Cytogenetic Mapping of Disease Resistance Genes and Analysis of Their Distribution Features on Chromosomes in Maize

0　IntroductionMaizeisamongthemostintensivelystudiedspeciesingeneticsandoneofagronomicallythemostimportantplants.Therearemanydis easemicrobesandpeststoattackmaize,whichre sultsinlowproductionandbadquality .Withthedevelopmentofverydensegeneticmapconstruc tion ,avarietyoftheimportantdiseaseresistancegenesofmaizeincludingHelminthosporiumtur ciumPassresistancegenesHt1,Htn1andHt2 ,HelminthosporiummaydisNisikresistancegenesRhm1andRhm2 ,maizedwarfmosaicvirusresis tancegeneMdm1,wheatstreakmosaicvi…     

小菜蛾抗药性研究进展

小菜蛾作为各种十字花科蔬菜的重要害虫，对多种有机氯、有机磷、氨基甲酸酯；拟除虫菊酯、苯甲酰脲类昆虫生长调节剂、农用抗生素甚至植物源杀虫剂都产生了不同程度的抗药性。本文就小菜蛾的抗药性的形成与发展、杀虫剂之间的交互抗性、抗性的生理生化机制以及分子、遗传机制等方面研究进展进行了论述。     

Mapping of two new brown planthopper resistance genes from wild rice

A brown planthopper (BPH) resistance line, B5, derived its resistance genes from the wild riceOryza officinalis Wall exwatt, was hybridized with Taichung Native 1, a cultivar highly susceptible to BPH. A mapping population composed of randomly selected 167 F₂ individuals was used for determining the BPH resistance genes by the restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (RFLP). Bulked segregant analysis was conducted to identify RFLP makers linked to the BPH resistance genes in B5. The results indicated that the markers linked to BPH resistance are located at two genomic regions on the long arm of chromosome 3 and the short arm of chromosome 4, respectively. The existence of the two loci was further assessed by the quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We located the two loci at a 3.2 cM interval between G1318 and R1925 on chromosome 3 and a 1.2 cM interval between C820 and S11182 on chromosome 4. Comparison with the BPH genes that have been reported indicated that the BPH resistance genes in B5 are novel. These two genes may be useful BPH resistance resource for rice breeding. Furthermore, the mapping of the two genes is useful for cloning the BPH resistance genes.     

用于有机磷农药残留检测的植物酯酶筛选

利用酶法分析中的酶抑制原理，在不同pH条件下对可被有机磷农药抑制的不同来源的植物酯酶进行了筛选。以总酯酶活力和对敌敌畏的灵敏度为指标，确定了豫麦39中提取的植物酯酶为最佳的农药检测用酶，其最佳检测pH为6.5．     

桃蚜研究新进展

本文从桃蚜的生物生态学、抗药性的酶学机理和分子生物学机理三个方面对桃蚜的最近的研究进展作了综述。不同体色的桃蚜对环境的适应能力不同。桃蚜的抗药性主要是由羧酸酯酶 E4扩增引起的。但是乙酰胆碱酯酶的不敏感性也增加了桃蚜对氨基甲酸酯类农药的抗性。在分子水平上 ,桃蚜的抗性机制主要是酯酶基因的扩增。同时对这些扩增的酯酶基因的遗传方式也有一些研究。     

不同地区黄鼠肝脏三种同工酶比较

本文采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的生化技术对宁夏海原县、内蒙古阿拉善左旗、乌拉特前旗以及赤峰市巴林右旗等地黄鼠的肝脏进行了同工酶的比较分析。结果表明以上4个地区黄鼠的肝脏过氧化物酶同工酶均具有A,B,C 3个活性区,共有11条酶带,其中主带有3条;酯酶同工酶具有A,B 2个活性区,共有19条酶带,其中主带8条;细胞色素氧化酶同工酶亦具有A,B,C 3个活性区,共有23条酶带,其中主带7条。不同地区黄鼠肝脏3种同工酶酶谱一致。     

等电聚焦电泳法分离鉴定生漆中同工酶

从中国湖北建始和利川毛坝生漆中提取粗漆酶,应用等电聚焦电泳(IEF)技术分离鉴定同工酶.实验结果表明,除了含有能催化多胺或多酚的氧化酶(漆酶)外,还有酯酶和过氧化酶.氧化酶同工酶建始漆共有18条带、毛坝漆有15条带;酯酶同工酶建始漆有20条带、毛坝漆有18条带;过氧化酶建始漆有18条带、毛坝漆只有6条带.并测定了各酶带的等电点.     

