基于核磁共振和压汞实验的储层束缚水饱和度计算方法

 为了准确计算新疆某地区砂岩储层的束缚水饱和度,从6口井中分别选取142块砂岩样品进行了核磁共振实验和压汞实验测量。根据核磁共振实验结果,采用T2谱面积比值法、称重法、谱系数束缚水截止值（SBVI）法和统一T2截止值法分别求取束缚水饱和度,认为称重法和T2谱面积比值法更佳,适用于建立研究区储层的束缚水饱和度模型。在核磁共振实验基础上,考察了压汞实验所得到的束缚水饱和度的适用条件,结果表明：对于孔隙度小于15%、渗透率小于1×10-3μm2的样品,6.897×10-3MPa的驱替压力可以将可动水驱替干净,在压汞实验得出的毛管压力曲线上所对应的此驱替压力下的含水饱和度为实际的束缚水饱和度;对于孔隙度大于15%、渗透率大于1×10-3μm2的岩样,6.897×10-3MPa的驱替压力可将部分束缚水驱出,此驱替压力下的含水饱和度不是实际的束缚水饱和度。对于中、高、孔渗储层,利用储层油水密度差所产生的浮力等于毛细管压力这一条件,在纯油层段转化成合适的储层驱替压力,在毛管压力曲线上读取此驱替压力下的含水饱和度即实际的束缚水饱和度。     

储层毛管压力曲线构造方法及其应用

为了连续获取储层毛管压力曲线评价储层孔隙结构,针对储层毛管压力资料非常有限这一问题,以169块不同类型的岩芯压汞资料分析为基础,提出了利用常规孔隙度、渗透率等参数构造毛管压力曲线的新方法,并建立了毛管压力曲线的构造模型。通过与实际岩芯压汞毛管压力曲线的对比,验证了构造模型的准确性,并提出优选综合物性指数模型来连续构造毛管压力曲线。将该毛管压力曲线应用于实际储层评价中以求取平均毛管半径、最大毛管半径和储层含水饱和度等地层参数以及评价储层的孔隙结构,与岩芯分析结果以及油田现场利用测井模型解释获取结果对比表明,新模型计算的结果是真实可靠的。     

采用孔隙体积法计算平均毛管压力曲线

针对毛管压力计算饱和度的过程中存在的问题,提出孔渗体积法重建毛管压力曲线,重构代表油藏平均特征的虚拟毛管压力曲线.将该方法在非洲某国某区块进行应用,将砂岩分为3类,对不同类型砂岩分别建立虚拟毛管压力曲线,并提出新的J函数拟合关系式.研究结果表明:J函数取对数后与含油饱和度有很好的线性关系,用该方法计算研究区饱和度精度较高.     

致密砂岩含水饱和度建立新方法-毛管自吸法

为了能够准确模拟原地条件,在岩心中建立所需的含水饱和度并保证水在岩心中均匀分布、不改变岩心的孔隙结构和成分是十分必要的。目前,建立含水饱和度的方法主要有烘干法（或风干法）、离心法和驱替法。鉴于致密砂岩气层岩性致密,并普遍存在超低含水饱和度现象,利用这些方法在致密砂岩岩心中建立低于束缚水饱和度的含水饱和度状态是十分困难的或不现实的,因此提出了一种建立含水饱和度的新方法—毛管自吸法,利用该方法能够在致密岩心中建立所需的含水饱和度,并通过实验证实了该方法是可行的。     

苏里格气田致密气层测井精细建模方法

鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田是低渗透致密砂岩气藏的典型代表,根据毛细管压力曲线形态,基于自组织神经网络技术,建立了孔隙结构测井自动判别和分类渗透率计算模型,有效提高渗透率计算精度;在储层导电机理研究基础上,建立了基于粘土束缚水、微孔隙水和自由水“三水”并联导电的含水饱和度计算模型,显著提高了储层含气性评价精度。实际测井资料处理解释结果与岩芯分析资料对比,验证了方法的可行性和准确性。     

低阻砂岩气藏测井饱和度计算方法——以准噶尔盆地玛河气田为例

为了解决准噶尔盆地南缘地区低阻油气藏饱和度计算数值不准问题,以玛河气田古近系紫泥泉子组低阻砂岩气藏为例.通过孔渗、岩电、铸体薄片、阳离子交换容量等实验数据,研究分析阳离子交换量、阳离子当量电导、阳离子交换容量、胶结指数、饱和度指数等参数的变化规律,建立适用于低阻砂岩气层含水饱和度计算的变参数的Archie饱和度模型和Wax-man-Smits(W-S)饱和度模型,并进行实例井验证,获得良好效果.研究结果表明:在低阻砂岩气层中,常规的Archie模型适用于胶结指数、饱和度指数较小的纯产气或电阻率较低的水层,但在气水同层中解释效果较差;而通过变参数的Archie与W-S模型计算出的含水饱和度值均满足同一段储层下部含水饱和度大于储层上部的规律特征,其结果数据与岩心分析、气测试结果相吻合.两种饱和度计算新模型对低阻砂岩气藏储层饱和度的解释精度和流体识别的准确度提高方面具有重要指导意义.     

