青藏高原大气边界层特征初步分析

采用 1998年青藏高原当雄地区的实测资料 ,研究高原边界层的高度及其日变化 ,结果表明高原上的边界层高度比平原地区通常出现的值要大得多 .主要是由于青藏高原地处内陆 ,气温强烈的日变化引起大气层结日变化加大所致 .同时 ,利用通量廓线法计算了表征湍流动量通量的特征U 、表征湍流热量通量的特征量T 以及总体输送系数CD,HH°结果高原的CD值明显比平原地区的大 .     

临界理查森数对不稳定状态下边界层模拟的影响

在边界层参数化方案中,临界理查森数可以用来判断湍流状态和计算边界层高度。大部分模式会将临界理查森数设置为常数,但实际上它会发生改变。本文基于WRF（Weather Research and Forecasting）中尺度数值预报模式和YSU（Yonsei University）边界层参数化方案（以下简称WRF/YSU）,以一次夏季的晴好天气过程为背景,研究了当临界理查森数发生变化,会对气象场和边界层湍流产生的影响。结果表明：（1）当临界理查森数增加时,大范围区域的边界层的高度会增加。在时空上能够体现出来。在空间上,边界层高度分布不均。从时间上看,在下午边界层高度受到的影响最大;（2）理查森数的临界值增加,湍流扩散系数也增大,水汽混合比增加,并且地面热通量总体增大,又会进一步使边界层高度增大;（3）YSU方案中湍流扩散方程由一个局部项、一个非局部项和一个夹卷项组成。对于热通量,夹卷项对总热通量的贡献与局部项和非局部项的贡献相当。对于水汽和动量通量,局地项及夹卷通量项在边界层中最大。     

天津地区雾天不同高度湍流输送特征的实验研究

利用天津 255 米气象塔层大气边界层观测资料, 分析雾日各气象要素的特征, 研究湍流输送规律。结果表明: 雾前, 大气湿度较大, 逆温层高度约为 100 m, 辐射雾发生前的逆温强于平流雾; 雾中, 逆温层持续变强、增厚; 雾后, 逆温层出现抬升, 大气呈近中性偏不稳定的层结特征。辐射雾过程的逆温现象比平流雾明显; 辐射雾雾顶较低, 平流雾较高; 辐射雾的消散主要受温度影响, 平流雾主要受风速影响。雾天气过程改变了大气层结结构, 夜间可能呈现不稳定层结状态; 雾前和雾中不同高度的湍流垂直输送微弱, 雾过程后期的水平输送突然增强。辐射雾雾前不同高度的平均动能数值较小, 雾中呈增大趋势, 雾消散阶段逐渐增大, 湍流动能的增大是影响辐射雾消散的重要因素。雾前不同高度平均动能与湍流动能比值的突然增大可能是雾发生的湍流信号之一, 比值剧增之后降至雾前水平则为雾消散的信号。     

土地利用变化对城市气象环境影响的数值研究

采用南京大学的三维非静力区域边界层模式,选取典型天气状况作为代表,对北京1980、1990、2000及2004年不同土地利用类型冬夏两季的城市边界层特征进行数值模拟,结果表明:城市土地利用状况的改变对边界层热力及动力结构产生显著的影响,这种影响在夏季个例的日间尤为明显.如,由于建筑储热能力变化,地表反照率变化,导致城市表能量平衡重新分配,1980年个例较之2004年个例,夏季城市区域平均净辐射通量增加160 W.m-2.城市植被覆盖率减小,地表湿度降低,使得潜热通量最大减小81 W.m-2,感热通量则最大增加146 W.m-2.热通量和动量通量增大,地气相互作用的加剧,夏季城市区域气温增幅最大达2.2℃.建筑物高度及密度增大,湍能增强,且影响高度增大,混合层高度增加,使水汽等物质输送加强,分布更加均匀.城市动力粗糙度增加引起的阻尼作用在风速大时较明显,北京冬季日间风速较大,风速减少最大可达2.02 m.s-1;然而冬季大气层结较为稳定,湍能发展受到抑制,湍能及通量输送的变化不如夏季个例明显;地表较为干燥、植被覆盖稀少,潜热减小及感热增加的变化幅度较小,增温变化也不如夏季个例明显.     

