Structure of a Na+/H+ antiporter and insights into mechanism of action and regulation by pH

The control by Na+/H+ antiporters of sodium/proton concentration and cell volume is crucial for the viability of all cells. Adaptation to high salinity and/or extreme pH in plants and bacteria or in human heart muscles requires the action of Na+/H+ antiporters. Their activity is tightly controlled by pH. Here we present the crystal structure of pH-downregulated NhaA, the main antiporter of Escherichia coli and many enterobacteria. A negatively charged ion funnel opens to the cytoplasm and ends in the middle of the membrane at the putative ion-binding site. There, a unique assembly of two pairs of short helices connected by crossed, extended chains creates a balanced electrostatic environment. We propose that the binding of charged substrates causes an electric imbalance, inducing movements, that permit a rapid alternating-access mechanism. This ion-exchange machinery is regulated by a conformational change elicited by a pH signal perceived at the entry to the cytoplasmic funnel.     

荷电两相射流的理论分析与计算

通过荷电两相流中荷电离散相粒子的受力分析 ,建立了荷电两相流动的基本方程 在此基础上 ,对荷电两相湍流圆射流流场进行了理论分析 根据射流的结构 ,分别给出了位势核心区和其以外区域连续相流场和离散相速度场的计算公式 该计算方法已用于喷粉机的设计 分析中未考虑离散相对连续相的反作用及离散相粒子间的相互作用 ,所以只适用于计算稀疏荷电两相湍流圆射流流场     

荷电气—液两相同轴圆射流的LDV研究

静电喷雾技术在许多领域得到广泛应用,但对荷电气两相流的理论研究尚不深入笔者通过采用二维激光多普勒测速系统（ Ｌ Ｄ Ｖ） 对荷电气—液两相同轴圆射流进行了实验研究,就电场作用下液滴直径的分布、荷电气液两相流的速度分布进行了分析,并给出了相间运动规律,为荷电两相湍流的深入研究提供了一定的试验依据     

A haemoglobin switching activity modulates hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin

During human development there is a switch from fetal to adult haemoglobin formation, reflecting the differential expression of fetal (G gamma and A gamma) and adult (beta and delta) globin genes. Mutations that inhibit this switch produce variants of the syndrome of hereditary persistence of fetal haemoglobin (HPFH). Adult heterozygotes for these mutants produce 15-30% fetal haemoglobin (HbF) in their red cells. The general assumption is that the mutations result in a permanent switching on of gamma-globin genes. Here, however, we show that fetal globin expression can be turned off in cultures of HPFH cells by an uncharacterized factor in fetal sheep serum. This is the first demonstration that mutations affecting the developmental expression of globin genes can be modulated by exogenous factors. The findings raise the possibility that the phenotype of HPFH is not simply the direct result of mutations in or around globin genes but the consequence of the mutations on the interaction of globin genes with trans-acting regulatory factors.     

静电场对气动喷头雾化性能的影响研究

分析了静电场对液体表面张力的影响,用瑞利极限分析了雾滴的碎裂机理和雾滴在静电场作用下聚并的特殊规律,在此基础上,通过正交实验对静电场作用下的气动喷头的雾化特性进行了研究,发现合理的静电场分布可以有效地控制雾滴的尺寸和雾滴的分布．     

Geometry-induced electrostatic trapping of nanometric objects in a fluid

The ability to trap an object-whether a single atom or a macroscopic entity-affects fields as diverse as quantum optics, soft condensed-matter physics, biophysics and clinical medicine. Many sophisticated methodologies have been developed to counter the randomizing effect of Brownian motion in solution, but stable trapping of nanometre-sized objects remains challenging. Optical tweezers are widely used traps, but require sufficiently polarizable objects and thus are unable to manipulate small macromolecules. Confinement of single molecules has been achieved using electrokinetic feedback guided by tracking of a fluorescent label, but photophysical constraints limit the trap stiffness and lifetime. Here we show that a fluidic slit with appropriately tailored topography has a spatially modulated electrostatic potential that can trap and levitate charged objects in solution for up to several hours. We illustrate this principle with gold particles, polymer beads and lipid vesicles with diameters of tens of nanometres, which are all trapped without external intervention and independently of their mass and dielectric function. The stiffness and stability of our electrostatic trap is easily tuned by adjusting the system geometry and the ionic strength of the solution, and it lends itself to integration with other manipulation mechanisms. We anticipate that these features will allow its use for contact-free confinement of single proteins and macromolecules, and the sorting and fractionation of nanometre-sized objects or their assembly into high-density arrays.     

