多因素耦合下天然亚硫酸盐渍土盐-冻胀特性试验

采用控制变量法,通过多次冻融循环试验模拟自然环境的变化,研究多因素耦合下艾丁湖地区天然亚硫酸盐渍土的盐-冻胀规律,得出细粒亚硫酸盐渍土盐-冻胀率与变量之间的交互回归方程.根据研究结果,得出以下结论:①当亚硫酸盐渍土体处于最优含水率状态时,其盐-冻胀作用最强烈,气相孔隙和水盐运移、聚集能力决定了盐-冻胀的作用效果;②随着冻融循环次数的增加,荷载对盐-冻胀的抑制能力先减弱后增强最后逐渐趋于稳定,50 kPa的上覆荷载即可减少约60%的盐-冻胀量.③含水率和上覆荷载是影响盐-冻胀作用的主要因素,同时含水率和荷载的交互作用会影响土体盐-冻胀的发展,控制含水率、增加上覆荷载,可以有效抑制天然亚硫酸盐渍土的盐-冻胀作用.     

天然盐渍土冷端阶梯式持续降温盐-冻胀及水盐迁移试验研究

为研究罗布泊地区天然盐渍土中盐-冻胀规律和盐胀机制,选取罗布泊含砂低液限粉土在自动化大尺寸可控温度循环仪中冷端阶梯式持续降温,进行盐-冻胀试验。结果表明,该土为含砂低液限粉土,在土体温度为5~0℃时,发生明显土体膨胀,此温度区间为该土类盐胀起胀温度区;冷端持续降温过程土体膨胀变形可分为3个阶段,第一阶段为盐胀起胀阶段,第二阶段为盐胀增长阶段,第三阶段为盐-冻胀共同增长阶段;水分与盐分从暖端向冷端迁移,其中氯离子与水分迁移具有一定共性,而硫酸根离子与二者不同。     

U形渠道地基用盐渍土冻融试验

针对宁夏平罗县沙湖灌区盐渍土地基U形渠道衬砌盐腐蚀严重和冻胀开裂的现象,开展破坏机理研究。设计模拟渠道地基用盐渍土的冻融试验,研究9次冻融循环条件下盐渍土的盐分迁移和冻胀力分布规律,结合冻胀力计算模型明晰U形渠道衬砌的破坏成因。研究结果表明:相同含水质量分数的盐渍土,深度在10 cm以内时,盐分迁移速率较快,随着深度增加,盐分迁移速率由大减小,并沿着深度增加盐分迁移量呈非线性减小;不同含水质量分数盐渍土在其表层均有盐分迁移后大量富集现象;相同含水质量分数的盐渍土,其冻胀力随着深度增加而增加,当深度在25 cm以内时,其冻胀力增长较为平缓,深度大于25 cm时,冻胀力随着冻结深度增加呈显著增加;盐渍土温度达到-10.0℃以下,土体中的水已全部冻结,随着温度继续降低,冰体和土颗粒的蠕变变形导致冻胀力衰减,且随着冻融次数增加,冻胀力衰减越显著;在1个冻融循环过程中,冻胀力波动温度区间随着含水质量分数增加而减小,且区间起始温度有增加趋势;在1个冻融循环过程中产生了冻胀力波动现象且在冻胀力波动温度区间内发生了4次,该规律能很好地解释在春天融化过程中渠道衬砌板更易产生开裂的现象;盐渍土表层盐分大量富集导致渠道衬砌板顶部腐蚀最严重。     

含盐量及含水率对盐渍土冻胀规律影响试验研究

盐渍土冻胀问题对道路运营产生很大影响。本论述结合G215线柳园至敦煌段盐渍土地区冻胀的基本情况,对温度下降时盐渍土含盐量及含水率对冻胀的影响规律进行了研究。研究内容包括盐渍土温度从10℃下降到-35℃时的冻胀规律、含盐量及含水率对冻胀率的影响规律等。其中含盐量分别设置为0.71%、2.0%、3.0%、4.0%、5.0%等五种状况,含水率取用19%、23%、27%等三种。研究结果表明：土体温度由10℃下降到0℃阶段,土体出现冷缩现象,但冷缩量相对较小;土体温度由0℃下降到-10℃阶段,是土体冻胀量增加最快的阶段;土体温度由-10℃下降到-20℃阶段,土体冻胀量的增加则相对缓慢;当土体温度下降到-20℃以后,降低温度对土体冻胀量的增加作用已不明显。当土体的含盐量和含水率增大时,都会导致土体冻胀量增大。研究结果对类似工程问题的处理及防治,具有重要的指导作用。     

吉林省农安地区盐渍土冻胀特性试验研究

吉林省西部地区广泛分布着盐渍土。近年来由于盐渍土冻胀而造成的建（构）筑物破坏的现象越来越频繁。以吉林省农安地区盐渍土为研究对象,通过在室内采用程序式高低温试验机进行盐渍土的冻胀试验,结果表明,冻胀量不仅与温度有关,而且与压实度、含水率、易溶盐含量等因素有关。本文试验结果,有助于对由盐渍土冻胀造成的破坏采取有效的防治措施。     

