我国硼资源概况及提硼研究进展

简要介绍了我国硼矿资源概况和固体硼矿的提硼方法：萃取法、酸化法、沉淀法、离子交换法、分级结晶法、浮选法等。着重阐述了国内外盐湖卤水提硼的工艺进展,指出了盐湖卤水提硼必将成为21世纪硼化合物生产的主攻方向。     

(噁)唑硼烷的催化机理研究及应用进展

本文介绍了口恶唑硼烷特性,重点综述了口恶唑硼烷的催化机理的发展及其催化机理的研究进展,介绍了口恶唑硼烷的应用现状和进展,展望了口恶唑硼烷在实际应用中特别是在医药和食品工业上的前景。     

苯并(a)芘的环境污染、健康危害及研究热点问题

本文主要介绍了多环芳烃类中致癌性最强的化合物之一－苯并（a)芘对人体健康的危害，污染来源和程度，环境质量和污染排放标准，以及目前的科研热点问题。     

硼原子对电子结构的作用及其晶界偏聚行为——Ni3Al脆,韧…

用Ｘ射线光电子能谱研究了硼原子对Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的Ｎｉ２ｐ３／２结合能的作用及其晶界偏聚规律，结果表明，纯Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的Ｎｉ２ｐ３／２结合能的作用及其晶界偏聚规律，结果表明，纯Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的Ｎｉ２ｐ３／２结合能按下列顺序增加：Ｎｉ〈Ｎｉ７６Ａｌ２４〈Ｎｉ７４Ａｌ２６〈Ｎｉ７５Ａｌ２５，如硼则使Ｎｉ３Ａｌ的Ｎｉ２ｐ３／２结合能单调下降，另外，在Ｎｉ３Ａｌ中硼有平衡放非平衡性质相叠加的晶界偏聚行为，根据组成原子     

涂硼MRPC热中子探测器性能的模拟研究

介绍了涂硼MRPC热中子探测器的原理,利用蒙特卡罗方法模拟研究了涂硼MRPC热中子探测器对于不同能量中子的响应以及不同涂层厚度对于0.025eV热中子的转换效率,分析了其对射线的响应,并计算了该探测器的时间分辨和本征探测效率.通过模拟结果给出了涂硼MRPC热中子探测器对于0.025eV热中子的探测效率.对转换效率进行理论计算验证,模拟结果和理论计算值吻合较好.     

空气污染对人体健康影响研究的进展

本文简要评述了室内、室外空气污染对人体呼吸健康及儿童肺功能生长发育的影响的研究现状及发展趋势。空气颗粒物（ＰＭ１０、ＰＭ２．５）、气体污染物（ＳＯ２、ＮＯ２、Ｏ３）及挥发性有机物是主要污染因子。空气污染达到一定的浓度水平,且经过较长时期的暴露就能显现出人体呼吸健康的有害影响,使人们感冒时咳嗽、感冒时咳痰、感冒时气喘、支气管炎、哮喘及因呼吸系统疾病信院率明显上升;对儿童肺功能发育也有不利影响,使儿童     

唑硼烷的催化机理研究及应用进展

本文介绍了(噁)唑硼烷特性,重点综述了(噁)唑硼烷的催化机理的发展及其催化机理的研究进展,介绍了(噁)唑硼烷的应用现状和进展,展望了(噁)唑硼烷在实际应用中特别是在医药和食品工业上的前景.     

轻金属硼氢化物可逆储氢材料研究进展

发展高效、安全的储氢材料/技术被公认为是推进氢能规模化商业应用的关键环节.相比于高压气态和低温液态储存方式,材料基固态储氢因能量密度高且安全性好,被认为最有发展前景.在诸多储氢材料中,轻金属配位硼氢化物氢含量多〉10 wt%,在储氢密度方面具有用作车载氢源的潜力,业已成为近年来储氢材料领域的研究热点.在简述轻金属配位硼氢化物储/放氢反应机理研究的基础上,着重从阴/阳离子替代、构建反应复合体系、纳米相结构调制等方面概述了改善硼氢化物综合储/放氢性能的最新研究进展,旨在明确轻金属硼氢化物储氢材料研究中的关键问题及未来研究方向.     

