青海黄土母质发育的土壤对铬(III)吸附量的初步研究

研究了青海地区黄土母质发育的6类土壤对不同铬(III)标准溶液的吸附特性,并探讨了土壤有机质、阳离子交换量(CEC)、物理性黏粒对铬(III)吸附量的影响。结果表明:6类土壤对铬(III)的吸附率均在90%以上,吸附率最大为99.95%。其吸附率与土壤有机质、CEC呈正相关。     

水稻田土壤及其提取物对腐殖酸和芘的吸附性能

分析了青紫泥和黄筋泥两种不同地区的水稻田土壤及其提取物对亲水性有机物腐殖酸和疏水性有机污染物芘的吸附性能,得出以下实验结果：水稻土壤类型对腐殖酸或芘的吸附持留能力无显著影响;土壤及其提取物对腐殖酸的吸附性能强弱依次为原土>黑碳>无机矿物;对芘的吸附性能原土和黑碳比较接近,Freundlich方程及其吸附解吸分配系数（Kf）能更好地反映出二者对芘的吸附性能;水稻土壤及其黑碳的亲水/疏水性能是二者对腐殖酸和芘吸附性能强弱的主要决定因素.     

土壤水动力参数同步求解

通过对中国南方3种不同质地土壤（红壤、水稻土和潮土）的内水盐入渗实验资料的分析，由土壤溶质运移的穿透曲线数据，利用CXTFIT程序和斜率法，同时估算了弥散系数和延迟因子，探讨了Brenner数对求参精度的影响。     

关于紫棕土的性状及其分类命名商榷

本文报导了作者在全国第二次土壤普查中于江西省广丰等县查到了一种由玄武岩风化物发育的土壤,介绍了这种土壤的成土条件、形态特征和基本属性(剖面各层颗粒组成、养分状况、pH值和代换性能、粘粒化学组成、腐殖质组成及粘土矿物组成等)都与红壤显著不同,认为应在分类中单独分出。就此,作者提出这种土壤的分类命名商榷,拟命名为“紫棕土”。     

Salt tolerance conferred by over-expression ofOsNHX1 gene in Poplar 84K

OsNHX1 gene (Na⁺/H⁺ antiporter gene ofOryza sativa L.) was introduced into Poplar 84K withAgrobacterium tumefaciens- mediated transformation. PCR, Southern and Northern blot analysis showed thatOsNHX1 gene was incorporated successfully into the genome of Poplar 84K and expressed in these transgenic plants. Salt tolerance test showed that three lines of transgenic plants grew normally in the presence of 200 mmol/L NaCl, while the Na⁺ content in the leaves of the transgenic plants grown at 200 mmol/L NaCl was significantly higher than that in plants grown at 0 mmol/L NaCl. The osmotic potential in the transgenic plants with high salinity treatment was lower than that of control plants. Our results demonstrate the potential use of these transgenic plants for agricultural use in saline soils.     

外源铜镉及添加有机物对土壤溶液性质影响研究

通过盆栽水稻实验的方法研究在水稻分蘖期和成熟期，添加有机物料(猪粪和泥炭)和外源铜镉的条件下，淹水土壤的土壤溶液的性质及各种元素的变化情况。实验结果显示，不同的土壤类型间存在很大的差异性。猪粪显著降低了土壤溶液Eh，同时提高了pH值，这种作用在红壤上表现的更为突出。在比较猪粪和泥炭的作用时，实验显示，前者可明显提高土壤溶液的K浓度，降低Fe和Zn浓度。外源铜镉可以通过影响土壤生态系统未改变土壤溶液的性质，铜的作用要高于镉，且在红壤上的作用更为明显，这些作用表现在提高溶液Si、K浓度和pH值，降低Fe浓度。     

Grain-size evidence for multiple origins of the reticulate red clay in southern China

The loess-paleosol sequences in Chinese Loess Plateau record the multi-cyclic paleo-climatic changes in the Quaternary period[1]. Presently, what interests people most is that at what degrees and scales the climates in southern China had corresponded to the alternating changes be-tween the glacial and interglacial climates in northern China in the Quaternary period. Many researchers[2―10] hope to find some potential Quaternary sediment materials in southern China, just as the loess-paleoso…     

模拟酸雨淋溶对土壤镉迁移的影响

以紫色土和黄壤作为供试土壤进行模拟酸雨淋溶试验.结果表明,酸雨增加了土壤镉的迁移性.随着酸雨pH值的降低,Cd的淋溶量越大,在土壤中的残留量减少,但是不同pH之间淋溶率的差异小,说明酸雨虽然增强了土壤中金属迁移性,但迁移缓慢.同一重金属的迁移性因土壤类型不同有差异.Cd在黄壤中的迁移性大于紫色土.对数方程表明酸雨淋溶量与Cd残留量之间并非简单的线性关系,重金属在土壤中迁移除了受到酸雨pH的影响,同时还受土壤Eh,有机质含量,CEC,土壤胶体,有机和无机配体的数量等因子的影响.     