一次江淮飑线天气过程的边界层湍流输送特征

为了充分了解飑线冷池、湍流动能及湍流输送的特征,利用中尺度天气预报数值模式,对2014年7月12日江淮地区的一次飑线过程进行了数值模拟,分析其边界层冷池、湍流动能和湍流输送特征。结果表明:飑线处于发展期时冷池作用较小,随着飑线系统的增强,冷池作用逐渐显著,对环境风的阻碍作用加强,其前沿辐合加强,有利于触发新对流;飑线发生前,浮力项为边界层湍流动能的主要产生项,湍能随高度减小;飑线系统过境时,切变项为主要湍能源,在边界层高层时较大;飑线对流前的晴空区域内,边界层湍流运动向下输送动量,补充边界层摩擦损耗;飑线强对流影响的区域内,近地层湍流运动向上输送动量,减弱了大风的影响;向上较大的潜热、感热通量增强低层的大气不稳定性,有利于强对流系统的发生发展。分析表明,边界层湍流输送与飑线系统的演变过程密切相关。     

上海地区臭氧垂直分布特征分析

对2007年5月至2009年12月期间上海市宝山国家气候观象台的臭氧探空观测数据分析表明, 臭氧的垂直分布主要受光化学和动力输送作用影响控制。光化学作用对臭氧分布的影响在边界层和平流层中上层非常明显。边界层内臭氧浓度呈正梯度变化, 受气温、辐射、水汽等因素的影响, 造成边界层臭氧浓度夏季最高、冬季最低的季节变化。在26 km以上的平流层中上层, 光化学作用使得夏季平流层中上层臭氧浓度最高, 冬季反之。动力输送过程对于对流层上层至平流层低层10~17 km高度影响显著, 平流层-对流层交换使得春季该层臭氧浓度最高。     

北冰洋浮冰上的能量分量的估算

根据1999年8月中国首次北极科学考察队在北冰洋高纬度浮冰区联合冰站(75°02′N,160°51′W)获得的近冰层大气边界层观测资料,通过通量-廓线方法和SiB2(SimpleBiospheremodelversion2)模式对冰面的能量平衡分量和湍流交换参数进行了估算和模拟.结果表明,北冰洋浮冰区在消融期间冰面释放的感热和融化有效耗热之和超过了冰面所吸收的净辐射,超出的部分热量主要来源于冰深层的热量向冰面传导.模拟的净辐射比实测值系统性高估18%,模拟的感热通量比计算结果系统性低估3%,模拟的冰面热通量误差较大.尽管观测资料序列不长,表明SiB2对北冰洋地区冰面的净辐射和感热通量模拟能力较好,对其他通量的模拟需作改进.     

城市建筑物对城市边界层三维结构影响的数值模拟

设计了一个考虑城市建筑物动力作用和人为热量影响的城市边界层参数化方案(UBP),并将之耦合到新一代中尺度模式WRF中。利用WRF/UBP模式对北京地区夏季晴空下边界层结构进行了数值模拟分析,并与不考虑建筑物及人为热源影响的MYJ方案的模拟结果进行对比。结果表明, UBP方案模拟的边界层结构反映了城市下垫面作用下的边界层结构特征,近地面层风场和温度场的模拟与自动气象站的观测结果更为接近。人为热源使得城市热岛效应增强,诊断分析显示由于夜间为稳定边界层,而白天边界层发展,湍流输送加强,热岛效应的日变化与人为热源的日变化有明显的反相关。另外,对湍流动能和边界层高度也进行了对比分析,发现城市建筑物使得湍流动能增加,夜间边界层高度有明显升高。研究表明,考虑了建筑物影响的UBP方案大大改善了模式对于城市近地面要素的模拟能力,对城市边界层的描述更为合理。     

