,基于修正Lade-Duncan破坏准则的隧洞围岩抗力系数

基于修正的Lade-Duncan准则和非关联线性流动法则,将隧洞围岩划分为裂缝区、塑性区和弹性区4层有限环,推导出了考虑地下水渗流作用影响下的隧洞围岩抗力系数计算的通用公式。通过改变公式中的一些参数,可以得出其他围岩条件下的抗力系数计算式。由于修正的Lade-Duncan准则更适合于岩土类材料,因此根据该公式计算出的考虑了中间主应力和渗流作用影响的隧洞围岩抗力系数具有较高的实际应用价值。研究结果表明,中间主应力和渗流作用对隧洞围岩抗力系数均具有一定的影响,因而推出的通用公式在计算隧洞围岩抗力系数时具有较高的理论应用价值。     

非均匀应力场下圆形隧洞围岩弹性应力分析

为了能更好的研究隧洞围岩在非均匀应力场下开挖过程中整体的稳定性,根据隧洞围岩在非均匀应力场下的模型特点,将隧洞围岩周围应力划分为两部分进行叠加。基于D-P准则与理想弹塑性本构关系,采用双调和方程和半逆解法,推导出非均匀应力场下圆形隧洞弹性区围岩应力的解析表达式,并通过Flac3D数值模拟对理论分析结果加以验证。结果表明：考虑中间主应力系数的影响时,中间主应力系数越大与之对应的侧压系数范围越小;侧压系数越大隧洞帮部集中应力降低,拱顶的集中应力增大;同时理论分析结果与数值模拟结果基本一致。在考虑非均匀应力场分布的力学模型更为准确地反映了隧洞围岩应力分布特点,对隧洞围岩的支护方案具有一定的意义。     

基于Hoek-Brown的双向不等压隧道支护估算及工程应用

现行隧道塑性区分析中常基于轴对称荷载建立分析模型,忽略侧压力带来的影响。增加了对围岩侧压力的考虑,基于Hoek-Brown准则推导了双向不等压圆形隧道的塑性半径及应力计算式。依托滇中引水工程板凳山隧洞的监测数据,结合滑移剪切模型对隧道的极限位移和极限支护应力进行计算。结果表明:在确定围岩材料参数的条件下,塑性边界上的径向应力为恒值;环向应力在θ为0～30°范围内与侧压力成正比,在θ为30°～90°范围内与侧压力成反比,当θ取30°时环向应力为最大值,最终形成蝴蝶状的曲线。隧洞塑性区范围随着侧压力系数的降低呈现出上下端部小,中间部分大的椭圆形,在λ<0.38后,塑性区不再是可完整包裹开挖截面的椭圆形。基于滑移剪切模型对隧洞极限位移和极限支护应力进行计算,完善具有滇中红层特性的隧洞支护特征曲线。根据以上的计算结果对支护方案进行修正,并通过监测结果验证了方案的合理性。     

考虑中间主应力的深埋圆形隧道弹塑性统一解

为了充分考虑中间主应力对深埋圆形隧道的影响,在平面应变假设下将统一强度准则精确匹配为Drucker-Prager强度准则,推导了考虑剪胀特性的理想弹塑性材料在塑性阶段的中间主应力表达式,并结合非关联流动法则推导出深埋圆形隧道塑性区的应力与位移统一解.结果表明,经典的Kastner解为所得应力与位移统一解的特殊情况.同时,根据应力与位移统一解公式并结合实际算例,分析了中间主应力和围岩剪胀角对深埋圆形隧道塑性区的影响规律.     

深埋隧洞三岔口围岩稳定性计算理论

为研究辅洞与隧洞主洞相交的三岔口区围岩稳定性,基于弹塑性理论圆形孔口应力计算方法,推导出深埋隧洞三岔口围岩稳定性计算理论。研究结果表明:当辅洞与隧洞主洞夹角(α)为90°时,三岔口区围岩垂直应力σh达最大值,且σh随α和侧压力系数λ减小而减小;随着塑性圈半径R0减小,σh逐渐增大;由三岔口围岩到深部围岩,其应力集中系数K呈下降趋势;随着α增大,K也逐渐增大,直至α=90°时,K达到最大值;随着围岩等级降低,破坏深度Q逐渐增加,Ⅰ～Ⅳ级围岩三角区破坏深度递增趋势不明显,Ⅴ级围岩中破坏深度呈指数形式增加;当α一定时,理论最大等效跨度Ltmax仅与隧洞尺寸有关,极限等效跨度Lpmax还与Q有关;通过理论计算划定辅洞修建跨度的安全范围与极限范围。     

