用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数

储层岩石的孔隙空间具有良好的分形特征,孔隙结构的分形维数可以用来定量描述孔隙结构的复杂程度。应用分形几何的原理,推导了储层岩石不同孔隙分布和毛细管压力曲线的分形几何模型。根据毛管压力曲线资料,用分段回归的方法计算了不同孔隙结构的分形维数。计算结果表明,用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数能更好地反映孔隙结构的实际情况。若孔隙大小相差不大,孔隙结构的分形维数相等或比较接近;若孔隙大小相差较大、非均质性较强,得到的孔隙结构分形维数不同。     

用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数

储层岩石的孔隙空间具有良好的分形特征,孔隙结构的分形维数可以用来定量描述孔隙结构的复杂程度。应用分形几何的原理,推导了储层岩石不同孔隙分布和毛细管压力曲线的分形几何模型。根据毛管压力曲线资料,用分段回归的方法计算了不同孔隙结构的分形维数。计算结果表明,用分段回归方法计算孔隙结构的分形维数能更好地反映孔隙结构的实际情况。若孔隙大小相差不大,孔隙结构的分形维数相等或比较接近;若孔隙大小相差较大、非均质性较强,得到的孔隙结构分形维数不同。     

基于高压压汞法的泥页岩储层分形研究——以松辽盆地青山口组湖相泥岩为例

基于高压压汞数据,以松辽盆地青山口组湖相泥岩为例,首次利用分形理论研究泥页岩孔隙结构分形特征.根据毛管压力曲线和J函数曲线的分形几何公式获得泥页岩过渡孔(10~100 nm)分形维数.过渡孔分形维数与泥页岩组成、结构(有机地球化学参数TOC、S1、S2,孔隙结构)之间关系分析表明:过渡孔分形维数随TOC含量增加而呈现先降低后趋于平缓的趋势;中值孔径相比较平均孔径、最可几孔径,与过渡孔分形维数相关性最强;黏土矿物中不同组分对孔隙的影响不同,从而泥页岩过渡孔分形维数与黏土矿物含量相关关系均较差;石英受自身脆性、溶蚀作用及次生加大等作用的影响,与过渡孔分形维数相关性较差;过渡孔孔隙结构越复杂,非均质性越差,汞越容易滞留其中,退汞效率越低.     

砂岩储层孔隙结构分形特征描述

在前人对孔隙结构分形特征研究的基础上,利用分形几何理论,建立了描述储层孔径分布的分形几何公式和储层毛管压力曲线的分形几何公式;利用岩心压汞测试资料,建立了描述孔隙结构的分形几何模型,探讨了砂岩孔隙结构的分形特征.研究表明孔隙的分形特征是分区域的,分形维数可以定量描述孔隙的非均质性,分形维数大,砂岩孔隙分布的非均质性强.依据建立的孔隙分形模型,在考虑孔隙结构、润湿性变化的基础上,根据函数公式和毛管束模型,推导出了油水相对渗透率的理论预测公式.根据所得到的理论预测公式,进行了相对渗透率曲线预测.预测结果表明,预测曲线与理论曲线是一致的.同时,可用于长期水驱后油水相对渗透率的预测和不同储层相渗曲线的归类,指导油田开发.     

页岩气藏岩石孔隙分形特征

针对页岩非均质性强,难以用普通方法描述页岩孔隙结构的问题.以美国Fort Worth盆地石炭系Barnett组页岩和四川盆地志留系龙马溪组页岩为研究对象,基于分形理论和方法,以压汞实验测试结果为基础,对页岩孔隙结构展开定量化研究,计算了不同孔隙的分形维值,通过压汞曲线特征和分形曲线特征探讨了页岩孔隙结构特征.研究结果表明:页岩孔隙在特定范围内具有特定的分形特征,分形维数能够反映页岩内部孔隙结构;两类页岩压汞曲线区别在于大孔和微裂缝的发育情况;由不同形态的压汞曲线算得的分形维数双对数曲线也具有不同形态,计算分形维数时需按照不同形态分段拟合.龙马溪组页岩和Barneett页岩相比,孔隙结构更加复杂.     

海陆过渡相页岩孔隙结构特征及分形维数研究

页岩孔隙结构的研究是页岩储集性及含气性评价的重要方面。运用低温氮气等温吸附实验对龙潭组页岩储层的孔隙特征进行了测定,通过孔隙分形维数的计算结合岩石矿物组分、有机质含量及热成熟度测试探讨了龙潭组页岩孔隙结构特征及影响因素。分析结果表明:龙潭组页岩孔隙结构复杂,孔隙类型包括一端封闭型的不透气孔、开放型平行板状狭缝及墨水瓶状孔,平均孔径分布在5.38~13.3 nm,平均为7.78 nm,孔径分布呈双峰型分布的特征;孔隙分形特征明显,分形维数在2.49~2.62,平均为2.54;分形维数受有机质特征、矿物成分及孔隙结构特征共同影响,具体表现为分形维数随TOC(有机碳含量)、R_O、黏土矿物含量及比表面积的增加而增大,随长石含量及样品的平均孔径的增加而减小,与石英及其他矿物成分无明显的相关性。     

