and premature-low mature associated gases in some medium and small-sized basins of Yannan Province, such as Luliang, Yanglin, Baoshan and Jinggu basins, have beed researched. The results show that the biogenic-gas consists mainly of methane which is more than 99% in gasous hydrocarbons and of lighter carbon isotopic composition with δ13C1 values from -60.0‰ to - 75.4‰. The methane carbon isotopic compositions in the Baoshan Basin is relatively heavy (δ13C1 - 60‰- - 65‰), but those in Luliang and Yanglin basins are lighter (δ13C1, less than -70‰), which implies that the gas field of the Baoshan Basin formed earlier than the others. In the Jinggu Basin, where crude oil is premature-lower mature, the natural gas of associated oil relatively wet and the relative content of methane about 58%-95% in gasous hydrocarbons. Constituently the gas composition is much similar to associated one, but the methane carbon isotopic compositions from - 53.8‰ to - 57.8‰ are obviously richer in 12C than those of general oil fields and similarly characterize the biothermo-catalytic transitional zone gas. Their ethane carbon isotopic compositions from - 34.6‰ to -29.0‰ show that they may be derived from type Ⅰ or Ⅱ source rock. But for the associated gas from lower evolutionary stage, the heavier ethane carbon isotopic composition as well as the reversed order among the carbon isotopic composition of ethane, propylane and butane also implies that some gases from the type Ⅲ organic matter are mixed. The δ13CCo2 of the samples essentially less than - 10‰ may be generated from organic matter.     

南充市煤改气行动计划政策案例研究

南充市煤改气工程作为全国煤改气工程的3个成功典型案例之一，具有一定的代表性，本文就该市煤改气工程的环境效益和经济可行性进行分析，以供其它城市煤改气工程参考．     

东濮凹陷二氧化碳生成模拟试验研究

为了探明东濮凹陷二氧化碳的来源及其丰度 ,采用加水热解法对不同源岩进行了二氧化碳生成热模拟试验 .3个实验样品取自可能的二氧化碳源岩 :下第三系泥岩、石炭—二叠系的煤岩和古生界奥陶系的灰岩 .实验结果表明 ,煤岩的生气 (二氧化碳和烃类 )能力最大 ,70 0℃时达 1 86mL/g ,泥岩次之 ,为 1 0 0 96mL/g ,灰岩最小为 2 0 49mL/g .对生成气的成分分析结果表明 ,煤岩气体产物中烃类约占 80 %～ 90 %,CO2 约占 7%～ 1 5 %;奥陶系灰岩的生烃能力很小 ,主要生成CO2 气体 .根据东濮凹陷不同源岩的生气能力 ,以及对产物的成分和同位素值的分析 ,可得到以下结论 :该区二氧化碳主要有两个来源 ,一是无机成因的主要与海相碳酸岩分解有关 ,二是有机成因的 ,主要是石炭—二叠系煤系地层热分解产生的二氧化碳 .下第三系地层由于热演化程度低 ,难以产生规模二氧化碳     

Methanotrophic symbionts provide carbon for photosynthesis in peat bogs

Wetlands are the largest natural source of atmospheric methane, the second most important greenhouse gas. Methane flux to the atmosphere depends strongly on the climate; however, by far the largest part of the methane formed in wetland ecosystems is recycled and does not reach the atmosphere. The biogeochemical controls on the efficient oxidation of methane are still poorly understood. Here we show that submerged Sphagnum mosses, the dominant plants in some of these habitats, consume methane through symbiosis with partly endophytic methanotrophic bacteria, leading to highly effective in situ methane recycling. Molecular probes revealed the presence of the bacteria in the hyaline cells of the plant and on stem leaves. Incubation with (13)C-methane showed rapid in situ oxidation by these bacteria to carbon dioxide, which was subsequently fixed by Sphagnum, as shown by incorporation of (13)C-methane into plant sterols. In this way, methane acts as a significant (10-15%) carbon source for Sphagnum. The symbiosis explains both the efficient recycling of methane and the high organic carbon burial in these wetland ecosystems.     

煤层甲烷含气量预测的研究现状

本文就目前国内外对煤层甲烷含气量的预测研究进行了分析总结，并对各种预测方法的适用条件作了进一步的介绍。     

Projected increase in continental runoff due to plant responses to increasing carbon dioxide

In addition to influencing climatic conditions directly through radiative forcing, increasing carbon dioxide concentration influences the climate system through its effects on plant physiology. Plant stomata generally open less widely under increased carbon dioxide concentration, which reduces transpiration and thus leaves more water at the land surface. This driver of change in the climate system, which we term 'physiological forcing', has been detected in observational records of increasing average continental runoff over the twentieth century. Here we use an ensemble of experiments with a global climate model that includes a vegetation component to assess the contribution of physiological forcing to future changes in continental runoff, in the context of uncertainties in future precipitation. We find that the physiological effect of doubled carbon dioxide concentrations on plant transpiration increases simulated global mean runoff by 6 per cent relative to pre-industrial levels; an increase that is comparable to that simulated in response to radiatively forced climate change (11 +/- 6 per cent). Assessments of the effect of increasing carbon dioxide concentrations on the hydrological cycle that only consider radiative forcing will therefore tend to underestimate future increases in runoff and overestimate decreases. This suggests that freshwater resources may be less limited than previously assumed under scenarios of future global warming, although there is still an increased risk of drought. Moreover, our results highlight that the practice of assessing the climate-forcing potential of all greenhouse gases in terms of their radiative forcing potential relative to carbon dioxide does not accurately reflect the relative effects of different greenhouse gases on freshwater resources.