电化学调控原子转移自由基聚合动力学模拟初步研究

基于矩方法建立了电化学调控原子转移自由基聚合(eATRP)的动力学模型.利用该模型分析了eATRP与普通ATRP之间的区别,并模拟了过电位、催化剂浓度和引发剂浓度对聚合反应的影响.模拟结果表明,过电位的增大对聚合反应速率的促进作用明显,但聚合物分散指数(PDI)不变;增大催化剂浓度可以提高聚合反应速率,同时降低PDI.当催化剂含量(催化剂与单体浓度之比)低至3×10-5时,PDI在反应时间内不能达到稳定且其值高达1.2以上;引发剂的影响主要体现在反应的诱导期长短上,当引发剂与单体浓度比下降至0.5…300时,诱导期从200s迅速增大到400s左右.     

4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰（对-二甲基氨基）苯胺]引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合及其动力学研究

以4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺](ACPDA)为引发剂,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中研究了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的聚合行为.考察了聚合反应温度、单体浓度和引发剂浓度对聚合物分子量和聚合反应速率的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合反应的活化能.实验结果表明:聚合反应速率随单体浓度、ACPDA浓度的增加和反应温度的升高而加快;聚合物分子量随单体浓度的增大而增大,随ACPDA浓度的增大和反应温度的升高而降低.ACPDA引发MMA的聚合速率方程为Rp=K[St]1.04[ACPDA]0.56,聚合反应的表观活化能Ea=86.00kJ/mol.     

4,4''''-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺]引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合及其动力学研究

以4,4'-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺](ACPDA)为引发剂,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中研究了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的聚合行为.考察了聚合反应温度、单体浓度和引发剂浓度对聚合物分子量和聚合反应速率的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合反应的活化能.实验结果表明聚合反应速率随单体浓度、ACPDA浓度的增加和反应温度的升高而加快;聚合物分子量随单体浓度的增大而增大,随ACPDA浓度的增大和反应温度的升高而降低.ACPDA引发MMA的聚合速率方程为Rp=K[St]1.04[ACPDA]0.56,聚合反应的表观活化能Ea=86.00kJ/mol.     

二羟基二过碘酸合镍(Ⅳ)氧化还原引发丙烯腈聚合反应的动力学

以二羟基二过碘酸合镍（Ⅳ）（简称Ni（Ⅳ））为引发剂,在碱性环境中引发丙烯腈（AN）聚合。结果表明：聚合速率随单体浓度和引发剂浓度的增大而增大,随温度、介质pH值的增大出现先开后降的趋势;聚合物分子量随引发剂浓度的增加而减小;本聚合反应对单体的浓度指数为1．108,对引发剂的浓度指数为0．553;反应活化能为41．57kJ／mol;通过红外光谱等对聚合物结构进行了表征,并对引发机理进行了探讨。     

叔丁醇亚铜催化甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合

研究了叔丁醇亚铜为催化剂、四种卤代烃OET基氯、正丁基溴、叔丁基氯、叔丁基溴）为引发剂的甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合反应。考察了催化剂用量、引发剂和催化剂比例、聚合温度、单体浓度以及卤代烃中烷基结构和卤素等因素对聚合反应的影响。聚合反应具有明显的诱导期，不同聚合反应时间的转化率和聚合物分子量之问不呈线性关系，表明本聚合反应并不具有活性特征。     

降凝剂聚丙烯酸十六酯合成的实验研究

探讨了用溶液法合成聚丙烯酸十六酯过程中引发剂、单体、温度及溶剂对聚合反应的影响.实验结果表明,在聚合反应初期,聚合反应速率与引发剂的浓度呈半级反应,与单体浓度呈一级反应;聚合反应常数的指前因子Aa=112.3,活化能Ea=30.12KJ/mol,温度升高,聚合速率常数增大,于是聚合反应速率增大;溶剂种类对聚合反应速率没有明显的影响;4种溶剂在聚合反应过程中的链转移常数从大到小的次序为:四氯化碳、三氯化碳、苯、甲苯,聚合物的平均相对分子质量主要受溶剂的链转移作用控制.由于聚合物分子在不同溶剂所产生的不同黏度效应,对聚合物分子量产生一定的影响.     