不稳定近地面层湍流的大涡模拟

采用加密网格的大涡模式获取边界层风、温场的高分辨率模拟结果,并据以分析近地面层大气的湍流特性。结果表明,较小的网格尺度使次网格湍流贡献率大为降低,模式计算结果对次网格参数的依赖性减小,边界层整体特征得到更好的反映。同时,模拟出的近地面层通量 廓线关系及湍流速度特征与实际观测结果吻合甚好,表明模式具有反映近地面层平均运动和湍流特性的能力。     

湍流动能闭合对区域气候模拟效果影响的机理研究

利用湍流动能(TKE)闭合改进了RegCM2中原高分辨的边界层参数化方案,并用1998年夏的NCEP/NCAR气候资料对TKE闭合方案影响区域气候模拟效果的机理作了探讨.研究表明,在区域气候模式中采用TKE闭合的边界层方案可以将垂直扩散直接与湍流变化联系起来,改善地表通量及各层垂直扩散项的计算,使地表通量和垂直扩散的日变化及各层分布更为合理,从而改进模式对各预报量及降水的模拟,提高模式的模拟能力     

The leading correlation of the winter Aleutian Low with surface air temperature during the subsequent summer over the Arctic and its possible mechanism

The variations of surface air temperature(SAT)over the Arctic are closely related to global climate change.Based on reanalysis datasets and a newly defined Aleutian Low intensity index,we found a good correlation between intensity of winter Aleutian Low and the SAT over the Arctic during the subsequent summer.Explanations were given using correlation analysis,composite analysis,and singular value decomposition methods.When intensity of winter Aleutian Low was weaker,sea surface temperature appeared higher in the North Pacific in the subsequent spring and summer,resulting in mean meridional circulation anomalies and 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies in spring and summer.Anomalous upward motion in mid-latitudes and downward motion in high latitudes(Ferrel cell weakening)transported the warmer air to the north from lower layer to the upper layer followed by increases in the SAT over the Arctic.Anomalous downward motion over about 75°N also caused consequent adiabatic warming and contributed to inhibit the heat transportation from surface to upper layer.Negative 500 hPa geopotential height anomalies existed in mid-latitudes and positive anomalies existed in high latitudes.The pattern(low-in-south and high-in-north)benefited from increasing the inflow volume flux of the Bering Strait,which also made the SAT over the Arctic increase.The results of this study reveal the process that the summer SAT over the Arctic was modulated by interannual variability of intensity of winter Aleutian Low.     

有云条件下WRF模式中5种边界层参数化方案的比较研究

利用中尺度气象模式WRF中五种边界层参数化方案,对中国安徽寿县地区进行高分辨率的数值模拟,评估有云条件下边界层参数化方案对不同气象要素以及边界层结构的模拟能力。结果表明:两种非局地方案(ACM2、YSU)在云层存在的时间、云底高度、云底厚度方面模拟效果较好,局地方案模拟结果较差;对于向下短波辐射模拟,ACM2方案更接近观测值;对2 m温度和比湿模拟ACM2方案最好,而局地方案在风速和风向上存在优势;垂直结构方面,白天弱不稳定条件下,非局地方案考虑大涡输送更能表征位温廓线和湿度廓线,而风速和风向廓线的模拟,除了MYJ方案外,其它方案均能成功模拟,在夜间弱稳定条件下,5种方案都能模拟出弱不稳定层结、逆湿结构、急流等。     

西北太平洋西边界流系源区的数值模拟研究

采用POM模式对2005年西北太平洋西边界流系源区进行了数值模拟.针对该海区海表热通量与POM模式匹配困难的问题,在模拟过程中,分别采用由同化AMSR卫星资料插值得到的日平均海表温度场以及由NCEP资料得到的海表净热通量与长、短波辐射通量两种方案来进行海表热强迫.通过与SODA资料的分析结果对比,POM模式模拟结果较好地显示出北赤道流,黑潮源区及棉兰老海流的基本特征,两处断面流速与实际探测资料较为吻合;高度场模拟结果与实况较为一致,但0.9m水位高度线范围呈缩小-放大-缩小-放大的季节性震荡与实况中维持稳定存在一定差异;海温模拟结果与月平均的SODA资料总体一致,但在春夏两季温度略高.     

