Hyperspectral retrieval model of phycocyanin in case Ⅱ waters

Phycocyanin, a functional protein found in blue-green algae, with characteristic absorption peak around 620 nm, can be used to detect the quantity of blue-green algae in waters. Spectral characteristics of phycocyanin were studied by measuring hyperspectral water leaving radiance and absorption curve, and the results showed that the absorption peak of phycocyanin around 620 nm was evident in the curve of water leaving radiance. Bio-optical model of phycocyanin was set up with analytical methods and calibrated with error analysis. Linear relationship between phycocyanin concentration measured and that retrieved with calibrated bio-optical model （R = 0.755） was better than that retrieved with the band ratio of 709 nm/620 nm （R = 0.729）, which proved that the calibration was necessary for improving the accuracy of phycocyanin concentration.     

Hyperspectral retrieval model of phycocyanin in case II waters

Phycocyanin, a functional protein found in blue-green algae, with characteristic absorption peak around 620 nm, can be used to detect the quantity of blue-green algae in waters. Spectral characteristics of phycocyanin were studied by measuring hyperspectral water leaving radiance and absorption curve, and the results showed that the absorption peak of phycocyanin around 620 nm was evident in the curve of water leaving radiance. Bio-optical model of phycocyanin was set up with analytical methods and calibrated with error analysis. Linear relationship between phycocyanin concentration measured and that retrieved with calibrated bio-optical model (R = 0.755) was better than that retrieved with the band ratio of 709 nm/620 nm (R = 0.729), which proved that the calibration was neces-sary for improving the accuracy of phycocyanin concentration.     

Application of NIR spectroscopy for firmness evaluation of peaches

The use of near infrared （NIR） spectroscopy was proved to be a useful tool for quality analysis of fruits. A bifurcated fiber type NIR spectrometer, with a detection range of 800-2500 nm by InGaAs detector, was used to evaluate the firmness of peaches. Anisotropy of NIR spectra and firmness of peaches in relation to detecting positions of different parts （including three latitudes and three longitudes） were investigated. Both spectra absorbency and firmness of peach were influenced by longitudes （i, ii, iii） and latitudes （A, B, C）. For modeling, two thirds of the samples were used as the calibration set and the remaining one third were used as the validation or prediction set. Partial least square regression （PLSR） models for different longitude and latitude spectra and for the whole fruit show that collecting several NIR spectra from different longitudes and latitudes of a fruit for NIR calibration modeling can improve the modeling performance. In addition, proper spectra pretreatments like scattering correction or derivative also can enhance the modeling performance. The best results obtained in this study were from the holistic model with multiplicative scattering correction （MSC） pretreatment, with correlation coefficient of cross-validation γcv=0.864, root mean square error of cross-validation RMSECV=6.71 N, correlation coefficient of calibration r=0.948, root mean square error of calibration RMSEC=4.21 N and root mean square error of prediction RMSEP=5.42 N. The results of this study are useful for further research and application that when applying NIR spectroscopy for objectives with anisotropic differences, spectra and quality indices are necessarily measured from several parts of each object to improve the modeling performance.     

Application of Grey Associative Analysis to the Assessment of Regional Water Security

The assessment of water security is an important content in the security management of water resources due to the fact that the state of water security directly affects both the sustainable development of regional economy and the improvement on the living quality of mankind. Grey associative analysis is introduced and applied to assessment of water security on the basis of grey characteristics of the assessment index system of water security. As a case study shows, grey associative analysis is used for evaluating water security of some provinces in China, and the satisfactory assessment results are obtained. The sequence of provinces in China with regard to water security from good to poor is obtained and, moreover, the water security level of each region is also confirmed. The results obtained accord with the actual state of each region. They are of practical significance and can be used to guide the management of regional water security and a sustainable development of the economy therein. At the same time, the results demonstrate that grey associative analysis provides a new method for assessing water security     

Application of the moist vorticity vector in the analysis of a heavy rainfall event in North China

The moist vorticity vector (MVV), defined as (ζa×▽qv)/ρ introduced by Gao et al. is used to study a heavy rainfall event in North China. The MVV has zonal, meridional and vertical components in a three-dimensional framework. Analysis of domain-mean and mass-integrated quantities shows that the variation of the vertical component of the MVV closely follows the variation of the cloud hydrometeors, with a linear correlation coefficient of 0.95, indicating that the vertical component of the MVV is strongly associated with midlatitude convection. Further analysis shows that the vertical component of the MVV reflects the interaction between the horizontal vorticity and the horizontal specific humidity gradient, which can associate dynamic and thermodynamic processes with cloud microphysical processes. Thus, this study can help to understand how the interaction between circulations and clouds aids the development of convection, and the MVV can be used to trace the development and evolution of heavy rainfall.     