Genome-wide identification of R genes and exploitation of candidate RGA markers in rice

By scanning the whole genomic sequence of japonica rice using 45 known plant disease resistance (R) genes, we identified 2119 resistance gene homologs or analogs (RGAs) and verified that RGAs are not randomly distributed but tend to cluster in the rice genome. The RGAs were classified into 21 families according to their functional domain based on Hidden Markov model (HMM). By comparing the RGAs of japonica rice with the whole genomlc sequence of indica rice, we found 702 RGAs allelic between the two subspecies and revealed that 671 (95.6%) of them have length difference (InDels) in their genomic sequences (including coding and non-coding regions) between the two subspecies, suggesting that RGAs are highly polymorphic between the two subspecies in rice. We also exploited 402 PCR-based and co-dominant candidate RGA markers by designing primer pairs on the regions flanking the lnDels and validating them via e-PCR. The length differences of the candidate RGA markers between the two subspecies are from 1 to 742 hp, with an average of 10.26 hp. All related information of the RGAs is available from our web site(http://ibi.zju.edu.cn/RGAs/index.html).     

不同寄主尖孢镰刀菌同工酶异质性的研究

利用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳测定了来自不同寄主枯萎病原菌尖孢镰刀菌过氧化物酶同工酶(POD)和酯酶同工酶(EST).结果表明,过氧化物酶同工酶共有3条主酶带,其迁移率分别为:Rf=0.08,Rf=0.20和Rf=0.4.但不同寄主的尖孢镰刀菌POD同工酶存在着明显的差别,来源于花生的尖孢镰刀菌只有2条POD同工酶酶带,其迁移率为:Rf=0.20和Rf=0.08;来源于甜瓜的尖孢镰刀菌只有1条POD同工酶酶带,其迁移率为:Rf=0.20;来源于不同寄主的镰刀菌的EST同工酶谱之间也存在着较大的差别.来源于黄瓜、甜瓜和西瓜的镰刀菌的EST酶谱较为相似,都具有Rf=0.018,Rf=0.114和Rf=1.000的3条酶带,其它寄主来源的镰刀菌的EST酶谱间互相则存在着很大的差别.但这些菌株基本上都存在着Rf为0.018和1.000的2条酯酶同工酶酶带.     

毛腿鼠耳蝠Myotis fimbriatus不同组织酯酶同工酶的比较

采用聚丙烯酰胺不连续凝胶垂直板活性电泳,分析了毛腿鼠耳蝠的心脏、肝脏、肾脏、胸肌、肺、胃、小肠、舌8种组织的酯酶.结果表明:毛腿鼠耳蝠8种组织的酯酶同工酶存在差异,其分布和活性具有明显的组织特异性,与器官或组织所执行的功能有关.     

种质资源酯酶同工酶的研究

研究烟草种子酯酶同工酶酶谱,品种包括国外引进烤烟品种,国内选育的烤烟品种和安徽省地方晒烟品种。研究结果表明：烟草品种种子中酯酶具有遗传稳定的特性,其同工酶谱带丰富（一般７－１０条）,品种间既在主要谱带上具有共同的模式,又在部分谱带上存在差异,个别品种带变异较大。在烟草种子酯酶同工酶谱中,Ａ系谱带出现频率高（大于８５％,其中Ａ５达到１００％）,Ｂ系频率低（最低的Ｂ２只有４１％）。     

A point mutation in the A gamma-globin gene promoter in Greek hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin

Hereditary persistance of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH) is a benign condition characterized by the production in adulthood of more than 1% fetal haemoglobin (HbF, alpha 2 gamma 2) in the absence of erythropoietic stress. Several genetic types have been discerned based on the level of HbF produced, the relative contributions of the duplicated fetal (G gamma and A gamma) globin genes, and the presence or absence of deletions involving the beta and delta genes in cis to the mutation. Greek HPFH is a non-deletion variety in which heterozygotes produce 10-20% HbF, predominantly due to overproduction of the A gamma chain. We have cloned a 40-kilobase (kb) region of the beta-globin cluster from a Greek HPFH allele and report here that a point mutation (G----A) occurs 117 base pairs (bp) 5' to the cap site of the A gamma-globin gene, just upstream of the distal CCAAT sequence. The corresponding region of the G gamma-globin gene is normal. We discuss the implications of this finding for the developmental regulation of globin gene expression.     