静电喷粉沉积性能实验研究

荷电颗粒在作物上的沉积效果是评价静电喷粉性能的主要指标之一．笔者在分析静电场力对荷电颗粒运动影响的基础上,通过风洞和应用改进的喷粉机对模拟目标物进行了沉积实验,结果发现荷电颗粒比非荷电颗粒的沉积量提高１０％以上．     

Negatively and positively charged bacterial aerosol concentration and diversity in natural environments

Bioaerosol charge information is of vital importance for their electrostatic collection. Here, electrostatic means and molecular tools were applied to studying bioaerosol charge dynamics. Positively or negatively charged bioaerosols were collected using an electrostatic sampler operated with a field strength of 1.1 kV cm 1 at a flow rate of 3 L min 1 for 40 min. Those with fewer or no charges bypassing the sampler were also collected using a filter at the downstream of the electrostatic sampler in one environment. The experiments were independently conducted three times in three different environments. The collected bacterial aerosols were cultured directly on agar plates at 26°C, and the colony forming units (CFU) were manually counted. In addition, the CFUs were washed off from the agar plates, and further subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) for culturable diversity analysis. The results revealed remarkable differences in positively and negatively charged culturable bacterial aerosol concentration and diversity among the studied environments. In the office environment, negatively charged culturable bacterial aerosols appeared to dominate (P = 0.0489), while in outdoor and hotel environments both polarities had similar concentration levels (P = 0.078, P = 0.88, respectively). DGGE patterns for positively charged culturable bacterial aerosols were shown strikingly different from those of negatively charged regardless of the sampling environments. In addition, for each of the environments positively charged culturable bacterial aerosols collected were found to have more band pattern similarity with those positively charged for respective regions of agar plates than those negatively charged, and vice versa. The information developed here is useful for developing efficient electrostatic sampling protocols for bioaerosols.     

带电椭球在各向异性介质中的静电势

从静电场的基本规律出发，采用等效方法导出带电椭球在各向异性介质中的静电势表达式．     

静电能量与静电场能量关系研究

分析了静电能量、静电场能量的来源、分布区域、差别与联系,指出,静电能量是带电体内电荷之间的相互作用能,它是由电荷携带的,定域于电荷存在的空间中。静电场能量是散布在场存在的空间中,是由场携带的。静电能量和静电场能量是相互伴随产生和消失的,这正是静电场能量到底是由场携带的还是由电荷携带的在静电场的情况下无法判断的原因。静电场能量和静电能量在数值上是相等的,这为静电场能量的测量提供了一条有效的途径。建议将静电能量和静电场能量区别开来,这有助于教和学,有助于进一步完善电磁学理论体系。     

Fluorescent detection of coenzyme A by analyte-induced aggregation of a cationic conjugated polymer

A new cationic conjugated polymer was designed and synthesized to optically discriminate coenzyme A(CoA) among structurally similar biomolecules, ATP, ADP and AMP. The analyte-induced aggregation of the conjugated polymer by π-stacking between their main chains leads to the fluorescence quenching. Except for the similar adenosine and phosphate moieties as those in ATP, ADP and AMP, the CoA molecule also includes a long side chain that is favorable for hydrophobic interactions. Thus, CoA can form a complex with oppositely charged conjugated polymer by cooperative electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions, whereas ATP, ADP and AMP form the complexes with oppositely charged conjugated polymer mainly by electrostatic interactions. The increase of the ion strength of the assay solution screens the electrostatic attractions, and the remaining hydrophobic interactions dominate the formation of PFP-PTF/CoA complex. At this case, the quenching efficiency of PFP-PTF by CoA is much higher than that by ATP, ADP and AMP, which impart the PFP-PTF to sense CoA from these interferencing species.     

Field regulation of single-molecule conductivity by a charged surface atom

Electrical transport through molecules has been much studied since it was proposed that individual molecules might behave like basic electronic devices, and intriguing single-molecule electronic effects have been demonstrated. But because transport properties are sensitive to structural variations on the atomic scale, further progress calls for detailed knowledge of how the functional properties of molecules depend on structural features. The characterization of two-terminal structures has become increasingly robust and reproducible, and for some systems detailed structural characterization of molecules on electrodes or insulators is available. Here we present scanning tunnelling microscopy observations and classical electrostatic and quantum mechanical modelling results that show that the electrostatic field emanating from a fixed point charge regulates the conductivity of nearby substrate-bound molecules. We find that the onset of molecular conduction is shifted by changing the charge state of a silicon surface atom, or by varying the spatial relationship between the molecule and that charged centre. Because the shifting results in conductivity changes of substantial magnitude, these effects are easily observed at room temperature.     

