河西走廊内陆河流域极端降水特征分析

水资源是维持内陆河流域复合生态系统的重要纽带.大气降水作为流域水资源的重要来源,其时空分布及强度变化会对流域生态水文过程有着重要影响.本文以河西走廊内陆河流域19个气象站1960—2012年逐日降水资料为基础,构建了最大1d降水量、最大连续5d降水量和非常湿天降水总量等极端降水指标,通过采用多种极值概率分布模型探讨研究区极端降水指标在频次、强度和贡献率方面的变化,从而为分析极端降水对流域生态水文过程的影响提供科学依据.结果表明,基于GEV最优概率分布模型,得出研究区超过5年一遇的最大1d降水量、最大连续5d降水量、非常湿天降水总量近年来发生次数有所增加,尤其是2000年以后增加更为明显;研究区极端降水强度在2000年以后也明显增强;在极端降水量对年降水总量的贡献率方面,近年来石羊河流域总体呈现增加趋势,黑河流域上游呈现增加趋势、中游和下游以下降趋势为主,疏勒河流域上游和下游呈现增加趋势,中游则以下降趋势为主.     

Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003

The summer of 2003 was probably the hottest in Europe since at latest ad 1500, and unusually large numbers of heat-related deaths were reported in France, Germany and Italy. It is an ill-posed question whether the 2003 heatwave was caused, in a simple deterministic sense, by a modification of the external influences on climate--for example, increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere--because almost any such weather event might have occurred by chance in an unmodified climate. However, it is possible to estimate by how much human activities may have increased the risk of the occurrence of such a heatwave. Here we use this conceptual framework to estimate the contribution of human-induced increases in atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases and other pollutants to the risk of the occurrence of unusually high mean summer temperatures throughout a large region of continental Europe. Using a threshold for mean summer temperature that was exceeded in 2003, but in no other year since the start of the instrumental record in 1851, we estimate it is very likely (confidence level >90%) that human influence has at least doubled the risk of a heatwave exceeding this threshold magnitude.     

二次极值之累次极限律

（Ｘｍ，ｎ；ｍ，ｎ≥１）是两个下标的独立同分布随机序列，Ｍ（ｍ，ｎ）表示Ｘｍ，１．．．，Ｘｍ，ｎ的第ｋ个最大值，Ｙ（ｍ，ｎ；ｋ）表Ｍ（１，ｎ）．．．Ｍ（ｍ，ｎ）的第ｌ个最大值Ｙ，（ｍ，ｎ；ｋ）的累次极限分布，证明了其极分布是三种经典极值类型之一。     

Land-atmosphere coupling amplifies hot extremes over China

Climate extremes, such as extreme hot temperatures and heat waves, can have dramatic societal, economic, and ecological consequences. China has experienced remarkable interannual and decadal changes in hot extremes during the last several decades. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for changes in the hot extremes over China have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigate the role of land-atmosphere coupling for hot days and heat waves during summer over China using two long-term ...     

Land-atmosphere coupling amplifies hot extremes over China

Climate extremes, such as extreme hot temperatures and heat waves, can have dramatic societal, economic, and ecological consequences. China has experienced remarkable interannual and decadal changes in hot extremes during the last several decades. However, the underlying mechanisms responsible for changes in the hot extremes over China have not been clearly identified. In this study, we investigate the role of land-atmosphere coupling for hot days and heat waves during summer over China using two long-term Weather Research and Forecasting model simulations with and without interactive soil moisture. Results indicate that land-atmosphere coupling mainly amplifies hot extremes over China. In particular, significant amplifying effects appear over most of eastern and southwestern China. Over these areas, land-atmosphere coupling generally accounts for 30%-70% of the numbers of hot days and heat waves. This study highlights the critical importance of land-atmosphere interactions for the occurrence of hot extremes over China.     

Biogenically driven organic contribution to marine aerosol

Marine aerosol contributes significantly to the global aerosol load and consequently has an important impact on both the Earth's albedo and climate. So far, much of the focus on marine aerosol has centred on the production of aerosol from sea-salt and non-sea-salt sulphates. Recent field experiments, however, have shown that known aerosol production processes for inorganic species cannot account for the entire aerosol mass that occurs in submicrometre sizes. Several experimental studies have pointed to the presence of significant concentrations of organic matter in marine aerosol. There is some information available about the composition of organic matter, but the contribution of organic matter to marine aerosol, as a function of aerosol size, as well as its characterization as hydrophilic or hydrophobic, has been lacking. Here we measure the physical and chemical characteristics of submicrometre marine aerosol over the North Atlantic Ocean during plankton blooms progressing from spring through to autumn. We find that during bloom periods, the organic fraction dominates and contributes 63% to the submicrometre aerosol mass (about 45% is water-insoluble and about 18% water-soluble). In winter, when biological activity is at its lowest, the organic fraction decreases to 15%. Our model simulations indicate that organic matter can enhance the cloud droplet concentration by 15% to more than 100% and is therefore an important component of the aerosol-cloud-climate feedback system involving marine biota.     