工作气压对磁控溅射法制备硼碳氮薄膜结晶度的影响

本文用六方氮化硼和石墨靶材采用射频（频率为13．56MHz）磁控溅射法沉积硼碳氮薄膜,得到的硼碳氮薄膜可用红外,拉曼表征。工作气压从0．2Pa升高到6．0Pa。我们可以观察到工作气压可以明显的改变硼碳氮薄膜的晶体结构和结晶度。硼碳氯薄膜的半高宽随工作气压的增加而变化并且在工作气压1．0Pa时得到较好结晶度的薄膜。     

英国科学家建议规范和检验纳米产品

英国皇家学会和皇家工程科学院前些时候发布调查报告说，政府应当对纳米技术产品进行安全检验和规范，把纳米产品对人体健康和环境的潜在危害降到最低限度。     

The effect of global warming on mortality

There is a significant relationship between ambient temperature and mortality. In healthy individuals with no underlying co-morbid conditions, there is an efficient heat regulation system which enables the body to effectively handle thermal stress. However, in vulnerable groups, especially in elderly over the age of 65 years, infants and individuals with co-morbid cardiovascular and/or respiratory conditions, there is a deficiency in thermoregulation. When temperatures exceed a certain limit, being cold winter spells or heat waves, there is an increase in the number of deaths. In particular, it has been shown that at temperatures above 27 °C, the daily mortality rate increases more rapidly per degree rise compared to when it drops below 27 °C.This is especially of relevance with the current emergency of global warming. Besides the direct effect of temperature rises on human health, global warming will have a negative impact on primary producers and livestock, leading to malnutrition, which will in turn lead to a myriad of health related issues. This is further exacerbated by environmental pollution.Public health measures that countries should follow should include not only health-related information strategies aiming to reduce the exposure to heat for vulnerable individuals and the community, but improved urban planning and reduction in energy consumption, among many others. This will reduce the carbon footprint and help avert global warming, thus reducing mortality.     

Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health

Most air pollutants do not lead to specific diseases. Depending on the pollutant, the concentration and the duration of exposure, some organs are more affected than others. The most frequent disorders are those caused by irritant gases and particulates on the mucous membranes and respiratory organs. The consequences are eye, nose and throat inflammations, diminished lung function, increased susceptability to respiratory infection and a higher incidence of chronic bronchitis. These disorders and diseases are, of course, influenced by other factors as well, such as immune deficiency, allergies, occupational exposure to pollutants, and particularly smoking. The effects of air pollutants are, therefore, multifactorially conditioned and nonspecific disorders are placed in the foreground. Evidence for an association of air pollution with adverse effects on human health is drawn from three sources: animal experiments, experimental human exposures, and epidemiologic studies of exposed human populations. The burden of atmospheric pollution must be reduced to protect human health by an adequate safety margin. In particular, the increased sensitivity of sick and aged people as well as children should be taken into account. In defining the maximum emmission levels, preventive aspects should have priority so as to keep the risk of damage to health and the harmful influences on the environment to a minimum.This article Effects of atmospheric pollution on human health by H. U. Wanner is a revised version of the same article that was first published in the Proceedings of the 1990 European Aerosol Conference; special issue of the J. Aerosol Sci., Vol. 21, Suppl. 1 (1990) 389–396.Reprinted with kind permission from Pergamon Press Ltd, Headington Hill Hall, Oxford OX3 0BW, Great Britain.     

Human health effects of exposure to cadmium

Summary The health effects of human exposure to cadmium are discussed with emphases on intake, absorption, body burden, and excretion; osteomalacia in Japan; hypertension; and proteinuria, emphysema, osteomalacia, and cancer in workers. Elevated blood pressure has not been observed as a result of excessive exposures to cadmium in Japan or the workplace. Renal tubular dysfunction and consequent proteinuria is generally accepted as the main effect following long-term, low-level exposure to cadmium. Studies of workers show that proteinuria may develop after the first year of exposure or many years after the last exposure. Proteinuria and deterioration of renal function may continue even after cessation of exposure. The immediate health significance of low-level proteinuria is still under debate. However, there is evidence that long-term renal tubular dysfunction may lead to abnormalities of calcium metabolism and osteomalacia. The few autopsy and crosssectional studies of workers do not permit conclusions to be drawn regarding the relationship between cadmium exposure and emphysema. Retrospective and historical-prospective studies are needed to settle this important question. No conclusive evidence has been published regarding cadmium-induced cancer in humans. However, there is sufficient evidence to regard cadmium as a suspect renal and prostate carcinogen. Because of equivocal results and the absence of dose-response relationships, the studies reviewed should be used with caution in making regulatory decisions and low-dose risk assessments.     

