用ADS在AutoCAD for Windows环境中开发应用程序的方法

通常采用程序设计的方法来解决工程应用中的实际问题。ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ本身提供了ＡｕｔｏＬＩＳＰ、ＡＤＳ、ＤＣＬ等二次开发工具。ＡＤＳ是Ａｕｔｏｄｅｓｋ公司提供的在Ａｕｔｏ－ＣＡＤ环境中作二次开发的高级Ｃ语言编程环境。进行ＡＤＳ程序设计,可以为ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ增加新的命令、菜单、图标等,以满足用户的不同需要。通过完整的实例介绍,系统地说明了用ＡＤＳ开发ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤｆｏｒ Ｗｉｎｄｏｗｓ应用程序的方法,以     

AutoCAD应用程序编程接口的历史变迁和比较

１ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ应用程序编程接口的历史变迁ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ从第一版开始就已经支持用户化,例如,向用户提供命令组（ｓｃｒｉｐｔ）和菜单宏命令。以后的ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ向用户提供了第一个实实在在的应用程序编程接口（ＡＰＩ）ＡｕｔｏＬＩＳＰ。随后的几年中,ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ又提供了一系列的新的二次开发编程环境,其中包括ＡＤＳ（ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＳｙｓｔｅｍ）、ＡＤＳＲＸ、ＯｂｊｅｃｔＡＲＸ和ＡｃｔｉｖｅｘＡｕｔｏｍａｔｉｏｎ。Ａｕｔｏｄｅｓｋ在１９８９年随ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ发行了ＡｕｔｏＬＩ…     

CAD系统建设杂谈

本文收集了大量企事业单位在ＣＡＤ系统建设方面的疑问,真正的从用户角度出发,阐述了杭州大恒对ＣＡＤ系统的认识和体会。也衷心希望用户能够从中获取一些有用的信息,在今后的ＣＡＤ应用中明确方向,重点投入,产生良好的回报。⒈何谓ＣＡＤ系统ＣＡＤ,即英语ＣｏｍｐｕｔｅｒＡｉｄｅｄＤｅｓｉｇｎ(计算机辅助设计)的简称。在应用领域,ＣＡＤ系统有狭义和广义的两种定义:狭义的ＣＡＤ系统仅包含了计算机辅助设计的内容,关注的重点是产品设计质量;广义的ＣＡＤ系统包含了ＣＡＤ、ＣＡＰＰ、ＣＡＥ、ＣＡＭ、ＰＤＭ等从产品设计到制造的全部内…     

系统化的机械产品计算机辅助设计（SCAD）方法的研究

通过将系统化的工程设计方法与ＣＡＤ技术相结合，提出系统化的计算机辅助设计（ＳＣＡＤ）方法。并研究了ＳＣＡＤ所包含的四个阶段－计算机辅助产品规划（ＣＡＰＲＰ）、计算机辅助概念设计（ＣＡＣＤ）、计算机辅助具体化设计（ＣＡＥＤ）和计算机辅助详细设计（ＣＡＤＤ）的一些具体实施方案，形成了ＳＣＡＤ技术的基本理论框架。     

基于AutoCAD ASI的弹簧绘图与管理

介绍利用绘图软件ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ的Ｃ语言开发系统ＡＤＳ（ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤＤｅｖｅｌｏｐｍｅｎｔＳｙｓ－ｔｅｍ）和数据库接口ＡＳＩ（ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤＳＱＬＩｎｔｅｒｆａｃｅ）开发出的弹簧绘图和管理模块,该模块利用数据库技术,开发方法体现了现代ＣＡＤ的技术思想,具有直观、方便和实用的特点．     