Genes for resistance to stripe rust on chromosome 2B and their application in wheat breeding

Stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is one of the most damaging diseases of wheat worldwide. Growing resistant cultivars is the most economic and environmental friendly way to control the disease. There are many resistance genes to stripe rust located on wheat chromosome 2B. Here, we propose a strategy to construct the recombinant wheat chromosome 2B with multiple resistances to stripe rust by making crosses between wheat lines or cultivars carrying Yr genes and using marker-assisted selection, based on the reported information about resistance spectrum, chromosomal location, and linked markers of the genes. Pyramiding the resistance genes on 2B would afford a valuable strategy to control the disease by cultivating varieties with durable resistance. The possibility, efficiency, and prospect of the suggested strategy are reviewed in the paper.     

Mutation rates differ among regions of the mammalian genome

In the traditional view of molecular evolution, the rate of point mutation is uniform over the genome of an organism and variation in the rate of nucleotide substitution among DNA regions reflects differential selective constraints. Here we provide evidence for significant variation in mutation rate among regions in the mammalian genome. We show first that substitutions at silent (degenerate) sites in protein-coding genes in mammals seem to be effectively neutral (or nearly so) as they do not occur significantly less frequently than substitutions in pseudogenes. We then show that the rate of silent substitution varies among genes and is correlated with the base composition of genes and their flanking DNA. This implies that the variation in both silent substitution rate and base composition can be attributed to systematic differences in the rate and pattern of mutation over regions of the genome. We propose that the differences arise because mutation patterns vary with the timing of replication of different chromosomal regions in the germline. This hypothesis can account for both the origin of isochores in mammalian genomes and the observation that silent nucleotide substitutions in different mammalian genes do not have the same molecular clock.     

Noggin and retinoic acid transform the identity of avian facial prominences.

The signals that determine body part identity in vertebrate embryos are largely unknown, with some exceptions such as those for teeth and digits. The vertebrate face is derived from small buds of tissue, facial prominences, that surround the embryonic oral cavity. In chicken embryos, the skeleton of the upper beak is derived from the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences. Here we show that bone morphogenetic proteins (Bmps) and the vitamin A derivative, retinoic acid (RA), are used to specify the identity of the frontonasal mass and maxillary prominences. Implanting two beads adjacent to the stage-15 presumptive maxillary field, one soaked in the Bmp antagonist Noggin and one soaked in RA, induces a duplicate set of frontonasal mass skeletal elements in place of maxillary bones. We also show that the duplicated beak is due to transformation of the maxillary prominence into a second frontonasal mass and not due to ectopic migration of cells or splitting of the normal frontonasal mass. Thus the levels of Bmp and RA determine whether specific regions of the face form maxillary or frontonasal mass derivatives.     

MHC polymorphism and disease-resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in six turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) families

This study examined genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex(MHC) Class II B gene in turbot(Scophthalmus maximus) by virulent bacterial pathogen challenge.One hundred fry from each of six families were infected with Edwardsiella tarda by intraperitoneal injection.Family mortality ranged from 28.0% to 83.3%.Complete exon 2 and intron 1 sequences of MHC Class II B genes were amplified from five survivor and five non-survivor individuals per family using the clone-sequence method.Thirty-seven sequences from 60 individuals revealed 37 different alleles,25 of which were unique to this study.The 25 unique alleles belonged to 16 major allele types.Nine alleles were used to examine the association between alleles and resistance/susceptibility to disease.Five alleles were present in an individual,suggesting a minimum of three loci or copies of the turbot MHC Class II B gene.The rate of non-synonymous substitution(d N) was 2.30 and 1.58 times higher than synonymous substitution(d S) in the peptide-binding regions(PBR) and non-PBR in whole families,respectively,which suggested balancing selection on exon 2 of the MHC Class II B gene in turbot.One allele,Scma-DBB1*02,was significantly more prevalent in survivor stock than in non-survivor stock(P=0.001).Therefore,this allele might be associated with resistance to bacteria.A second allele,Scma-DBB1*10,was significantly more prevalent in non-survivor stock(P=0.021),and is likely associated with susceptibility to bacteria.