过冷熔体的定向凝固

提出了过冷单相合金的定向凝固问题,与常规定向凝固不同,这种定向凝固是在界面前负的温度梯度之下进行的,其进行的必要条件是热扩散作用在枝晶生长过程中处于主导地位,以Ｃｕ－３０％Ｎｉ的合金进行实验,在１０５～１５５Ｋ的过冷度范围内获得了定向凝固组织,实验结果同时表明,该定向凝固的最终组织为单晶体。     

深过冷Fe-30%Co合金的组织演化

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法，使原子分数Fe-30%Co合金获得了高达457K的大过冷度.系统考察了合金凝固组织随过冷度的演化规律.发现合金的凝固组织随过冷度的增大存在两次细化和一次粗化过程, 即在小过冷度范围内粗大树枝晶向粒状晶的转变和中等过冷度下局域定向枝晶的细化，而在大过冷度范围内随着亚稳枝晶核数目的增加,存在一个明显晶粒粗化的过程.     

液态Fe—Sb合金中枝晶生长规律研究

液态Fe-10％Sb合金在熔融玻璃净化和自由落体实验条件下,分别达到429K（0．24TL）和568K（0．32TL）过冷度．深过冷并没有改变合金的相组成,快速凝固组织中只有αFe单相固溶体．熔融玻璃净化实验研究发现,αFe枝晶生长速度随过冷度呈指数函数变化．当过冷度△T〈296K时,枝晶生长速度随过冷度增大而升高,并在296K过冷度处达到极大值1．38m／s．若合金过冷度进一步增大,αFe枝晶生长速度则呈现降低趋势．枝晶生长形态演变的主要规律是,小过冷条件下αFe相以粗大枝晶方式生长,而深过冷合金熔体中形成蠕虫状枝晶．溶质截留程度主要取决于实际枝晶生长速度而不是过冷度大小,同时也与冷却速率相关．由于其结晶温度间隔比较宽大,尽管快速枝晶生长显著抑制了溶质偏析,但是Fe-10％Sb合金仍难以实现完全无偏析凝固．     

Cu70Ni30过冷熔体凝固组织的粒化机制

在高真空下,采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法,在22～270 K过冷度范围内,研究了Cu70Ni30合金凝固组织形态演化过程.当过冷度AT大于临界过冷度△T3*(210 K)时,凝固组织由深过冷枝晶骤变为粒状晶,发生了组织粒化.组织观察及成分分析结果表明,该粒状晶的形成过程由两步组成:首先,在快速凝固过程中液固转变产生的应变能作用下发生了枝晶的碎断;然后,在表面能和应变能驱动下,碎断的枝晶块通过晶界移动,晶粒合并-再结晶完成第二类粒状晶的转变.     

落管中Al-Ge亚共晶合金的快速枝晶生长

采用落管无容器处理技术研究了Al-45%Ge亚共晶合金在无容器条件下的深过冷与快速枝晶生长.自由落体过程中液滴达到的过冷度范围为13～201K,最大过冷度达0.27T L .发现初生(Al)相的生长形态随着过冷度的增大由柱状枝晶向等轴枝晶转变.根据快速枝晶生长理论对初生(Al)相的枝晶生长速度进行了计算,结果表明初生(Al)相的生长始终受溶质扩散控制,没有发生从溶质扩散控制生长向热扩散控制生长的转变.     

二元合金定向凝固的三维相场模拟

利用三维相场模型对Al-Cu二元合金定向凝固过程进行数值模拟,研究定向凝固过程中固液界面前沿的变化规律和胞晶的粗化机制,分析不同过冷度对界面形态的影响.结果表明:在定向凝固过程中,胞晶的粗化是熔化和合并共同作用的结果;定向凝固过程中,随着过冷度的减小,定向凝固中的固液界面形态易向平界面发展.     

