Evidence for recent climate change on Mars from the identification of youthful near-surface ground ice

Ground ice in the crust and soil may be one of the largest reservoirs of water on Mars. Near-surface ground ice is predicted to be stable at latitudes higher than 40 degrees (ref. 4), where a number of geomorphologic features indicative of viscous creep and hence ground ice have been observed. Mid-latitude soils have also been implicated as a water-ice reservoir, the capacity of which is predicted to vary on a 100,000-year timescale owing to orbitally driven variations in climate. It is uncertain, however, whether near-surface ground ice currently exists at these latitudes, and how it is changing with time. Here we report observational evidence for a mid-latitude reservoir of near-surface water ice occupying the pore space of soils. The thickness of the ice-occupied soil reservoir (1-10 m) and its distribution in the 30 degrees to 60 degrees latitude bands indicate a reservoir of (1.5-6.0) x 104 km3, equivalent to a global layer of water 10-40 cm thick. We infer that the reservoir was created during the last phase of high orbital obliquity less than 100,000 years ago, and is now being diminished.     

考虑脱冰速度效应的输电线路脱冰模拟

输电线路的脱冰将对相邻塔产生纵向不平衡张力,严重威胁到输电线路的安全。提出输电线覆冰脱落的有限元模拟方法,与以往的模型试验结果进行比较以验证该方法的准确性,分析导线和地线整档同时脱冰产生的系统响应,最后针对导线的unzipping形式脱冰分析脱冰速度对响应的影响。本文的算例发现,地线整档同时脱冰将产生比导线整档脱冰更大的纵向不平衡张力。在unzipping形式脱冰分析中,脱冰速度越慢,系统响应越接近于静态卸载;脱冰速度越快,系统响应越接近于整档同时脱冰。     

Nonlinear dynamics of ice-wedge networks and resulting sensitivity to severe cooling events

Patterns of subsurface wedges of ice that form along cooling-induced tension fractures, expressed at the ground surface by ridges or troughs spaced 10 30 m apart, are ubiquitous in polar lowlands. Fossilized ice wedges, which are widespread at lower latitudes, have been used to infer the duration and mean temperature of cold periods within Proterozoic and Quaternary climates, and recent climate trends have been inferred from fracture frequency in active ice wedges. Here we present simulations from a numerical model for the evolution of ice-wedge networks over a range of climate scenarios, based on the interactions between thermal tensile stress, fracture and ice wedges. We find that short-lived periods of severe cooling permanently alter the spacing between ice wedges as well as their fracture frequency. This affects the rate at which the widths of ice wedges increase as well as the network's response to subsequent climate change. We conclude that wedge spacing and width in ice-wedge networks mainly reflect infrequent episodes of rapidly falling ground temperatures rather than mean conditions.     

CO2 jets formed by sublimation beneath translucent slab ice in Mars' seasonal south polar ice cap

The martian polar caps are among the most dynamic regions on Mars, growing substantially in winter as a significant fraction of the atmosphere freezes out in the form of CO2 ice. Unusual dark spots, fans and blotches form as the south-polar seasonal CO2 ice cap retreats during spring and summer. Small radial channel networks are often associated with the location of spots once the ice disappears. The spots have been proposed to be simply bare, defrosted ground; the formation of the channels has remained uncertain. Here we report infrared and visible observations that show that the spots and fans remain at CO2 ice temperatures well into summer, and must be granular materials that have been brought up to the surface of the ice, requiring a complex suite of processes to get them there. We propose that the seasonal ice cap forms an impermeable, translucent slab of CO2 ice that sublimates from the base, building up high-pressure gas beneath the slab. This gas levitates the ice, which eventually ruptures, producing high-velocity CO2 vents that erupt sand-sized grains in jets to form the spots and erode the channels. These processes are unlike any observed on Earth.     