4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰（对-二甲氨基）苯胺]/过氧化二苯甲酰引发苯乙烯聚合及其动力学研究

研究了以4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲氨基)苯胺](ACPMA)/过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)为氧化还原引发体系,苯乙烯(St)在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中的聚合及其动力学行为.考察了聚合反应温度、单体浓度、ACPMA浓度和BPO浓度对聚合反应速率和聚合物分子量的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合反应的活化能.结果表明,在一定范围内,聚合反应速率随单体浓度增大、ACPMA浓度增大、BPO浓度增大和反应温度的升高而增大;聚合物分子量随单体浓度的增大而增大,随ACPMA浓度的增大、BPO浓度增大和反应温度的升高而降低.该体系具有氧化还原引发体系的特征,其引发St的聚合速率方程为Rp=K[BPO]0.48[ACPMA]0.54[St]1.53,聚合反应的表观活化能Ea=39.6 kJ/mol.     

4,4'-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺]/过氧化二苯甲酰引发苯乙烯聚合及其动力学

研究了4,4'-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺](ACPDA)/过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)氧化还原引发体系在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中引发苯乙烯(St)的聚合及其动力学行为.考察了聚合反应温度、单体浓度、ACPDA浓度和BPO浓度对聚合物分子量和聚合反应速率的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合反应的活化能.实验结果表明:在一定范围内,聚合反应速率随单体浓度、ACPDA浓度、BPO浓度的增加和反应温度的升高而加快;聚合物分子量随单体浓度的增大而增大,随ACPDA浓度、BPO浓度的增大和反应温度的升高而降低.该体系具有氧化还原引发体系的特点,其聚合速率方程为Rp=K[St]1.52[ACPDA]0.56[BPO]0.49,聚合反应的表观活化能Ea=35.50 kJ/mol.     

ACPDA/BPO引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯聚合及其动力学

本文研究了4,4′-偶氮二[4-氰基戊酰(对-二甲基氨基)苯胺](ACPDA)/过氧化二苯甲酰(BPO)氧化还原引发体系在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺(DMF)中引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的聚合及其动力学行为.考察了聚合反应温度、单体浓度、ACPDA浓度和BPO浓度对聚合物分子量和聚合反应速率的影响,测定了反应级数和聚合反应的活化能.结果表明:在一定范围内,聚合反应速率随单体浓度、ACPDA浓度、BPO浓度的增加和反应温度的升高而加快;聚合物分子量随单体浓度的增大而增大,随ACPDA浓度、BPO浓度的增大和反应温度的升高而降低.该体系具有氧化还原引发体系的特点,其聚合速率方程为Rp=K[MMA]1.57[ACPDA]0.57[BPO]0.66,聚合反应的表观活化能Ea=38.06 kJ/mol.     

凝胶注模的凝胶反应动力学和均匀性

研究凝胶注模反应动力学与反应条件对凝胶均匀性的影响,获得合理的凝胶反应条件.研究结果表明:增加引发剂浓度、催化剂浓度和单体浓度或者升高起始反应温度,凝胶反应诱导期和反应期均缩短,但单体/交联剂比例对诱导期和反应期影响不大；增加悬浮液的固相体积分数,诱导期缩短而反应期却延长；引发剂浓度、催化剂浓度和单体浓度过高或过低,均会降低凝胶均匀性.凝胶注模单体浓度较合适质量分数的范围为10％～20％,起始反应温度应控制在20～40℃；随着单体与交联剂质量比的降低,凝胶均匀性下降:当单体与交联剂质量比低于某一值时,凝胶均匀性急剧下降.单体与交联剂的质量比应高于20∶1.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that