深过冷Cu-20Wt%Pb亚偏晶合金的凝固行为

采用熔融玻璃净化和循环过热相结合的方法，使Cu-20wt％Pb亚偏晶合金获得了208K的深过冷，在宽过冷范围内研究了Cu-Pb亚偏晶合金的组织演化规律。结果表明，过冷合金熔体初生相为α(Cu)，在0～146K的过冷度范围内，均有两次再辉现象；在183～208K的过冷范围内，只出现一次再辉。当△T≤98K时，合金凝固组织为粗大枝晶α 枝晶间Pb相；当116K△≤T≤146K时，凝固组织已无明显的枝晶形貌，组织由细密α基体 细小的Pb颗粒组成；当△T≥183K时，凝固组织与中等过冷度下的组织相似，只是Pb相更细小，分布更均匀。当△T≥133K时试样出现裂纹。     

深过冷Fe—10at%Ni合金中亚稳相的形成,形貌及其凝固行为

采用熔融玻璃净化法研究了深过冷Ｆｅ－１０ａｔ％Ｎｉ合金中ｂｃｃ亚稳相的形成、形貌及其凝固行为。确定了在Ｆｅ－１０ａｔ％Ｎｉ合金中得到亚稳相的临界过冷度为９５Ｋ。     

定向激发深过冷Fe81Ga19合金的组织特性

采用熔融玻璃净化与循环过热相结合的方法制备过冷度分别为198、270、300K的Fe81Ga19合金,对不同过冷度的Fe81Ga19合金进行定向激发以获得具有轴向择优取向的棒材,并研究其显微组织和择优取向.结果发现:过冷度为198K的合金其凝固组织为细小的粒状晶或准球状晶,过冷度为270K的合金,晶粒尺寸增大,发生多边化转变,形态上表现为等轴晶,晶粒内部存在大量亚晶界;过冷度增加至300K的合金经定向激发后晶粒进一步粗化,晶粒呈一定的取向沿轴向方向排列.X射线衍射分析表明,深过冷Fe81Ga19合金经过定向激发后其凝固组织具有明显的〈110〉择优取向,其中过冷度为270K的合金定向激发后出现有利于磁致伸缩性能的〈100〉取向,并且衍射峰出现劈裂现象,DSC曲线在820℃左右出现一明显的吸热峰,对应于A2+修正DO3→A2的相转变,证明快速凝固的深过冷定向激发Fe81Ga19合金棒材中存在四方结构畸变的新的DO3相结构.     

低过冷度下单相合金凝固组织的细化与重新长大

通过改变试样质量和冷却规范,研究了过冷Cu-30％Ni(原子分数)单相合金在不同凝固时间下的组织转变规律.在实验所选择的几秒到数分的凝固时间内,均于较低的过冷度范围和高过冷度下观察到了粗大树枝晶向细小等轴晶的转变.延长凝固时间,晶粒发生细化的两个过冷度区间扩大.对低过冷度下细化组织进行的考察表明.快速凝固刚结束时,细化晶粒仍具有树枝晶的特征,随缓凝阶段持续时间的延长,晶粒逐步蜕化为球状晶和蠕虫状晶,与此同时,晶粒度以幂函数规律重新增大.过冷熔体快速凝固使初生固相含有过饱和的低熔点组元以及较多的晶体缺陷.最终导致快速凝固结束后形成的细小晶粒在缓凝阶段的重新粗化速度明显快于正常凝固过程中晶体的粗化速度.     