Vertical structure of recent Arctic warming

Near-surface warming in the Arctic has been almost twice as large as the global average over recent decades-a phenomenon that is known as the 'Arctic amplification'. The underlying causes of this temperature amplification remain uncertain. The reduction in snow and ice cover that has occurred over recent decades may have played a role. Climate model experiments indicate that when global temperature rises, Arctic snow and ice cover retreats, causing excessive polar warming. Reduction of the snow and ice cover causes albedo changes, and increased refreezing of sea ice during the cold season and decreases in sea-ice thickness both increase heat flux from the ocean to the atmosphere. Changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation, as well as cloud cover, have also been proposed to cause Arctic temperature amplification. Here we examine the vertical structure of temperature change in the Arctic during the late twentieth century using reanalysis data. We find evidence for temperature amplification well above the surface. Snow and ice feedbacks cannot be the main cause of the warming aloft during the greater part of the year, because these feedbacks are expected to primarily affect temperatures in the lowermost part of the atmosphere, resulting in a pattern of warming that we only observe in spring. A significant proportion of the observed temperature amplification must therefore be explained by mechanisms that induce warming above the lowermost part of the atmosphere. We regress the Arctic temperature field on the atmospheric energy transport into the Arctic and find that, in the summer half-year, a significant proportion of the vertical structure of warming can be explained by changes in this variable. We conclude that changes in atmospheric heat transport may be an important cause of the recent Arctic temperature amplification.     

Estimation of components of energy balance on drifting ice over Arctic Ocean

Estimation and simulation were carried out for the components of ice-surface energy balance and tur bulent exchange parameters using the flux-profile method and the sinple biosphere model version 2 (SiB2, hereinafter) respectively based on the measured results for the atmosphere in the near-ice-surface layer, which were observed by the First Arctic Scientific Expedition of China in August, 1999 at a joint ice-research station (75°02′N, 160°51′W) on the drifting ice of Arctic Ocean. Evidence suggests that during the melting period of drifting ice the sum of the ice-released sensible heat and effective melting-consumed heat is greater than the net ice-absorbed radiation on the surface, with the excess heat coming via heat conduction from the deep layers of the ice mass. The simulated net radiation is systematical lv 18% greater than the measured results, while the simulated sensible heat flux is systematically 3% lower than the measured ones; and the simulated ice-surface heat flux differs noticeably from its calculation. Hence, we see that al though the measured sequences are short, the simulations of net radiation and sensible heat fluxes by the SiB2 model are comparatively good, the simulation of other forms of fluxes still needs to be improved.     

Turbulent flux exchange characteristics of air-ice-sea above the Arctic Ocean during the polar day period

Chinese “Xue Long” breaker made its first voyage to the Arctic Ocean for scientific expedition from July to September, 1999. The tethersonde meteorological tower (TMT) sounding system was used to probe the temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed on different underlying surfaces above the Arctic Ocean. The probed data were used for calculating the roughness length z0, momentum flux M, drag coefficient CDD, sensible heat flux Hss, bulk transfer coefficient CHH for sensible heat, latent heat flux HLL, and bulk transfer coefficient CEE for latent heat of air-ice-sea on different underlying surfaces. They vary within the ranges of (0.2 ～ 1.0) mm, (1.14～9.19) ×10-2N/m2, (0.87～ 1.76) × 10-3,-(4.2～ 12.5) W/m2, (0.84～ 1.37) x 10-3,-6.6～ 23.6 W/m2 and (0.85 ～ 1.40) x 10-3, respectively. It shows that the drag coefficient is greater than the latent heat transfer coefficient, and again the latent heat transfer coefficient is larger than the sensible heat transfer coefficient. Besides, the fluxes of momentum, sensible and latent heat are apparently correlated to the mean wind speed and the mean potential temperature difference and mean specific humidity difference.     