两种水稻土磷素渗漏流失及其与Olsen磷的关系

采用田间试验的方法,研究了太湖地区两种水稻土(爽水型水稻土和囊水型水稻土)稻季磷素向下渗漏流失情况及其与土壤Olsen-P浓度的关系.结果表明:在每季度30 kg/hm2常规施磷处理水平下,两种水稻土土壤渗漏水的溶解态磷(Dissolved P,简称DP)平均浓度均远超过了水体富营养化的阈值(0.02 mg/L).施磷处理能显著增加30 cm深度渗漏水磷浓度.土壤磷素渗漏迁移流失的主要形态是颗粒态磷(Particulate P,简称PP).爽水型水稻土和囊水型水稻土各处理土壤渗漏水PP/TP的平均值分别为70.9%和67.0%.囊水型水稻土稻季的磷素渗漏流失量约为每季度469.7 g/hm2大干安镇爽水型水稻土378.5 g/hm2.爽水型水稻土和囊水型水稻土土壤渗漏水中磷浓度各存在一个突变点(Change-point),两者分别为33.0 mg/kg和26.3 mg/kg.即当爽水型水稻土和囊水型水稻土土壤(0～10 cm)中的Olsen-P浓度分别大干33.0 mg/kg和26.3 mg/kg时,土壤30 cm深度的渗漏水磷浓度将随着Olsen-P浓度的增加迅速增大.两种水稻土突变点的差异可能与它们的有机质和黏粒含量不同有关.     

干旱半干旱地区土壤矿物组成特征及其环境意义

对处于干旱、半干旱地区的甘肃省15个地点的灰钙土、栗钙土、黑垆土、灰褐土和黄绵土等不同类型土壤剖面进行了机械组成分析、矿物组成显微鉴定和粘土矿物X射线衍射分析.结果表明:土壤机械组成以粉砂为主,粘粒次之;栗钙土、灰钙土、黑钙土和灰褐土等于旱地区典型土壤中表层的粘粒质量分数相对较低,土壤原生矿物组成以石英为主,绿帘石等蚀变矿物质量分数较高,次生矿物含有较高的石膏和方解石等;粘土矿物主要为伊利石、绿泥石、高岭石和蒙脱石.土壤机械组成、矿物组成和粘土矿物组成表明:干旱、半干旱地区土壤为黄土母质,土壤形成条件为碱性环境、较弱的淋滤作用和干冷气候,近代强烈的风蚀作用(或沙尘暴)和大气污染对土壤有一定程度的改造.     

秸秆还田与施肥方式下淮河流域安徽段灰潮土氮素淋失特征

为揭示农田灰潮土的氮素淋失特征,采用室内试验槽土壤淋溶试验,设无秸秆+不施肥(CK)、无秸秆+常规施肥(SF)、秸秆破碎填埋10 cm+常规施肥(JGF)、秸秆原状覆盖+不施肥(JG0)、秸秆破碎填埋10 cm+不施肥(JG10)、秸秆破碎填埋20 cm+不施肥(JG20)6种处理,综合研究坡度为5°时不同施肥方式及不同秸秆还田方式下总氮(TN)、总溶解性氮(TDN)、硝态氮(NO■-N)和铵态氮(NH■-N)的淋失特征。结果表明：不同处理下各形态氮素累积淋失量均在前期最大,秸秆配施化肥较单施化肥能够降低NO■-N及NH■-N淋失比例,减少土壤氮素的淋失。秸秆还田可抑制氮素淋失,且抑制效果表现为JG10> JG20> JG0。JG10能有效抑制TN及NH■-N的淋失率,JG20能有效抑制TDN及NO■-N的淋失率。氮素大部分以溶解态无机氮淋失,秸秆填埋越深,溶解性无机氮淋失量越小。研究结果对减少农田灰潮土氮素淋失量及控制农业非点源污染具有实际意义。     