水稻花发育相关MADS-box基因的克隆

以水稻幼穗总ＲＮＡ为模板,利用３′－ＲＡＣＥ克隆了８个接近于全长的水稻ＭＡＤＳ－ｂｏｘ 基因的ｃＤＮＡ．在ＧｅｎＢａｎｋ 的数据库中查询表明,其中２个ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳ１,ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳ２分别与已报道的水稻ＭＡＤＳ－ｂｏｘ 基因Ｏｓ－ＭＡＤＳ５和ＯｓＭＡＤＳ４５有极高的同源性,另外６个为新的尚未见报道的水稻ＭＡＤＳ－ｂｏｘ 基因．系统进化树分析表明ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳ１,ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳ２和ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳ４可能与Ｃ组基因的功能相关;ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳ３,ＦＤＲＭＡＤＳ６和ＦＤＲ－ＭＡＤＳ７可能与Ａ 组基因的功能相关     

二十碳五烯酸和二十二碳六烯酸的代谢和生理机能

二十二碳六烯酸（简称ＤＨＡ）和二十碳五烯酸（简称ＥＰＡ）是鱼油中的生理活性物质．本文回顾了近几十年关于ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ的代谢及生理机能的研究．阐述了ＥＰＡ和花生四烯酸（简称ＡＡ）的两个重要代谢途径：环氧化酶途径和脂氧酶途径,指出ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ能抑制ＡＡ在这两个途径中的代谢．归纳了ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ主要生理作用：ＥＰＡ和ＤＨＡ能抑制血栓形成、降低血胆固醇和血脂、抗炎症;ＤＨＡ能抑制肿瘤的生长和抗过敏反应;ＤＨＡ可增加脑和神经系统的活性．     

工业控制微机系统多功能模拟量,数字量输入／输出接口卡

本文介绍了使用ＡＤ７５４，ＤＡＣ１２１０和８２５３等芯片所组成的多功能Ａ／Ｄ、Ｄ／Ａ接口卡的结构，工作原理，使用方法及其性能指标。     

AutoCAD R13 中清角功能的实现

在总结机械、建筑ＣＡＤ工作实践的基础上，针对ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ通用绘图软件，归纳提出了清角的图线处理功能，研究了清角功能的算法，讨论了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤＲ１３中各种直线类图元的关系及其清角的处理方法。完善并丰富了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ实用绘图功能，提高了ＡｕｔｏＣＡＤ绘制工程图的效率。     

运用软件方法扩大A/D和D/A适用范围的研究

描述了一种原理简单、方法实用的计算机软件处理方法，解决了一定类型的Ａ／Ｄ变换器（ＡＤＣ）与Ｄ／Ａ变换器（ＤＡＣ）在实际应用中需与不同输入和输出电平相匹配的问题，克服了用硬件电路进行调整和选用特殊Ａ／Ｄ与Ｄ／Ａ器件产生的困难。     

Temporal and spatial variations in the Palmer Drought Severity Index over the past four centuries in arid, semiarid, and semihumid East Asia

Based on a database of 106 annually resolved tree-ring chronologies and 244 Palmer Drought Severity Index(PDSI)grid data,we attempted to reconstruct gridded spatial drought patterns in each year over the past four centuries in the arid,semiarid,and semihumid East Asia.The results showed that these regions mainly experienced drought events during the periods from AD 1601 to AD 1652,AD 1680 to AD 1718,AD 1779 to AD 1791,AD 1807 to AD 1824,AD 1846 to AD 1885,and AD 1961 to AD 1999.In the middle of the 16th century,severe droughts occurred mainly in North China;during the period from AD 1876 to AD 1878,droughts occurred in most parts of northern China;and from the 1920s to 1940s,catastrophic drought events spread across almost all of northern China and Mongolia.These historical drought events caused severe ecological and environmental problems and substantially affected the development of human society.In these regions,temperature and summer monsoon precipitation are the main factors influencing drought events.In western areas,PDSI and temperature exhibit a close relationship,whereas in eastern areas,summer monsoon rainfall is the dominant factor influencing variations in PDSI.     