基于分形理论的毛管压力和电阻率指数相关性研究

以岩石孔隙结构的分形理论为基础,建立毛管压力与电阻率指数的理论模型,并进行半渗透隔板岩石电阻率-毛管压力联测试验对模型进行验证分析。结果表明:对于所用的泥质砂岩岩心,当其孔隙度分布在12.9%～18.1%,渗透率分布在(0.313～21.196)×10-3μm2时,毛管压力与电阻率指数呈幂指数关系,其拟合指数与孔隙结构指数关系较好;含水饱和度变化率与电阻率指数的关系图与孔喉半径分布直方图具有一定的相似性。毛管压力是表征孔隙结构的重要参数之一,在利用岩电试验资料进行测井储层评价时,须充分考虑孔隙结构对岩石电学性质的影响。     

盒8地层岩石物理参数及地震响应模型研究

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8砂岩储层横向变化大，非均质性强，局部含水，含气砂岩的密度、速度和阻抗与泥岩相近，因此用常规储层预测方法区分含气砂岩与泥岩、含气砂岩与含水砂岩难度较大。通过测井曲线重构，建立了盒8地层岩石物理参数及其地震响应模型。结果表明，含水饱和度模型能够区分含气砂岩和含水砂岩；泥质含量模型能够分辨砂岩和泥岩；孔隙度模型能够分辨致密砂岩和孔隙砂岩。孔隙度合成道集和全叠加地震响应明显，高孔隙度砂岩表现为强振幅特征。所建立的岩石物理参数模型可直接用于高孔隙度含气砂岩的识别，确定的模型参数可直接用于实际资料处理，对提高有效储层的识别精度和可靠性具有指导意义。     

东胜气田致密砂岩储层渗流机理

致密砂岩气藏渗流阻力大,废弃压力高,采收率低,含水饱和度影响显著,明确致密砂岩储层气体的渗流机理对于气藏的有效开发具有重要意义。选取东胜气田致密砂岩储层样品100余块,开展了孔渗测试及其相互关系与分布特征分析;进行了致密砂岩储层在不同含水饱和度下的气体渗流特征实验,计算了单相气体及不同含水饱和度下气体渗流的滑脱因子;测试了样品在不同驱替压力下的气水两相相对渗透率曲线。实验研究结果表明：东胜气田致密砂岩储层覆压渗透率约为常压下测得的标准渗透率的1/10,且普遍低于0.1 mD,孔隙度偏低;滑脱效应受渗透率、孔隙压力、含水饱和度影响明显;干岩心气体临界流态特征明显,小于0.1 mD岩样渗流特征曲线为线性,大于0.1 mD岩样非线性特征明显;含水饱和度对于渗流特征曲线影响显著,随着含水饱和度增加,气体渗流由气态渗流过渡到液态渗流,气相渗流滑脱效应逐渐变弱;驱替压差对残余水饱和度影响大,控制气藏生产压差,防止大压差驱动储层水,导致气井大量产水。渗流机理研究对于东胜致密砂岩含水气藏的合理、有效开发具有重要的基础理论支撑作用。     

盒8地层岩石物理参数及地震响应模型研究

鄂尔多斯盆地盒8砂岩储层横向变化大,非均质性强,局部含水,含气砂岩的密度、速度和阻抗与泥岩相近,因此用常规储层预测方法区分含气砂岩与泥岩、含气砂岩与含水砂岩难度较大.通过测井曲线重构,建立了盒8地层岩石物理参数及其地震响应模型.结果表明,含水饱和度模型能够区分含气砂岩和含水砂岩;泥质含量模型能够分辨砂岩和泥岩;孔隙度模型能够分辨致密砂岩和孔隙砂岩.孔隙度合成道集和全叠加地震响应明显,高孔隙度砂岩表现为强振幅特征.所建立的岩石物理参数模型可直接用于高孔隙度含气砂岩的识别,确定的模型参数可直接用于实际资料处理,对提高有效储层的识别精度和可靠性具有指导意义.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the     

An affordable accurate evaluation of the binding conformations predicted by molecular docking studies in bio-system

Franck-Condon factors bridge the gap between theoretical modeling and experimental observations for molecular electronic spectroscopy and electron transfer.Under the displaced harmonic oscillator approximation,multidimensional Franck-Condon factors are decomposed into a product of many one-dimensional(1D)Franck-Condon(FC)factors,and each 1D-FC factor is associated with one Huang-Rhys factor that determines the leading contribution of     

Call for Papers

<正>"The Journal of Shanghai Normal University:Mathematics"is published by Shanghai Normal University as regular issues of The Journal of Shanghai Normal University each year from 2014 in English.The editors-in-chief of the issues are professors Yuhao Cong and Maoan Han.The Journal of Shanghai Normal University was started in 1958 with