河南林州市冬夏倒置冰冰背成因机制浅析

冰冰背是河南林州的一大自然奇观。这里自每年的三月起开始结冰,到八月以后,冰冻开始融化。引起这种冬夏倒置现象的原因与这里特殊的地层结构和地质构造产生强大的"烟囱效应"密切相关。冰冰背景观所处海拔高度都比较高,与附近沟谷最低点高差较大,区内巨厚层的石英砂岩和断裂构造组合形成高差巨大的竖向通道,类似于一个高差数百米的隐形烟囱。夏季地面温度越高,气压越低,烟囱效应越强,冲出"烟囱口"的气体膨胀的体积就越大,根据热力学第一定律它需要吸收的热量就越多,造成地表附近温度下降,直至结冰。冬季当地表气压高于"烟囱口"的气压时,洞内的气体靠消耗内能向外扩散,造成地表附近温度升高。     

2008年初贵州电线积冰厚度的模拟研究—基于天气研究和预报（WRF）模式耦合电线积冰预报系统

电线积冰事故对国民经济危害巨大,急需电线积冰厚度的预报产品。利用耦合了欧洲导线覆冰预报系统的WRF模式,在考虑了覆冰融化的基础上,对2008年1~2月贵州省凝冻天气期间的电线覆冰厚度进行了模拟研究,研究结果表明：WRF模式模拟的气象要素与观测值较为接近,可用模拟的气象场对贵州省导线覆冰进行模拟;模拟站点覆冰厚度的时间变化特征与观测结果非常接近,区域覆冰厚度的时空变化可分为4个阶段：覆冰初步形成期、持续期、加重期及融化期。对比观测站点的覆冰记录,模拟基本重现2008年1~2月贵州省导线覆冰的变化过程;模拟的区域覆冰极值厚度分布也与观测值的相关系数达到0.6,通过了0.01的信度检验。总的来说,该系统能对覆冰的发生、发展及进程进行较为准确的预报,对输电线路上的冰冻灾害防治具有重要意义。     

浅析飞机积冰的原因及防冰策略

飞机积冰会严重影响飞机的性能并危及到飞行的安全,现代飞机都装有先进的防冰系统,该文主要对形成积冰的原因并主要探讨了从飞行中和起飞前地面除,防冰两个方面,说明了积冰对飞行的影响以及正确的防范措施说明积冰的处置和除．防冰的方法。     

Dynamics of ice ages on Mars

Unlike Earth, where astronomical climate forcing is comparatively small, Mars experiences dramatic changes in incident sunlight that are capable of redistributing ice on a global scale. The geographic extent of the subsurface ice found poleward of approximately +/-60 degrees latitude on both hemispheres of Mars coincides with the areas where ice is stable. However, the tilt of Mars' rotation axis (obliquity) changed considerably in the past several million years. Earlier work has shown that regions of ice stability, which are defined by temperature and atmospheric humidity, differed in the recent past from today's, and subsurface ice is expected to retreat quickly when unstable. Here I explain how the subsurface ice sheets could have evolved to the state in which we see them today. Simulations of the retreat and growth of ground ice as a result of sublimation loss and recharge reveal forty major ice ages over the past five million years. Today, this gives rise to pore ice at mid-latitudes and a three-layered depth distribution in the high latitudes of, from top to bottom, a dry layer, pore ice, and a massive ice sheet. Combined, these layers provide enough ice to be compatible with existing neutron and gamma-ray measurements.     

东莞市水环境对地下水资源持续利用的影响与对策

将地表水和地下水作为一个水环境的整体，分析地表水和地下水的关系；根据有机和无机污染的检测结果，按地表水环境质量标准和地下水质量标准对东莞市的水环境现状作出了评价。结果表明，东莞市大部分地表水污染严重，其结果使浅层地下水也受到了一定污染，深层地下水质尚好。为确保地下水资源的可持续利用，提出了地下水资源的保护和开发利用的策略。     

How 'spin ice' freezes.