The atmospheric environment—an introduction

The atmosphere is part of the environment with which the human organism is permanently confronted. Epidemiological research investigates the occurrence of effects on morbidity and mortality due to heat, cold, air pollution and changes in the weather. Concentrating on aspects of the environment relevant for medical questions, three major complexes of effects can be discriminated: the complex conditions of heat exchange, the direct biological effects of solar radiation, and air pollution. Biometeorological knowledge can serve to assess the atmospheric environment, and can also be of help in the field of preventive planning, to conserve and develop the climate as a natural resource with regard to man's health, well-being and performance.     

A novel hybrid fine particulate matter (PM2.5) forecasting and its further application system: Case studies in China

Air pollution has received more attention from many countries and scientists due to its high threat to human health. However, air pollution prediction remains a challenging task because of its nonstationarity, randomness, and nonlinearity. In this research, a novel hybrid system is successfully developed for PM_2.5 concentration prediction and its application in health effects and economic loss assessment. First, an efficient data mining method is adopted to capture and extract the primary characteristic of PM_2.5 dataset and alleviate the noises' adverse effects. Second, Harris hawks optimization algorithm is introduced to tune the extreme learning machine model with high prediction accuracy, then the optimized extreme learning machine can be established to obtain the forecasting values of PM_2.5 series. Next, PM_2.5-related health effects and economic costs was estimated based on the predicted PM_2.5 values, the related health effects, and environmental value assessment methods. Several experiments are designed using three daily PM_2.5 datasets from Beijing, Tianjin, and Shijiazhuang. Lastly, the corresponding experimental results showed that this proposed system can not only provide early warning information for environmental management, assist in the formulation of effective measures to reduce air pollutant emissions, and prevent health problems but also help for further research and application in different fields, such as health issues due to PM_2.5 pollutant.     

人类基因组单体型图计划及其"中国卷"

国际人类基因组单体型图计划是针对亚、非、欧裔全基因组中的一百万或更多的单核苷酸序列差异位点进行测定和分析,构建出整合了人类遗传多态信息的每条染色体的“单体型图”,为疾病相关的基因研究提供全球共享的最基本数据。在这一多国参与的重大国际合作项目中,中国将做出10％的贡献,其具体内容为构建3号、21号染色体和8号染色体短臂的单体型图以及提供一半的亚洲样品。中国团队确定的平台技术有基于引物延伸方法的Sequenom的质谱检测系统和PerkinElmer的荧光偏振检测系统以及基于分子杂交原理的Illumina的光纤磁珠检测系统。     

The epidemiology of dental caries in relation to environmental trace elements

Summary This paper reviews the influence of the geochemical environment on the epidemiology of human dental caries. The best documented association is that between water borne fluoride and reduced caries prevalence. The influence of fluoride was first reported during the early decades of this century in Colorado, USA, and led to the fluoridation of some public water supplies in several countries. In all cases, fluoridation has been followed by significant improvements in dental health and no adverse effects in general health. Other trace elements in food and water have now been linked with dental caries. Molybdenum has been associated with reduced caries prevalence whereas selenium and lead appear to have adverse effects. Cavity formation in teeth probably involves a localised dissolution of the enamel surface by the products of bacterial activity. It is possible that the incorporation of trace metals into the apatite microcrystals of enamel may alter their physical properties, especially solubility, and hence their susceptibility to degradation.     

Anti-infective properties of bacteriocins: an update

Bacteriocin production is a widespread phenomenon among bacteria. Bacteriocins hold great promise for the treatment of diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria and could be used in the future as alternatives to existing antibiotics. The anti-infective potential of bacteriocins for inhibiting pathogens has been shown in various food matrices including cheese, meat, and vegetables. However, their inhibition of pathogens in vivo remains unclear and needs more investigation, due mainly to difficulties associated with demonstrating their health benefits. Many bacteriocins produced by established or potential probiotic organisms have been evaluated as potential therapeutic agents and interesting findings have been documented in vitro as well as in a few in vivo studies. Some recent in vivo studies point to the efficacy of bacteriocin-based treatments of human and animal infections. While further investigation remains necessary before the possibilities for bacteriocins in clinical practice can be described more fully, this review provides an overview of their potential applications to human and veterinary health.