三峡库区紫色土不同成土母质Cu,Zn污染评价

以三峡库区核心区重庆市不同区县紫色土3种发育母质的为研究对象,研究了表层土壤重金属Cu、Zn的含量,并对土壤重金属含量随时间变化趋势进行分析.结果表明,供试的三峡库区核心区暗紫泥、灰棕紫泥和红棕紫泥3种成土母质紫色土全Cu含量为25.0~36.9mg/kg,平均含量为30.5mg/kg,其中暗紫泥和红棕紫泥土属的全Cu含量则超过紫色土全Cu含量背景值;3种成土母质紫色土的全Zn含量为73.9~75.9mg/kg,平均含量为75.1mg/kg,低于全国紫色土全Zn平均值.暗紫泥、灰棕紫泥和红棕紫泥3种土属的土壤全Cu含量高低次序与其全Zn含量的大小顺序相同,这表明紫色土的成土母质仍是土壤全Cu、全Zn含量的主要因素.土壤有效Cu含量顺序依次为暗紫泥,红棕紫泥和灰棕紫泥;有效Zn含量大小次序为暗紫泥,灰棕紫泥和红棕紫泥;3种紫色土的有效态Cu、Zn含量都比重庆市紫色土重金属背景值要高,这说明在近30年的人类活动影响下,3种母质发育紫色土表层有效态Cu、Zn都有累积现象.以重庆市紫色土重金属背景值作为评价标准,暗紫泥、灰棕紫泥和红棕紫泥的内梅罗综合指数分别为0.85,1.74和1.86,表明灰棕紫泥和红棕紫泥土属的紫色土Cu、Zn含量达到了轻度污染,暗紫泥土属紫色土Cu、Zn含量已经达到污染警戒线,但未达到土壤发生Cu、Zn重金属污染程度.     

Soil crevice formation and erosion in Yuanmou dry-hot valley, Yunnan Province, China

The basic characteristics, X-ray analysis and micromorphology of soil developed from the parent ruified soil had been probed, results showed that there were similarities among different types of the rubified soils. The soil clay (D<0.002 mm) contents (C _c ) were relative higher as between 29.16% and 80.03%. In addition, organic matter contents were lower as between 2.2–6.6 g/kg. The clay minerals in the rubified soils had high content of 2:1 type swelling minerals, e.g., smectite and vermiculite, which were the basic causes of formation of soil cracks and crevices. Soil micromorphology characteristics showed that microcosmic crevices universally distributed within the tight and compact soil microstructure were the microcosmic characteristics of crevices formation. The soil cracks and crevices changed the erosion process. Obviously, well developed soil crevice carries a significant connection with strong soil erosion in Yuanmou, Yunnan province, China. The term “soil crevice erosion” was coincided with the viewpoint put forward that soil crevice erosion played a dominant role in regional and violent soil erosion in this area. Foundation item: Supported by the Knowledge Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences(KZCX2-YW-409) and the National Key Technology R&D Program of China (2006BAC01A11)     

三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究：进展与方向

紫色土坡耕地是三峡库区粮食经济作物的主产载体,也是库区水土流失的主要源地和入库泥沙的主要来源。结合野外调查和相关报道,对三峡库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究方法、侵蚀强度、泥沙颗粒形态以及侵蚀引起的养分流失等方面进行综述。结果表明,坡耕地土壤侵蚀研究方法主要包括径流小区法、人工模拟降雨法和侵蚀针法等直接观测方法和核素示踪、模型模拟和遥感监测等间接观测方法;库区紫色土坡耕地土壤侵蚀速率达3464～9452t／km2,其中15°～25°坡度范围的土壤侵蚀最为严重,是今后坡耕地土壤流失防治的重点坡段;流失泥沙主要以〈0．02mm的团聚体和〈0．002mm的粘粒为主,其中粉粒（0．002~0．02mm）和粘粒（〈0．002mm）携带的养分流失较多;植物篱、垄作和坡改梯等措施理水效果明显,均对坡耕地侵蚀产沙具有较好的控制作用。今后应在模型方法、埂坎结构和功能、水土保持措施适宜性评价等方面拓展研究。     

对硝基苯胺在表面活性剂改性黄土中的吸附行为

研究了用阳离子表面活性剂改性的黄土对水中对硝基苯胺的吸附行为以及2，4-二氯苯酚对对硝基苯胺吸附行为的影响。结果表明，天然黄土和改性黄土对对硝基苯胺的等温吸附曲线均符合Freundlich方程，改性后的黄土对对硝基苯胺吸附能力明显强于天然黄土，改性黄土的吸附能力主要取决于阳离子表面活性剂的加入量；2，4-二氯苯酚与对硝基苯胺存在竞争吸附；2，4-二氯苯酚的非离子形态对对硝基苯胺在改性黄土上的吸附量的影响大于它的离子形态；对硝基苯胺在阳离子表面活性剂改性后的黄土上的吸附行为符合双模式吸附理论。     