粗粒盐渍土大型冻融循环剪切试验

针对冻融循环后粗粒盐渍土的强度将直接影响盐渍土地区路堤的稳定性,而采用常规剪切试验将导致粗粒盐渍土的颗粒效应问题,基于西北地区粗粒盐渍土的冻融特点和剪切试验原理,设计研发了将冻融循环试验和剪切试验结合的大型粗粒土冻融循环剪切试验装置,可有效测试在不同温度条件下材料的强度特性。依托某公路盐渍土试验段项目,采用天然粗粒盐渍土模拟下路堤,测试其在经过冻融循环后的强度变化特点,并利用测试数据进行实际工况的数值计算。结果表明：随着冻融循环次数的增加,靠近冷端土体的粘聚力逐渐增大,内摩擦角先减小后增大;靠近暖端的土体强度逐渐减小,9次冻融循环后,靠近暖端的土体内摩擦角有一定增大;采用该天然粗粒盐渍土填筑的下路堤的强度变化量较小,路堤强度基本稳定。     

注盐法整治季节性铁路路基冻害可行性试验研究

以青藏铁路鸟岛段季节性冻土区路基冻害为研究背景,在室内填筑路基实体模型,进行封闭系统中反复冻融循环条件下的模型试验,分析冻融循环条件下普通路基和注盐路基的温度和位移规律。结果表明：随着环境温度的周期性变化,普通段和注盐段的温度均呈现出正弦曲线变化规律,试验段温度波动范围为环境波动范围的三分之一左右;普通段两个断面路基土体在固结沉降过程中呈现出有规律的抬升和下沉,注盐段呈缓慢下沉;普通段和注盐段两个试验段四个断面路基土体冻胀最大值分别为0.23 mm、0.10 mm和0.06 mm、0.05 mm,注盐之后路基冻胀减小平均约74%,说明注盐对于路基土体冻胀有很大的抑制的作用,注盐法整治路基冻害是可行的。     

不同压力条件下艾丁湖地区天然盐渍土盐-冻胀研究

为研究艾丁湖地区天然盐渍土在不同压力和含水率下的盐-冻胀规律,选取艾丁湖地区低液限粉土为研究对象,运用室内小尺寸实验装置进行试验。结果表明:在不同压力下,盐-冻胀规律基本相似;压力对盐渍土的盐-冻胀影响很大,随着上覆压力的逐渐增大,盐-冻胀量逐渐减小。盐-冻胀率在一定范围内随含水率的增大而增大,当含水率为最优含水率时,盐-冻胀率达到最大值。     

季冻区粉质粘土路基的冻胀特性的模型试验研究

为对季冻区路基冻胀性能进行研究,以实际工程为依托,通过相似原理方法进行缩尺模型试验研究。在开敞式条件下进行单向冻融试验,分析在不同温度梯度条件下冻融循环两次过程中温度分布及冻胀特性。自行研制的冻胀设备能满足变形、温度等多项试验指标。试验测试结果表明：冻结速率随时间的增加呈现出降低趋势且具有一定的波动性;冻结深度随冻结负温的增加而增加,并且在-15℃时,最大冻深达到39cm;通过对冻结深度与时间关系进行分析提出冻结深度预测公式,通过对前人已有数据进行验证发现本文提出公式具有很好的适用性;在不同冷端温度与冻胀量关系中发现,当冻结负温在-10℃下,土体达到最大冻胀量。     

季冻区粉质黏土路基的冻胀特性的模型试验研究

为对季冻区路基冻胀性能进行研究,以实际工程为依托,通过相似原理方法进行缩尺模型试验研究。在开敞式条件下进行单向冻融试验,分析在不同温度梯度条件下冻融循环两次过程中温度分布及冻胀特性。自行研制的冻胀设备能满足变形、温度等多项试验指标。试验测试结果表明:冻结速率随时间的增加呈现出降低趋势且具有一定的波动性;冻结深度随冻结负温的增加而增加,并且在-15℃时,最大冻深达到39 cm;通过对冻结深度与时间关系进行分析提出冻结深度预测公式,通过对前人已有数据进行验证发现所提出公式具有很好的适用性;在不同冷端温度与冻胀量关系中发现,当冻结负温在-10℃下,土体达到最大冻胀量。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-     

Density Functional Theory for the Response of Periodic Systems to Electric Fields Based on the Vector Potential Approach

正The electronic and nuclear(structural/vibrational)response of 1D-3D nanoscale systems to electric fields gives rise to a host of optical,mechanical,spectral,etc.properties that are of high theoretical and applied interest.Due to the computational difficulty of treating such large systems it is convenient to model them as infinite and periodic(at least,in first approximation).The fundamental theoretical/computational problem in doing so is that     

On the Thermodynamic Limit for Responses to Static Electromagnetic Fields

For molecular systems,the quantum-mechanical treatment of their responses to static electromagnetic fields usually employs a scalar-potential treatment of the electric field and a vector-potential treatment of the magnetic field.Although the potential for each field separately is associated with the choice of an(unphysical)origin,the precise choice of the origin for the electrostatic field has little consequences for the results.This is different for the