东海内陆架泥质沉积Rb和Sr的地球化学及其古气候意义

通过对位于东海内陆架闽浙沿岸泥质沉积区北部的DD2孔进行AMS14C年龄测试和Rb,Sr含量测定,获得了近2ka的Rb/Sr比值(RRb/Sr)变化的高分辨率曲线。该曲线揭示出10次RRb/Sr低值时期,它们与历史时期中国温度下降有很好的对应关系,并印证了约990AD的降温事件。根据RRb/Sr的变化,基本认同竺可桢所界定的隋唐温暖期,并认为气候存在温暖-寒冷-温暖的波动,且其中的相对寒冷期为800-890AD。研究认为小冰期时间段为1480-1890AD,且由3个寒冷阶段构成,小冰期的最冷峰为约1520AD,1670AD,1780AD和1850AD。     

沼气厌氧消化过程影响因素研究进展

沼气厌氧消化过程涉及复杂微生物群落在厌氧环境下的协同作用,此过程中的因素变化会导致菌群结构发生改变,进而影响发酵系统的稳定性和效率。本文对影响厌氧发酵过程稳定和效率的因素进行了探讨,包括发酵温度、pH值、碳氮比、有机负荷、停留时间及营养元素等。认为厌氧发酵过程采用混合原料可以弥补单一原料发酵过程的养分不足和特定成分积累对发酵过程稳定性的影响;在发酵温度的选择上,要充分考虑能源输入/输出比,才能保证过程的经济性。     

What can false memory tell us about memory impairments in Alzheimer’s disease?

The range of memory impairments associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a focus for psychological and clinical re-searchers for many years. In addition to investigations of AD patients’ veridical memory using traditional recognition memory tasks, a number of recent studies have focused on false memories to reveal the underlying causes of memory impairment in AD. Studies comparing illusory memories between AD patients and healthy older people have revealed various differences in memory deficits between the development of AD and the typical aging processes. Here, we review 3 types of memory illusions tested in AD patients: associative memory illusions, fluency-based false memories and source memory errors. By comparing AD patients with healthy older adults, we sought to analyze the mechanisms underlying AD-related memory impairments at different stages of memory processing, including encoding, retrieval and monitoring. This comparison revealed that AD patients exhibit an impaired ability to establish and utilize gist representations at the encoding stage and impairments in processing on the basis of familiarity and recollection at the retrieval stage. Consequently, patients with AD have access to less information when making memory judgments. As a result, they become more susceptible to the effects of item fluency, which can be manipulated during the retrieval stage. Furthermore, with impaired source memory monitoring abilities, the capacity of AD patients to suppress memory illusions is compromised. Based on these findings, we propose that the study of false memories constitute a critical tool for elucidating the memory impairments involved in AD. Further explorations of these memory impairments will have practical significance for the diagnosis and treatment of AD in the future.     

Segregation of a missense mutation in the amyloid precursor protein gene with familial Alzheimer's disease.

A locus segregating with familial Alzheimer's disease (AD) has been mapped to chromosome 21, close to the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene. Recombinants between the APP gene and the AD locus have been reported which seemed to exclude it as the site of the mutation causing familial AD. But recent genetic analysis of a large number of AD families has demonstrated that the disease is heterogeneous. Families with late-onset AD do not show linkage to chromosome 21 markers. Some families with early-onset AD show linkage to chromosome 21 markers, but some do not. This has led to the suggestion that there is non-allelic genetic heterogeneity even within early onset familial AD. To avoid the problems that heterogeneity poses for genetic analysis, we have examined the cosegregation of AD and markers along the long arm of chromosome 21 in a single family with AD confirmed by autopsy. Here we demonstrate that in this kindred, which shows linkage to chromosome 21 markers, there is a point mutation in the APP gene. This mutation causes an amino-acid substitution (Val----Ile) close to the carboxy terminus of the beta-amyloid peptide. Screening other cases of familial AD revealed a second unrelated family in which this variant occurs. This suggests that some cases of AD could be caused by mutations in the APP gene.     