Molecular characterization of a K+ channel blocker in the scorpionButhus martensii Karsch

K⁺ channel blockers of scorpion venoms are of important value in studying pharmacology and physiology of specific K⁺ channel of cells. Based on the amino acid sequences of BmP01 previously characterized as a small-conductance Ca²⁺-activated K⁺ channel blocker, two “back to back” degenarate primers have been designed and synthesized for inverse PCR strategy, its full-length cDNA has been cloned from the venom gland of the Chinese scorpionButhus martensii. The cDNA is composed of 3 parts: 5′ UTR, ORF and 3′ UTR. The flanking sequence of translation initiation codon ATG is AAAATGA, which is highly conserved in scorpion Na⁺ channel toxin and protozoan genes, suggesting that these genes may have followed a common mechanism for translation initiation. The 3′ UTR contains poly(A) signal AATAAA. The open reading frame encodes a precursor of 57 residues with a signal peptide of 28 residues and a mature peptide of 29 residues. The signal peptide is rich in hydrophobic amino acid residues and its length is significantly different from that of the determined scorpion Na⁺ channel toxin. The deduced amino acid sequence of mature peptide is completely consistent with BmP01 previously determined by primary structure analysis.     

柴油污染粉质黏土的电阻率特性及影响因素

以南京地区典型的粉质黏土为研究对象,人工配制了不同含水率、不同含油率的柴油污染土,采用Miller Soil Box对不同状态的污染土体电阻率进行了测试,建立了土体电阻率与含水率、含油率和饱和度间的相关关系.结果显示,含油率相同时,电阻率随含水率、饱和度的增大呈幂函数关系减小;含水率相同时,电阻率随含油率的增大而线性增加.引入体积含湿率来分析油水共同作用对电阻率的影响,发现饱和度相同时,电阻率随体积含湿率的增加而线性增大.采用正交分析法对电阻率的三种影响因素进行主次分析,影响大小为饱和度含水率含油率.     

云台山森林土壤的特性和分类

连云港市云台山坡地上主要森林土壤的化学性质，是介于南京周围低山和鲁南低山的森林土壤之间，细土游离Fe2O3含量同鲁南的棕壤一致，但细土CEC7/粘粒比率、粘粒硅铝率和硅铁铝率却近似于南京地区的黄棕壤，表现出在南北方森林土壤之间的过渡特点。云台山土壤由于受地形、母介和成土时间差异的影响，有较大的区域内变异，按《中国土壤系统分类（首次方案）》，可划归3土纲5土类，其中占面积最大的是薄层土类和棕壤类，生产力中等水平；此外还有较小面积的酸性棕壤黄棕壤类和棕红壤类，生产力较高，土壤数据的主分量分析和土壤个体排序指出了各土类的相互关系及演变趋势。     

High resolution particle siz e analysis as a tool for interpreting incipient soils in loess

Thick loess deposits in the central U.S.A. often contain incipient soil zones that have slightly darker color, more clay, and in most cases, stronger soil structure than surrounding unweathered loess. These incipient soil zones can be interpreted as the direct result of warmer or wetter climatic episodes, or as the sedimentary result of changes in local loess deposition rate. High-resolution particle size analyses by laser diffraction support a sedimentary explanation for incipient soil zones in Illinois and Nebraska, U.S.A. The soil zones contain more fine silt and clay than loess above and below. This could have resulted from a temporary reduction in the local loess deposition rate, leading to a greater relative contribution of far-traveled dust that contained more fine silt and clay.     

低分子有机酸对林地土壤磷释放及活化影响

为了解林地土壤中闭蓄态磷转化为有效磷的转化效率,以淮河流域固始县意杨林灰潮土为例,开展了在不同低分子有机酸、酸浓度及反应时间下灰潮土壤总磷(total phosphorus, TP)的释放及各形态磷,包括TP、无机磷(inorganic phosphorus, IP)、有机磷(organic phosphorus, OP)、Fe/Al-P和Ca-P的活化影响实验。结果表明：苹果酸、柠檬酸及草酸对土壤TP释放率分别增长了180%、161%和217%。苹果酸和柠檬酸对土壤TP的平均活化率均在164%以上,而草酸则在中浓度时才表现出活化作用。3种低分子有机酸均能有效促进灰潮土磷的释放与活化,且释放作用和有机酸种类、浓度及实验处理时间密切相关,活化作用也与酸种类和酸浓度相关性显著,研究结果为磷肥的合理施用和土壤有效磷的提升提供科学依据。