基于扫描电镜的页岩微观孔隙结构定量表征

根据二维高分辨率扫描电镜(2D-SEM)图像孔隙灰度阈值提取页岩孔隙分布,采用分形理论计算孔隙形态和孔径分布分形维数,在此基础上分析孔径分布模型、步长及分辨率对页岩2D-SEM孔径分布影响,并与高压压汞(MICP)和低温氮气吸附-解吸(LNA/D)孔径分布对比。结果表明:2D-SEM孔隙提取结果能够定量表征页岩孔隙结构复杂性,孔隙形态分形维数越高,孔隙越复杂,孔径分布分形维数越高,孔径分布越复杂,微孔所占比例越高;连续型孔径分布模型能够准确表征页岩孔径分布,以1/2平均孔喉半径为步长提取的2D-SEM与MICP和LNA/D孔径分布吻合最好;2D-SEM孔径分布受分辨率和页岩非均质性双重影响,应选择代表页岩孔隙结构的高分辨率区域,或采用多张高分辨率SEM拼接图像提取孔径分布;2D-SEM图像能够精确定量表征页岩孔隙结构特征,为取心及制样困难的页岩孔隙结构研究提供了新方法。     

基于压汞实验及密闭取芯的致密油储层分形特征

微观孔隙结构特征是致密砂岩储层研究中的一个重点,对进一步认识储层和后期开发有着重要的意义。对鄂尔多斯盆地中部长4+5储层22块密闭取芯样品进行了薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、X射线衍射和压汞测试,对储层微观孔隙结构的分形特征进行了系统研究。利用毛管压力和湿相饱和度的双对数回归曲线可以计算出分形维数。结果显示,本区长4+5储层存在统一的分形特征。平均孔喉半径与分形维数存在正相关关系,说明随着平均孔喉半径的增大,孔喉半径之间差异变大,储层的非均质性增强。分析认为由于受到成岩作用的影响,孔隙较大的储层受到的溶蚀作用更强,导致孔隙尺寸差别较大,孔隙结构复杂;而孔隙较小的储层的喉道半径变化不大,分布较为均匀。储层的物性和分形维数呈正相关,其主要原因为储层物性主要受到孔喉大小的影响。根据矿物含量与分形维数的关系可得出,石英和绿泥石会使孔隙结构的复杂性降低,而长石和伊利石则会增加储层孔隙结构的复杂性和非均质性。     

残余油微观分布定量化解释及孔隙微观结构变化研究

为进一步研究不同孔隙下残余油饱和度的分布状况,以及残余油对于孔隙微观结构的影响,利用压汞法进汞毛管力曲线计算岩心原始孔隙半径;结合退汞毛管力曲线建立了不同孔隙半径所对应的残余油饱和度计算方法。在此基础上,利用分形理论研究空白岩心及退汞饱和度下的分形维数变化。结果表明:孔隙半径处于1.1~5μm范围相对大孔隙的分形维数高于半径处于0.03~1.1μm范围内小孔隙的分形维数,大孔隙不规则性强于小孔隙;同时在残余油饱和度下,岩心微观孔隙分形维数基本保持恒定,为2.065左右;且进汞时小孔隙维数D-in2、退汞时维数D分别与最大进汞饱和度和退汞饱和度具有明显线性关系。可见,通过开展对孔隙当中微观残余油分布的研究,对今后从降低残余油饱和度角度进行提高采收率研究具有非常重要的学术价值。     

应用分形理论研究鄂尔多斯ZJ油田长6段储层孔隙结构的非均质性

利用薄片资料分析了鄂尔多斯ZJ油田长6段储层的孔隙结构类型和组合特征.用岩样毛管压力数据讨论了岩石孔隙结构的分形特征.用小于某一孔隙半径r的孔隙体积百分比s与r的拟合关系,计算了ZJ油田延长组长6段储层的孔隙结构分形维数.计算结果表明,长6段储层的长62-1小层及长62-2小层的毛管压力曲线都存在一个标度区间,在该区间内孔隙结构才具有分形特征.同一岩样中,大孔隙与小孔隙呈多重分形特征,且对应于不同的标度区间.对于62-1小层,大孔隙段和小孔隙段的分形维数分别为2.58和2.85,表明长62-1小层小孔隙发育段的孔隙结构更复杂.对于长62-2小层,大孔隙段和小孔隙段的分形维数分别为2.71和2.83,同样,小孔隙段的孔隙结构复杂、非均质性强.对比长62-1和长62-2的大孔隙段分形维数知道,前者孔隙结构相对简单.对比测试结果知道,孔隙结构与含油性关系密切,孔隙结构简单的长62-1小层的含油性明显好于长62-2小层,而且孔喉相对分选系数与分形维数呈正相关关系.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with     

Journal of Donghua University ( English Edition) Contents of Volume 31

正~~