Rapid solidification of undercooled Al-Cu-Si eutectic alloys

Under the conventional solidification condition, a liquid aluminium alloy can be hardly undercooled because of oxidation. In this work, rapid solidification of an undercooled liquid Al_80.4Cu_13.6Si₆ ternary eutectic alloy was realized by the glass fluxing method combined with recycled superheating. The relationship between superheating and undercooling was investigated at a certain cooling rate of the alloy melt. The maximum undercooling is 147 K (0.18T _E). The undercooled ternary eutectic is composed of α(Al) solid solution, (Si) semiconductor and θ(CuAl₂) intermetallic compound. In the (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic, (Si) faceted phase grows independently, while (Al) and θ non-faceted phases grow cooperatively in the lamellar mode. When undercooling is small, only (Al) solid solution forms as the leading phase. Once undercooling exceeds 73 K, (Si) phase nucleates firstly and grows as the primary phase. The alloy microstructure consists of primary (Al) dendrite, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic at small undercooling, while at large undercooling primary (Si) block, (Al+θ) pseudobinary eutectic and (Al+Si+θ) ternary eutectic coexist. As undercooling increases, the volume fraction of primary (Al) dendrite decreases and that of primary (Si) block increases. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 50121101, 50395105) and the Doctorate Foundation of Northwestern Polytechnical University (Grant No. CX200419)     

Phase-selection and metastable phase formation in highly undercooled eutectic Ni_(78.6)Si_(21.4)alloys

A large undercooling (250 K) was achieved in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melt by the combination of molten-glass denucleation and cyclic superheating. The metastable phase formation process in the bulk undercooled eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts was investigated. With the increase of undercooling, different metastable phases form in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 melts and part of these metastable phases can be kept at room temperature through slow post-solidification. Under large undercooling, the metastable phases β2-Ni3Si, Ni31Si12 and Ni3Si2 were identified. Especially, the Ni3Si2 phase was obtained in eutectic Ni78.6 Si21.4 alloy for the first time. Based on the principle of free energy minimum and transient nucleation theory, the solidification behavior of melts was analyzed with regard to the metastable phase formation when the melts were in highly undercooled state.     

Peritectic solidification under high undercooling conditions

The solidification characteristics of highly undercooled Cu-7.77%Co peritectic alloy has been examined by glass fluxing technique. The obtained undercoolings vary from 93 to 203 K(0.14 TL). It is found that the α(Co) phase always nucleates and grows preferentially, which is followed by peritectic transformation. This means that the peritectic phase cannot form directly, even though the alloy melt is undercooled to a temperature far below its peritectic point. The maximum recalescence temperature measured experimentally decreases as undercooling increases , which is lower than the thermodynamic calculation result owing to the actual non-adia-batic nature of recalescence process. The dendritic fragmentation of primary α(Co) phase induced by high undercooling is found to enhance the completion of peritectic transformation. In addition, the LKT/BCT dendrite growth model is modified in order to make it applicable to those binary alloy systems with seriously curved liquidus and solidus lines. The dendrite growth velocities of primary α(Co) phase are subsequently calculated as a function of undercooling on the basis of this model.     

深过冷Ni-P共晶合金凝固动力学分析

根据经典的形核和生长理论，通过实验分析了深过冷Ni-P共晶合金的凝固行为．实验发现，深过冷Ni-P共晶合金的凝固组织由粒状的共晶团和棒状的规则共晶所组成．随过冷度的增加，共晶团的组织逐渐细化，同时深过冷熔体晶核生长速率很大，异质形核在凝固过程中起控制性的作用．深过冷熔体的单点形核和长大现象作为特例用以描述界面的生长速率对其凝固组织的影响。     

Phase separation and microstructural characteristics of undercooled Cu-Pb immiscible alloy

Bulk samples of Cu-80%Pb hypermonotectic alloy were undercooled by up to 270 K (0.21 TL) with glass fluxing technique. The undercooling behavior and the final microstructure were investigated experimentally. It was found that the macrosegregation decreased with the increase of undercooling exponentially. When undercooling reached 270 K, the volume fraction of macrosegregation was reduced by one order of magnitude. Meanwhile, high undercooling brought about significant changes to the microstructural morphology of S(Cu) phase. At small undercoolings, S(Cu) phase grew in dendritic manner. As undercooling increased, S(Cu) dendrite transformed gradually to spherical shell. This morphology transition was ascribed to the concurrent action of the phase separation within miscibility gap and the subsequent solidification process of L2 (Pb) matrix. As an essential step to model the final microstructure, theoretical calculations related to the nucleation of L1 (Cu) droplets were carried out.     