The large degeneracy of states resulting from the geometrical frustration of competing interactions is an essential ingredient of important problems in fields as diverse as magnetism, protein folding and neural networks. As first explained by Pauling, geometrical frustration of proton positions is also responsible for the unusual low-temperature thermodynamics of ice and its measured 'ground state' entropy. Recent work has shown that the geometrical frustration of ice is mimicked by Dy2Ti2O7, a site-ordered magnetic material in which the spins reside on a lattice of corner-sharing tetrahedra where they form an unusual magnetic ground state known as 'spin ice'. Here we identify a cooperative spin-freezing transition leading to the spin-ice ground state in Dy2Ti2O7. This transition is associated with a very narrow range of relaxation times, and represents a new form of spin-freezing. The dynamics are analogous to those associated with the freezing of protons in ice, and they provide a means through which to study glass-like behaviour and the consequences of frustration in the limit of low disorder.     

三江源地区卫星被动微波遥感特性的初步分析

微波可以穿透云层,可以全天候监测目标区域,还可以比较有效地分辨水体、植被、冰雪和荒漠等。因此,微波遥感资料是研究地表类型众多的三江源地区的有效手段。全球第一个星载全极化微波辐射计WindSat测量的第3和第4个Stokes参数T3和T4,作为前所未有被卫星传感器大面积、长时间序列测量的亮温,为三江源地表目标的探测研究提供了新的工具和方法。仅使用垂直和水平极化亮温TV和TH,会将小面积水体和沼泽误识别成荒漠。结合WindSat辐射计所测量的4个Stokes参数,可以较好地分辨三江源地区的典型目标,例如雪山、湖泊和荒漠等,有利于消除由于地表目标识别错误导致的土壤湿度研究可能存在的潜在误差。TV,TV-TH,MPDI(MPDI=(TV-TH)/(TV TH))以及T3等值线的走向基本体现出西南东北走向,这与该区域植被分布自东南向西北为针叶林、高山草甸草原、干旱草原及荒漠的特点密切相关。冰雪融化和凝结,以及植被的生长和消亡,使得该区域微波辐射的季节性变化显著。前视和后视垂直极化亮温TV及T3的差值表明,该区域的微波辐射随观测方位角的变化是,雪山积雪冰川和湖区的辐射方向性较强,而植被和荒漠的辐射方向性较弱。     

阿勒泰地区果蔬害螨研究初报

报导了阿勒泰地区果树害螨6 种,包括叶螨属( Tetranychus)3 种,始叶螨属( Eotetranychus)2种,全爪螨属( Panonychus)1 种。其中苹果全爪螨( P.ulni) 是新疆新记录种,同时还记述了该地区的蔬菜害螨4 种,均为叶螨属,其中绣球叶螨( T.hydrangeae) 在新疆也是首次报道。又据阿勒泰地区的气候特点,提出了综合防治措施。     

蜻蜓捕食婚飞红火蚁的初步观察

报道了黄蜻(Pantala flavescens Fabricius)对婚飞红火蚁的捕食作用。蜻蜓聚集在婚飞红火蚁的蚁巢上方捕食婚飞红火蚁,平均17只?巢.次,最多40只蜻蜓同时出现于一个婚飞的蚁巢上方。距离地面5 m以下,蜻蜓对婚飞红火蚁的捕食率平均为85.66%,捕食行为主要发生在距离地面3 m以下。捕到婚飞蚁后,蜻蜓立即取食其腹部,丢弃其余部分。蜻蜓这种捕食行为与红火蚁的婚飞同时出现在降雨天气之后的1~2 d内。     

河流冰盖热力增长的数值模拟

文章基于多相流理论,建立了河流的热力与水力条件耦合的二维河道模型.模型把河流当作大气-冰体-水体的一个耦合系统,考虑了系统中界面的热量交换,并考虑了冰花在冰盖下堆积对冰盖热量交换的影响.在不同的入口冰花浓度、冰盖上表面温度、入口水流速度的工况下,对冰盖的增长进行了模拟分析,获得了冰盖厚度的增长特征与冰盖形成后水体速度场和温度场的分布特征.模拟结果表明:入口冰花浓度越大、冰盖上表面温度越低、入口流速越小,则形成的冰盖厚度越大;断面上的流速越大,水温越低.     