环电极带电射流雾化特性的研究

研究了液体射流在环电极产生的静电场作用下的雾化特性,建立了环电极空间电位数学表达式,以及带电雾滴直径同充电电压、液体表面张力、动力粘性系数、液流与气流相对速度等参数的关系式.最后根据上述结果设计制作了气流式静电喷头,为静电喷雾技术在大型气流式喷雾机上应用提供了科学依据.     

矿泉水对ICR小鼠生理、生化的影响

目的研究饮用某矿泉水对lCR小鼠的生理、生化指标和主要脏器组织结构的影响。方法在同一饲养条 件下,给不同组别的小鼠分别饮用矿泉水和城市居民饮用水,比较两组小鼠子代的相关生理生代指标。结果饮 用某矿泉水对ICR小鼠血红蛋白、血小板和红细胞有影响。其脏器系数、血糖和血脂没有影响。结论饮用该矿泉 水使雌性ICR小鼠血小板数量降低;使雄性ICR小鼠血红蛋白、红细胞数量增加,红细胞体积增大。     

静电场携带静电场能量的证明

根据电容器充电过程中能量的转化关系,讨论了静电场能和静电能的概念,证明了静电场能是由场自身携带的,静电能量是由带电体自身携带的。分析了传统电磁学理论中关于自能、互能和静电能、静电场能等概念容易引起混淆的原因,提出舍弃自能、互能的概念,建立静电能、静电场能概念的建议,使得电磁学理论与固体理论相协调。     

烟尘在交变电场中的电凝并收集

为有效地收集微细粉尘,提出一种具有双区电极布置形式的电凝并除尘装置。其特点是在交变电场中同时实现尘粒的荷电与凝并。通过分析多分散性粉尘粒度随凝并时间变化规律,给出异极性行电粉尘在交变电场中的凝并除尘效率的近似计算式。试验研究结果表明;所提出的双区电凝并除尘尽优于现有的三区电凝并除尘器和普通静电除尘器。     

空中静电目标特性分析

研究了空中运动目标在飞行过程中的起电、放电机理和带电特性.通过理论分析和仿真计算,研究了对于被动式地面静电探测系统,将空中目标的电场近似地作为静电场进行探测和将空中带电目标近似为点目标的条件.结果表明,对于被动式地面静电探测系统而言,探测距离在10km范围以内,可将目标的电场当作静电场进行测量;当空中目标与探测器距离大于目标尺寸3～6倍以上时,可将目标视为点目标.提供了被动式地面静电探测系统的应用前提.     

双环静电问题的分区分离变量解研究

本文研究了在球坐标系下用带电圆环面电荷密度表象、分区分离变量法解拉普拉斯方程及推广了的电磁边值关系，一般地求解任意取向轴线相交的带电双环静电问题，并由此给出了求解非对称静电问题的典型范例．     

Calculation of electrostatic potentials in an enzyme active site

To be able to calculate the contributions of individual amino acids to the electrostatic field of a protein would be of considerable value in designing proteins of enhanced or altered function and stability. Recent studies on the serine protease subtilisin provide direct measurements of the electrostatic potential in the active site of the enzyme produced by two charged amino acids. We have used these results to test a recently developed method for the calculation of electrostatic interactions between two specific sites on a protein. The extent of agreement between the theoretical and experimental results suggests that the continuum solvent model used in the calculations reproduces the essential features of the interaction.     

荷电粉尘在交变电场中的凝并与收集

应用类似于Ｗｉｌｌｉａｍｓ求声凝并系数的方法导出异性荷电粉尘在交变电场中的凝并系数,根据粉尘凝并过程趋于“自保分布”的概念,得出粉尘中位径随凝并时间变化关系式和异极性荷电粉尘在交变电场中的凝并除尘效率近似计算式·提出一种新型双区式电凝并除尘装置,在相同条件下,理论与试验研究结果表明:新型双区电凝并除尘装置的除尘效率不仅高于电除尘器,而且在结构上优于三区电凝并除尘装置·