Primary dendrite growth of Ni<Subscript>3</Subscript>Sn intermetallic compound during rapid solidification of undercooled Ni-Sn-Ge alloy

Liquid Ni-31.7%Sn-2.5%Ge alloy was highly undercooled by up to 238 K(0.17TL) with glass fluxing and drop tube techniques.The dendritic growth velocity of primary Ni3Sn compound shows a power-law relation to undercooling and achieves a maximum velocity of 380 mm/s.The addition of Ge reduces its growth velocity as compared with the binary Ni75Sn25 alloy.A structural transition from coarse dendrites into equiaxed grains occurs once undercooling exceeds a critical value of about 125 K,which is accompanied by both grain refinement and solute trapping.The Ni3Sn intermetallic compound behaves like a normal solid solution phase showing nonfaceted growth during rapid solidification.     

Recalescence behavior and solidification structure of the undercooled Fe82B17Si1 eutectic alloy

By cyclic superheating incorporated with glass fluxing denucleation method the Fes2Bl7Si1 eutectic al-loy was undercooled up to △ T = 342 K. The relations between recalescence behavior and solidification structures weresystematically studied in the undercooling range of 6-342 K. Two critical undercoolings were observed: mixed eutecticwas the unique growth morphology when the undercooling was less than △T1 = 63 K; but the microstructure transformedto complete undercooled anomalous eutectic when the undercooling was greater than △T2 = 164 K. The two eutecticphases α(Fe,Si) and Fe2B conformed to the non-reciprocal nucleation effect. The boundary of the coupled zone of α(Fe, Si)-Fe2 B system shifted toward the Fe2 B side, and intersected the eutectic composition line at △ T = 154 K and△x T= 264 K, whose valley was at about △ T = 207 K.     

Phase selection during solidification of undercooled Ni70.2Si29.8 eutectic alloy

High undercooling (about 392 K) was achieved in the bulk eutectic Ni_70.2Si_29.8 alloy melt through glass fluxing combined with cyclic superheating. It is found that the metastable phases Ni₃Si₂ and NiSi are obtained through slow post-solidification when undercooling exceeds 240 K. The metastable phases are confirmed by using the method of X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Based on the principle of the free energy minimum and the transient nucleation theory, the phase selection of melt is investigated with regard to the metastable phases formation in the bulk undercooled eutectic Ni_70.2Si_29.8 melts. The formation of metastable phases from undercooled Ni_70.2Si_29.8 melts is ascribed to competitive nucleation with the undercooling, i.e. high undercooling facilitates the preferential nucleation of metastable phases.     

Rapid growth of primary dendrite in highly undercooled copper-antimany alloy

The droplets of Cu-11wt.%Sb hypoeutectic alloy have been rapidly solidified during containerless processing in a 3 m drop tube. The undercooling and cooling rates are estimated, and both play a dominant role in the dendritic growth of primary Cu phase. Undercoolings up to 200 K (0.16TL, where TL is the liquidus temperature) have been obtained in the experiment. With the increase of undercooling, the microstructural evolution of primary Cu phase proceeds from remelted dendrites to the equiaxed grains. A coarse dendritic grain microstructure can form in the undercooling range of 61～102 K and at cooling rates of 1.35×102～2.66×103 K/s. The segregationless solidification of Cu-11wt.%Sb hypoeutectic alloy occurs when undercooling is more than 176 K. The growth of primary Cu phase is mainly controlled by solute diffusion.     

Rapid growth of FeAl intermetallic compound under high undercooling conditions

Fe-58at%Al alloy is undercooled up to 222K (0.15TL) with the drop tube technique.It is found that there exists a critical undercooling about 185 K,beyond which a “dendrite-equiaxed” growth morphology transition occurs in FeAl intermetallic compound. This transition is characterized by sharp decrease of its grain size.Once the undercooling exceeds 215 K, the peritectic transformation is suppressed completely and a fibrous structure is formed,which results from the cooperative growth of FeAl and FeAl2 compounds.