Structure of the insulin receptor substrate IRS-1 defines a unique signal transduction protein.

Since the discovery of insulin nearly 70 years ago, there has been no problem more fundamental to diabetes research than understanding how insulin works at the cellular level. Insulin binds to the alpha subunit of the insulin receptor which activates the tyrosine kinase in the beta subunit, but the molecular events linking the receptor kinase to insulin-sensitive enzymes and transport processes are unknown. Our discovery that insulin stimulates tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of relative molecular mass between 165,000 and 185,000, collectively called pp185, showed that the insulin receptor kinase has specific cellular substrates. The pp185 is a minor cytoplasmic phosphoprotein found in most cells and tissues; its phosphorylation is decreased in cells expressing mutant receptors defective in signalling. We have now cloned IRS-1, which encodes a component of the pp185 band. IRS-1 contains over ten potential tyrosine phosphorylation sites, six of which are in Tyr-Met-X-Met motifs. During insulin stimulation, the IRS-1 protein undergoes tyrosine phosphorylation and binds phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, suggesting that IRS-1 acts as a multisite 'docking' protein to bind signal-transducing molecules containing Src-homology 2 and Src-homology-3 domains. Thus IRS-1 may link the insulin receptor kinase and enzymes regulating cellular growth and metabolism.     

Structure of the insulin receptor ectodomain reveals a folded-over conformation

The insulin receptor is a phylogenetically ancient tyrosine kinase receptor found in organisms as primitive as cnidarians and insects. In higher organisms it is essential for glucose homeostasis, whereas the closely related insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-1R) is involved in normal growth and development. The insulin receptor is expressed in two isoforms, IR-A and IR-B; the former also functions as a high-affinity receptor for IGF-II and is implicated, along with IGF-1R, in malignant transformation. Here we present the crystal structure at 3.8 A resolution of the IR-A ectodomain dimer, complexed with four Fabs from the monoclonal antibodies 83-7 and 83-14 (ref. 4), grown in the presence of a fragment of an insulin mimetic peptide. The structure reveals the domain arrangement in the disulphide-linked ectodomain dimer, showing that the insulin receptor adopts a folded-over conformation that places the ligand-binding regions in juxtaposition. This arrangement is very different from previous models. It shows that the two L1 domains are on opposite sides of the dimer, too far apart to allow insulin to bind both L1 domains simultaneously as previously proposed. Instead, the structure implicates the carboxy-terminal surface of the first fibronectin type III domain as the second binding site involved in high-affinity binding.     

Receptor-binding region of insulin.

X-ray analysis, circular dichroism, receptor binding and biological potencies of chemically modified insulins suggest that the conformation of the insulin molecule is critical to the formation of both the zinc insulin hexamer and the insulin-receptor complex. Results are consistent with an insulin receptor-binding region including many of the hydrophobic residues important to dimerisation in addition to more polar surface residues. There is a further possibility of formation of an antiparallel sheet structure between the insulin and receptor molecules in the complex similar to that between monomers in the insulin dimer.     

Ni(VOPO_4)_2·4H_2O的合成与晶体结构

在V2O5－H3PO4－Ni－CH3NH2－H2O体系中,通过反应原料间的组装反应合成Ni（VOPO4）2·4H2O绿色晶体,并通过元素分析、IR、DTA－TGA及ESR谱进行表征．晶体结构由单晶X射线衍射法确定,晶体属四方晶系,I4／m空间群,a＝b＝0．6228（2）nm,c＝1．3327（4）nm,V＝0．5169（5）nm3,Z＝2．     

从对称性推测SF4的结构

从对称性角度对SF4的结构进行了推测，并结合光谱带数、谱带外形、NMR图谱确定SF4为C2v结构。     

一类极大临界4连通图的结构

引入图的粘合的概念,讨论了极大临界4连通图的性质,给出了一个图是这类图的一个充分必要条件,由此给出该类图的一种新的构造方法.     

PHA-L4的纯化及结构分析

通过阴离子交换层析对植物血球凝集素(PHA)提取物进行组分分离、纯化和活性检测,制得了高丝裂原活性的PHA-L4糖蛋白,并利用SDS-PAGE、质谱、N-端氨基酸序列、肽质量指纹谱等分析方法对其结构进行了鉴定.结果表明,PHA-L4是由4个PHA-L蛋白亚基组成的四聚体糖蛋白,相对分子质量为120000,每个亚基N-端第12位天冬酰胺残基被糖基化,糖基化呈现微不均一性.     

