大鼠肝细胞膜胰岛素受体与胰岛素的相互作用

采用125I-胰岛素标记法研究大鼠肝细胞膜中胰岛素受体与胰岛素的结合性质,用31P-核磁共振法(31P-NMR)研究大鼠肝细胞膜中胰岛素刺激下的胰岛素受体体外自磷酸化,实验结果表明大鼠肝细胞膜胰岛素受体与胰岛素结合的最佳酸度大约为pH=7.5,并且表明大鼠肝细胞膜上的胰岛素受体为高亲和、低容量和低亲和、高容量两型受体.非放射性的31P-NMR波谱法检测到胰岛素刺激下的大鼠肝细胞膜胰岛素受体的体外自磷酸说明所提取纯化的胰岛素受体具有生物活性.     

重组人胰岛素的体外复性纯化

对大肠杆菌表达的重组人胰岛素原包涵体蛋白的变性复性条件进行了优化。考察了变性液中DTT的浓度,复性液的pH值,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)与氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG)的物质的量比,甘氨酸(Gly)浓度对复性的影响。结果表明,在变性液中加入60mmol/L DTT,复性液pH9.5,GSH与GSSG物质的量比为5∶1,Gly浓度为50mmol/L条件下复性率最高。复性后的重组人胰岛素原过DEAE-Sepharose FF柱,经过TPCK-胰蛋白酶和羧肽酶B酶切后,再过Sephadex G-25柱,得到纯度较高的重组人胰岛素。目的蛋白收率为96mg/g干菌体。     

Liquid-like movements in crystalline insulin

Diffuse X-ray scattering from protein crystals provides information about molecular flexibility and packing irregularities. Here we analyse diffraction patterns from insulin crystals that show two types of scattering related to disorder: very diffuse, liquid-like diffraction, and haloes around the Bragg reflections. The haloes are due to coupled displacements of neighbouring molecules in the lattice, and the very diffuse scattering results from variations in atomic positions that are only locally correlated within each molecule. The measured intensity was digitally separated into three components: the Bragg reflections and associated haloes; the water and Compton scattering; and the scattering attributed to internal protein movements. We extend methods used to analyse disorder in membrane structures to simulate the diffuse scattering from crystalline insulin in terms of (1) the Patterson (autocorrelation) function of the ideal, ordered crystal structure, (2) the root-mean-square (r.m.s.) amplitude of the atomic movements, and (3) the mean distance over which these displacements are coupled. Movements of the atoms within the molecules, with r.m.s. amplitudes of 0.4-0.45 A, appear to be coupled over a range of approximately 6 A, as in a liquid. These locally coupled movements account for most of the disorder in the crystal. Also, the protein molecules, as a whole, jiggle in the lattice with r.m.s. amplitudes of approximately 0.25 A that appear to be significantly correlated only between nearest neighbours.     

Receptor-binding region of insulin.

X-ray analysis, circular dichroism, receptor binding and biological potencies of chemically modified insulins suggest that the conformation of the insulin molecule is critical to the formation of both the zinc insulin hexamer and the insulin-receptor complex. Results are consistent with an insulin receptor-binding region including many of the hydrophobic residues important to dimerisation in addition to more polar surface residues. There is a further possibility of formation of an antiparallel sheet structure between the insulin and receptor molecules in the complex similar to that between monomers in the insulin dimer.     

Trying times for human insulin.

The introduction of human insulin to treat diabetics seemed straightforward. What can account for the problems that have followed?