地下圆形隧道开挖卸荷围岩弹塑性分析

针对地下圆形隧道,在分析开挖卸荷的基础上,分别给出了弹性和弹塑性围岩二次应力的计算表达式.在弹性不同侧压力条件下,分析了围压切向应力分布规律,当λ0.33时,圆形隧洞围岩将不出现拉应力.当围岩处于弹塑性状态时,考虑围岩稳定的前提下,扩大塑性区半径R,就可降低维持极限平衡状态所需的支护抗力pi,充分发挥了围岩的自承作用.     

锚杆支护下两向不等压深埋隧洞受力与变形弹性分析

为了给引水隧洞隧址选择和支护参数设计提供理论参考,采用均匀化方法,基于复变函数理论,推导了非均匀应力场下锚杆支护时深埋圆形隧洞的应力及位移弹性解析解,并给出了洞周切向应力及径向位移随围岩弹性模量、侧压力系数、锚杆长度、半径和环向间距等参数的变化规律。通过算例分析,得出以下结论:（1）随着围岩弹性模量的增大,隧洞洞周各点的切向应力和径向位移均减小,且对围岩弹性模量（单位:GPa）在[5,10]区间最敏感;（2）侧压力系数在（0,1]区间时,洞周最大切向应力和径向位移随其增大而减小;在[1,2]区间则相反,并对侧压力系数在[1,2]区间更敏感;（3）随着锚杆长度的增大,洞周的切向应力和径向位移逐渐减小;随着锚杆半径增大,洞周的切向应力逐渐增大,径向位移逐渐减小;而随着锚杆环向间距的增大,洞周应力和位移的变化趋势与锚杆半径的规律相反。     

基于统一强度理论的隧洞弹塑性应力解析

基于统一强度理论对第一主应力为径向应力及环向应力2种情况进行弹塑性应力分析,推导得出了围岩应力及塑性区半径计算公式。隧洞围岩有完全弹性状态、最大主应力为径向应力的弹塑性状态及最大主应力为环向应力的弹塑性状态3种状态,隧洞弹塑性分析时,首先判断围岩所处状态,进而选择正确的公式进行计算。分析结果表明中间主应力有利于围岩充分发挥其强度潜能,从而提高隧洞围岩稳定性,而且中间主应力系数越小,围岩稳定状态对中间应力敏感度越高;当洞内压力小于第二临界应力时,增大洞内压力有利于提高围岩稳定性,而当洞内压力大于第二临界应力时,则围岩稳定性随洞内压力增大而降低。     

深部开采巷道软弱围岩塑性区和剪裂区研究

考虑开挖二次应力场对圆形巷道软弱围岩的实际影响,基于双剪统一强度理论及力学原理,探讨了深部圆形巷道围岩塑性区应力及范围.考虑矿体回采爆破振动,对巷道软弱围岩弹性区域内产生的剪裂区应力进行了研究.最后,利用莫尔-库伦强度理论,推导了深部矿体回采爆破时巷道软弱围岩剪裂区范围,并对它进行了分析.     

具有衬砌的圆形水工隧洞弹塑性应力统一解

针对具有衬砌的圆形水工隧洞,假定衬砌与围岩位移连续,考虑不同工况下主应力顺序、岩石应变软化和中间主应力等综合影响,采用统一强度理论和弹脆塑性软化模型,推导衬砌和围岩弹塑性应力统一解.选取不同的统一强度理论参数,可得到一系列应力场公式及塑性区半径与内压力的关系.通过工程算例分析知,考虑第一主应力的变化是正确的,更符合工程实际,并得出统一强度理论参数、软化特性参数对衬砌和围岩切向应力的影响规律.研究结果表明,统一强度理论参数和软化特性参数对衬砌与围岩塑性区切向应力的影响显著.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that