500kV-JZ_(11)直线塔地线支架结构改造

为分析500kV-JZ11直线塔地线支架受损垮塌的原因,提出加固改造的方案,对事故现场进行了调研;基于有限元法(FEM),运用ANSYS软件对JZ11直线塔地线支架进行了特征值屈曲分析。结果表明:该地线支架屈曲荷载为43 286N,极限覆冰厚度为28mm,地线支架因覆冰超载而垮塌。针对地线支架结构薄弱点,在原支架基础上增设附属支架,构成组合式双地线支架结构,并进行了校核。结果表明:组合式双地线支架结构承受最大拉应力和最大压应力分别为142和162MPa,均未超过其角钢的抗拉强度(310MPa)和抗压强度(210MPa),满足机械强度要求。     

蜻蜒捕食婚飞红火蚁的初步观察

报道了黄蜻（Pantala flavescens Fabricius）对婚飞红火蚁的捕食作用。蜻蜓聚集在婚飞红火蚁的蚁巢上方捕食婚飞红火蚁，平均17只／巢．次，最多40只蜻蜓同时出现于一个婚飞的蚁巢上方。距离地面5m以下，蜻蜓对婚飞红火蚁的捕食率平均为85．66％，捕食行为主要发生在距离地面3m以下。捕到婚飞蚁后，蜻蜓立即取食其腹部，丢弃其余部分。蜻蜒这种捕食行为与红火蚁的婚飞同时出现在降雨天气之后的1～2d内。     

明清时期中国大陆的气候变化

在我国不同地区通过不同的代用资料恢复的小冰期气候的基础上,分析总结了小冰期我国气候演化的区域分异特征.小冰期气候对中国社会的影响主要表现在：自然灾害加剧对农牧业生产造成危害,加速中国历史时期的人口迁移,对政权变更和政治疆域产生一定的影响.     

层状云人工催化物理效应的数值模拟

对于自然云催化过程的数值模拟可以再现人工催化后云的宏微观物理响应特征,有助于提高对人工催化机理的科学认识,优化人工催化方案。在天气研究与预报(weather research and forecasting, WRF)模型Thompson微物理方案中加入碘化银人工催化过程,对2018年河北省一次层状云催化过程开展数值研究。数值模拟结果表明,采用与实际催化过程相似的催化剂量,层状云降水个例催化后冰晶含水量及地面降水显著增加。该次降水个例自然云中冰相粒子较少,自然云中冰相过程不活跃,数值模拟结果再现了降水个例催化后从过冷却到冰、雪晶含量明显增加的转变。相同催化剂量下,催化层厚度的减少提高了播撒率,进一步优化了催化效果,可见,应该在云中过冷水含量丰富的云区开展冷云催化作业。人工催化过程增加的冰晶通过凝华过程增长并自动转化为雪晶,雪晶增长下落过程中以凇附过冷云水增长为主。催化过程导致地面降雪显著增加。     

湖北地区超高压线路防融冰闪络装置研究

针对湖北地区超高压线路多次发生的融冰闪络现象,列出湖北地区超高压线路融冰闪络特点,分析发生闪络的原因,并设计一种防融冰闪络装置,供借鉴.     

结冰对带舵面翼型流场的影响及其气动参数分析

利用计算流体动力学方法模拟了结冰后带舵面翼型的流场变化特征,分析了不同攻角条件下升力系数与舵面偏转角的量化关系,并对比了角冰和脊状冰条件下气动导数的差异.结果表明:与干净翼型相比,结冰后带舵面翼型的升力系数及升力系数关于舵面偏转角的变化率出现了较大降幅;舵面下偏导致的"上洗"效应将会加大冰型对流场的干扰,角冰引起的流动分离尺度受舵面偏转角的影响较大,且随着来流攻角增加而愈加明显;脊状冰可使翼型上表面产生大范围的流动分离,带舵面翼型的失速偏转角大幅提前,升力系数关于舵面偏转角的变化率大幅降低;在角冰条件下,带舵面翼型的相对气动导数呈现出3个不同的变化阶段,且随着来流攻角和舵面偏转角的增加而逐级下降,而在脊状冰条件下则呈现出2个不同的变化阶段,且其降幅更明显.