阿尔茨海默病致病基因突变相关的啮齿类动物和非人灵长类动物模型

摘要: 我国现有阿尔茨海默病( AD) 患者800 － 1000 万,患者数量随着人口老龄化逐年增加,目前尚无有效治疗或者逆转AD 的药物和方法。过去基于啮齿类动物模型筛选出的用于治疗AD 的药物在人体试验中均疗效差或有严重的副作用,这与啮齿类动物模型和AD 患者病理及行为特征差异大有直接关系。非人灵长类动物与人的大脑和神经系统高度相似,建立AD 非人灵长类动物模型意义重大。AD 病因复杂,但是致病基因突变是其已知的明确病因,应该重视利用基因修饰或者基因筛选等技术建立AD 非人灵长类动物模型。本文将着重介绍AD 致病基因突变相关的转基因小鼠模型和非人灵长类动物模型的特点和现状。     

Development in the research of molecular mechanism of Alzheimer’s disease

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a kind of central nervous system disease. The cause of AD is unclear. It is found that the remarkable histopathological characters of AD are senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. β-amyloid plays an important role in the formation of senile plaques and the abnormal phosphorylation of Tau protein is the main reason of neurofibrillary tangles. Apolipoprotein E is correlated to AD' s access, and the third pathological character-AMY plaque perhaps represents a new cause of AD. Presenlin and proteinaceous infectious particles are also related with AD. A summary of molecular mechanism for AD and the development of research is presented.     

证病结合的异常黑胆质型阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型的建立及行为学改变

 在前期已建立的异常黑胆质载体动物模型的基础上,采用聚集态Aβ1-40 双海马定向注射制备证病结合的异常黑胆质型阿尔茨海默病(AD)模型,并以Morris 水迷宫及跳台实验验证证病结合模型的行为学改变特点。结果表明,各组大鼠饮食、水量及体重变化:单纯(AD)组、异常黑胆质证组饮食、水量较正常对照组增加(P<0.05);证病结合的异常黑胆质型AD 模型组饮食、水量较异常黑胆质组减少(P<0.01);单纯AD 组、异常黑胆质证组、证病结合组体重较正常对照组均减轻(P<0.01)。各组大鼠Morris 水迷宫空间探索试验经过有效区域次数:与正常对照组比较,单纯AD 组、异常黑胆质证组、证病结合组经过有效区域次数均减少(P<0.01);与单纯AD 组相比,证病结合组经过有效区域次数明显减少(P<0.05)。各组大鼠跳台测试:与空白对照组比较,单纯AD 组、异常黑胆质证组和证病结合组反应期延长,潜伏期缩短,错误次数增多,学习记忆成绩明显降低(P<0.01);证病结合组与单纯痴呆组相比略低,但无统计学差异(P>0.05)。由此得出,在异常黑胆质载体大鼠模型的基础上,采用聚集态Aβ1-40 双海马定向注射制备证病结合的异常黑胆质型AD 模型,不仅动物体表特征的变化符合维医体液证候改变特点,通过行为学验证后学习记忆改变特点又符合西医疾病的特点。     

阿尔茨海默症发病机制及治疗方法研究进展

 阿尔茨海默症（Alzheimer's disease,AD）是以β淀粉样蛋白斑块及神经元纤维缠结为主要病理特征的神经退行性疾病,是痴呆中最常见的一种,也是一种常见的老年人疾病。AD的发病机制可能由多种发病因素、多种通路和分子机制的相互参与引起。由于AD的发病主要同老年人有关,故研究治疗AD的方法对于提高人类健康和生活水平至关重要。虽然目前并没有一种治疗方法可以完全治愈AD,但有多种治疗策略。本文对AD的发病机制及治疗方法的研究进展进行简要综述。     

直接数字频率合成器AD9852的原理及应用

AD9852是美国AD公司生产的新型直接数字频率合成器(DDS),是一种使用方便灵活、功能较强的芯片。这种商用集成芯片可用于本振合成回路,高精度时钟发生器等。介绍了AD9852的工作原理、功能及其在本机振荡器中的应用。