张学良在中国统一事业上的历史功绩

在抗日爱国和统一思想的指导下，张学良为中国的统一事业做出了重大贡献：东北易帜，实现国家统一；干预中原大战，再造国家统一；发动并和平解决西安事变，揭开了全民族抗战的序幕；直到晚年，仍心系海峡两岸的和平统一。     

Measurement of thermal contribution to photoreceptor sensitivity

Activation of a visual pigment molecule to initiate phototransduction requires a minimum energy, Ea, that need not be wholly derived from a photon, but may be supplemented by heat. Theory predicts that absorbance at very long wavelengths declines with the fraction of molecules that have a sufficient complement of thermal energy, and that Ea is inversely related to the wavelength of maximum absorbance (lambda(max)) of the pigment. Consistent with the first of these predictions, warming increases relative visual sensitivity to long wavelengths. Here we measure this effect in amphibian photoreceptors with different pigments to estimate Ea (refs 2, 5-7) and test experimentally the predictions of an inverse relation between Ea and lambda(max). For rods and 'red' cones in the adult frog retina, we find no significant difference in Ea between the two pigments involved, although their lambda(max) values are very different. We also determined Ea for the rhodopsin in toad retinal rods--spectrally similar to frog rhodopsin but differing in amino-acid sequence--and found that it was significantly higher. In addition, we estimated Ea for two pigments whose lambda(max) difference was due only to a chromophore difference (A1 and A2 pigment, in adult and larval frog cones). Here Ea for A2 was lower than for A1. Our results refute the idea of a necessary relation between lambda(max) and Ea, but show that the A1 --> A2 chromophore substitution decreases Ea.     

张学良在中国统一事业上的历史功绩

在抗日爱国和统一思想的指导下,张学良为中国的统一事业做出了重大贡献:东北易帜,实现国家统一;干预中原大战,再造国家统一;发动并和平解决西安事变,揭开了全民族抗战的序幕;直到晚年,仍心系海峡两岸的和平统一.     

The contribution of bone to whole-organism physiology

The mouse genetic revolution has shown repeatedly that most organs have more functions than expected. This has led to the realization that, in addition to a molecular and cellular approach, there is a need for a whole-organism study of physiology. The skeleton is an example of how a whole-organism approach to physiology can broaden the functions of a given organ, reveal connections of this organ with others such as the brain, pancreas and gut, and shed new light on the pathogenesis of degenerative diseases affecting multiple organs.     

二次极值的分布之重极限律

｛Ｘｍ，ｎ；ｍ，ｎ≥１｝是两个下标的独立同分随机序列，Ｍ＾（ｋ）（ｍ，ｎ）ｇｅ ｆｉ Ｘｍ，１…，Ｘｍ，ｎ的第ｋ是最大值，Ｙ＾（ｔ）（ｍ，ｎ；ｋ）表示Ｍ＾（ｋ）（１，ｎ），…，Ｍ＾（ｋ）（ｍ，ｎ）的第ｌ个最大值。     

1957—2011年陕西省降水特征分析及趋势判断

采用距平分析法、极差分析法和小波分析法,结合GIS空间分析技术,详细分析了1957—2011年陕西省降水空间格局特征、年际变化特征、降水持续性特征和周期性特征,并根据持续性特征和主周期对陕西省未来降水趋势做出判断。研究结果表明:1陕西省年降水量空间分布随着纬度增高而减少,总体趋势表现为从东南向西北逐渐递减,南北差异悬殊。400 mm和800 mm等降水量线均有总体南移的趋向,这与近几十年来陕西省降水量持续减少有密切关系。2降水量年际变化震荡剧烈、稳定性差,年降水量线性倾向率为-9.7 mm/10a,年降水量和各个季节降水量变化均呈波动态势,春季和秋季波动剧烈,下降趋势明显。3季节和年降水量Hurst值都大于0.5,表明降水量未来变化将与过去的变化趋势一致,但不同地区和时间尺度的持续性有所不同。4降水量在不同时间尺度上存在明显的震荡周期,34或24年为其主周期。5陕西省未来2~3年仍处于多水期,但2015年以后将会进入少水期,这种状况最长会持续11年之久。因此,未来陕西省暖干化趋势将凸显。     

牛顿对色散研究的贡献

文章综述了历史上我国与欧洲一些国家的科学家对色散的研究，总结了牛顿对色散研究的突出贡献。     

Projection of climate extremes in China,an incremental exercise from CMIP5 to CMIP6

This paper presents projections of climate extremes over China under global warming of 1.5,2,and 3 ℃above pre-industrial (1861-1900),based on the latest Coupled...     

pH为10至11时羟基磷灰石液相生成动力学

利用液相沉淀法研究了ｐＨ为１０－１１时，「Ｃａ＾２－」浓度大于０．５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ条件下基磷灰石的生成机理及其动力学。结果表明反应经历了从磷酸八钙很快转化为非晶态磷酸钙，继而转化为缺钙羟基磷酸石和羟基磷灰石的过程。