浅谈Netware4系统中目录树的结构和使用

文中对Ｎｅｔｗａｒｅ目录树中的对象,各对象在目录树中的位置以及使用方法作了简述。     

Adipose-selective targeting of the GLUT4 gene impairs insulin action in muscle and liver

The earliest defect in developing type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, characterized by decreased glucose transport and metabolism in muscle and adipocytes. The glucose transporter GLUT4 mediates insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes and muscle by rapidly moving from intracellular storage sites to the plasma membrane. In insulin-resistant states such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, GLUT4 expression is decreased in adipose tissue but preserved in muscle. Because skeletal muscle is the main site of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, the role of adipose tissue GLUT4 downregulation in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and diabetes is unclear. To determine the role of adipose GLUT4 in glucose homeostasis, we used Cre/loxP DNA recombination to generate mice with adipose-selective reduction of GLUT4 (G4A-/-). Here we show that these mice have normal growth and adipose mass despite markedly impaired insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. Although GLUT4 expression is preserved in muscle, these mice develop insulin resistance in muscle and liver, manifested by decreased biological responses and impaired activation of phosphoinositide-3-OH kinase. G4A-/- mice develop glucose intolerance and hyperinsulinaemia. Thus, downregulation of GLUT4 and glucose transport selectively in adipose tissue can cause insulin resistance and thereby increase the risk of developing diabetes.     

新型氧分子O4的理论计算研究

基于密度泛函理论的“自由团簇计算法”计算了实验上发现的新型氧分子O4的电子结构.计算了2种可能的空间结构——正方形和正四面体,分别得到了这2种结构的中性分子O4,正一价分子O 4和负一价分子O-4的基态电子结构,并根据能量最低原则确定了各自的结构参数,从而得到了O4分子2种结构的基态总能量、一价电离能及电子亲合势能.与氧原子、普通氧分子O2和臭氧分子O3的计算结果比较,显示O4分子可以以正方形结构或正四面体结构形式存在,其中正方形结构更有可能是O4分子的真实空间结构.     

Trying times for human insulin.

The introduction of human insulin to treat diabetics seemed straightforward. What can account for the problems that have followed?     

掠入射荧光XAFS研究(Ge4/Si4)5/Si(001)超晶格的结构

本文用掠入射荧光XAFS研究(Ge4/Si4)5/Si(001)形变超晶格的局域结构.超晶格中的Ge-Ge和Ge-Si第一配位键长分别为RGe-Ge=0.243 nm和RGe-Si=0.238 nm,与晶态Ge(RGe-Ge=0.245 nm)和共价Ge-Si键长RGe-Si=0.240 nm相比,其配位键长缩短了0.002 nm,表明Ge原子周围的晶格产生了扭曲,Ge-Ge配位数为1.8和Ge-Si配位数为2.2显然偏离了理论的配位数Ge-Ge为3和Ge-Si配位数为1.我们提出Ge和Si原子的位置交换模型来解释(Ge4/Si4)5超晶格的界面结构.     

4-二甲氨基苯甲醛缩4-氨基-4H-1,2,4-三唑的制备、晶体结构及理论计算

以4-氨基-4H-1,2,4-三唑和4-二甲氨基苯甲醛为原料,在乙酸溶液中制备了化合物4-二甲氨基苯甲醛缩4-氨基-4H-1,2,4-三唑并培养出单晶,化学式为C11H13N5,晶体结构由X-ray单晶衍射测定.晶体属单斜晶系,空间群P2(1)/n,晶体学参数:a=10.365 5(16),b=11.158 5(19),c=9.524 8(12),β=90.257 0(10)°,V=1 101.8(3)3,Z=4,D c=1.298,F(000)=456,μ=0.084 mm-1,R1=0.079 0,wR2=0.118 6,可观测衍射点有1183个.采用密度泛函DFT方法对目标化合物进行了计算,对实验结果进行预测和比较,计算了化合物的几何构型和前线轨道,量化计算结果很好地佐证了晶体结构.     

大学英语四级考试作文语篇“中文化”成因

分析造成语篇结构"中文化"的主要原因,是英语四级考试写作命题指导原则、思维模式和写作素材的中文化。提出解决办法:在教学中通过"语篇分析法"让学生从层次结构熟悉英语文章最常见的框架、写作风格和修辞手法,提高精读课教学效果;在阅读教学中融合写作,使学生不断感受理解不同题材文章的写作模式、组织方式。     

匹配数为1的极值2-均衡4-部4-图的结构

设G为一个匹配数为1的极值2-均衡4-部4-图,通过引入度序列确定了所有极图的结构,证明了它们共有7个同构类,并详尽描述了各类极图的结构.     

Structure of the cell-puncturing device of bacteriophage T4

Bacteriophage T4 has a very efficient mechanism for infecting cells. The key component of this process is the baseplate, located at the end of the phage tail, which regulates the interaction of the tail fibres and the DNA ejection machine. A complex of gene product (gp) 5 (63K) and gp27 (44K), the central part of the baseplate, is required to penetrate the outer cell membrane of Escherichia coli and to disrupt the intermembrane peptidoglycan layer, promoting subsequent entry of phage DNA into the host. We present here a crystal structure of the (gp5-gp27)3 321K complex, determined to 2.9 A resolution and fitted into a cryo-electron microscopy map at 17 A resolution of the baseplate-tail tube assembly. The carboxy-terminal domain of gp5 is a triple-stranded beta-helix that forms an equilateral triangular prism, which acts as a membrane-puncturing needle. The middle lysozyme domain of gp5, situated on the periphery of the prism, serves to digest the peptidoglycan layer. The amino-terminal, antiparallel beta-barrel domain of gp5 is inserted into a cylinder formed by three gp27 monomers, which may serve as a channel for DNA ejection.