Biological productivity and carbon cycling in the Arctic Ocean

Primary production, bacterial production, particulate organic carbon fluxes and organic carbon burial rates were quantified during the summer period of 1999 in the Arctic Ocean via 14C uptake, 3H uptake, 234Th/238U disequilibrium and 210Pbex dating, respectively. The integrated primary production in the water column was as high as 197 mmolC/(m2@d) in the Chukchi shelf and was 3.8 mmolC/(m2@d) in the Canada Basin. These rates are higher than those reported previously. The ratios of bacterial production to primary production in the study region were higher than 0.5, indicating that microbial activity is not depressed but important in cold Arctic waters. 234Th/238U disequilibria were evident at the station in the Canada Basin. The presence of significant 234Th deficiency suggested that scavenging and removal processes are also important to biogeochemical cycles of trace elements in the Arctic Ocean. Particulate organic carbon export flux was estimated to be 1.0 mmolC/(m2@d). Measurements of sediment excess 210Pb profile in the Chukchi shelf allowed us to estimate the amount of organic carbon buried in the bottom sediment, which ranged from 25 to 35 mmolC/(m2@d) and represented about 59%-82% of the mean primary production in the euphotic zone. Overall, our results indicated that the Arctic Ocean has active carbon cycling and is not a biological desert as previously believed. Therefore, the Arctic Ocean may play an important role in the global carbon cycle and climate change.     

海南岛地区大气边界层高度的时空变化特征

利用WRF模式模拟分析海南岛及其邻近海区的大气边界层高度时空变化特征。结果表明, 海南岛春夏季北部开阔地区平均边界层较高, 约500~600 m; 秋冬季海岛的西北?东?东南沿岸的半环绕地带平均边界层较高, 约500~700 m; 岛内中南部山区平均边界层高度较低且季节变化不大, 数值约200~500 m。各季盛行风向及海风发展因素与平均边界层的空间分布之间有良好的对应关系。海岛周边海区秋冬季平均边界层高度约500~800 m, 春夏季约100~500 m, 呈秋冬季高、春夏季低的季节变化特征。岛内边界层高度最大值出现在春夏季, 可达1800 m以上; 沿岸地区边界层高度最大值出现在秋冬季, 约1300~1500 m。海南岛岛内区域具有典型的陆面大气边界层日变化规律; 沿海地带受盛行风向的影响, 向岸流和离岸流时边界层日变化分别表现为海洋性和陆地性的特点。     

基于Argo资料的热带印度洋上层声场分析

为了解热带印度洋的水声场,利用2004-2013年10a的地转海洋学实时观测阵(Argo)资料,根据声速计算经验公式,对水声的水平分布、铅直断面分布、声跃层的分布、季节变化和铅直结构进行了较为全面的分析,并对强跃层区进行逐月研究。结果表明,50m深度层声速场呈北高南低的纬向带状分布形式,而200m深度层声速场由北向南呈现高—低—高—低分布;在85°E断面上,声速等值线在赤道以南存在较大的槽、脊,而在赤道以北较为平直;声跃层的深度冬季总体分布为南浅北深,夏季在10°N西印度洋和10°S东印度洋各有一部分明显的较深区域;跃层厚度普遍冬季大于夏季,东部大于西部,跃层强度的分布在冬季存在1个高值区,在夏季存在2个高值区;跃层的断面分布上,其结构、强度和位置都随季节有明显变化。