Structure and Properties of Medical Hollow Palm Sheath Fibril

The palm trunk fiber bundles were treated with glacial acetic acid solution and H2 02 to get the palm sheath fibril hardly with any lignin or hemi-cdlulose. The morphological, aggregation structure and moisture regain, water absorption; anti-bacterlal properties of palm sheath fibril were tested and analyzed. The results showed that the average length of palm sheath fibril was （643.6 ± 192.4 ） pro, while average diameter was （ 10.3 ± 1.9 ） pma. A lumen existed in the cross section of each natural fibril, and the average hollowness of fibril reached （47.1 ± 11.1 ） %. Fibril was mainly constituted by cellulose I which gibed palm fibril a good hygroscopieity and the degree of crystalfization was 62.3 %. The moisture regain of palm sheath fibril was about 12.1% while water absorption was 10. 68 g/g suitable for medical packing. Fibril antibacterial against staphylococcus aurous was 84.3 %, and against escherichia coli was 73.3 %. Palm sheath fibril can be used as a natural fiber material for nonwoven medical use.     

A Deep Web Query Interfaces Classification Method Based on RBF Neural Network

This paper proposes a new approach for classification for query interfaces of Deep Web, which extracts features from the form＇s text data on the query interfaces, assisted with the synonym library, and uses radial basic function neural network （RBFNN） algorithm to classify the query interfaces. The applied RBFNN is a kind of effective feed-forward artificial neural network, which has a simple networking structure but features with strength of excellent nonlinear approximation, fast convergence and global convergence. A TEL_8 query interfaces＇ data set from UIUC on-line database is used in our experiments, which consists of 477 query interfaces in 8 typical domains. Experimental results proved that the proposed approach can efficiently classify the query interfaces with an accuracy of 95.67%.     

A New Sample-Selection and Modeling Method Based on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy and Its Industrial Application

Near-infrared （NIR） spectroscopy has been widely employed as a process analytical tool （PAT） in various fields; the most important reason for the use of this method is its ability to record spectra in real time to capture process properties. In quantitative online applications, the robustness of the established NIR model is often deteriorated by process condition variations, nonlinear of the properties or the high-dimensional of the NIR data set. To cope with such situation, a novel method based on principal component analysis （PCA） and artificial neural network （ANN） is proposed and a new sample-selection method is mentioned. The advantage of the presented approach is that it can select proper calibration samples and establish robust model effectively. The performance of the method was tested on a spectroscopic data set from a refinery process. Compared with traditional partial leastsquares （PLS） , principal component regression （PCR） and several other modeling methods, the proposed approach was found to achieve good accuracy in the prediction of gasoline properties. An application of the proposed method is also reported.     

Joint multi-user space time block coding and beamforming via convolutional weighting

A convolutional weighting （CW） scheme applied to a half-wavelength spacing array was proposed for multi-user system to joint STBC （space time block ceding） and beam forming （BF）. The transmitting beam is equivalent to the product of two sub-beams. One is used to realize interference suppression, while the other is employed to form a couple of uncorrelated channels from base station （BS） to the desited user （to meet the requirement of STBC） and to maximize SINR （signal-to-interference-plus noise ratio） at the desired receiver. As an optimum combination of STBC and beam forming, the proposed scheme can achieve both full diversity order of STBC and array gain of BF. Meanwhile, it can also effec- tively restrain multi-user interference by nulling. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the BER （Bit Error Rate） performance and enhance system capacity as compared with the conventional eigen-beamforming （EBF） technique applied to a half-wavelength spacing array.     

Conformations and adsorption behavior of poly（allylamine hydrochloride） studied by single molecule force spectroscopy

Poly（allylamine hydrochloride） （PAH）, which is frequently used in fabricating polyelectrolyte multilayer films, was studied by single molecule force spectroscopy （SMFS）. Plenty of force-extension curves with a long plateau were obtained in water, indicating that train-like structure was predominant when PAH was adsorbed on the substrate. It was found that the peak-type force-extension curves of PAH in water were not able to be fitted by the modified freely-jointed chain model. Additionally, there was a flat region in the derivative of force-extension curves. Thus, it was inferred that PAH chain in water was in a special conformation and underwent a ＂conformational transition＂ under the stretching of an external force. This phenomenon did not appear in the SMFS experiment in 1 mol/L urea solution, which indicated that urea was able to break the special conformation.     

Simulation study on factors influencing the entrainment behavior of liquid steel as bubbles pass through the steel/slag interface

In this study, a water/silicone oil interface was used to simulate the steel/slag interface in a converter. A high-speed camera was used to record the entrainment process of droplets when air bubbles were passed through the water/silicone oil interface. Motion parameters of the bubbles and droplets were obtained using particle kinematic analysis software, and the entrainment rate of the droplets was calculated. It was found that the entrainment rate decreased from 29.5% to 0 when the viscosity of the silicone oil was increased from 60 mPa·s to 820 mPa·s in the case of bubbles with a 5 mm equivalent diameter passing through the water/silicone oil interface. The results indicate that increasing the viscosity of the silicone oil is conducive to reducing the entrainment rate. The entrainment rate increased from 0 to 136.3% in the case of silicone oil with a viscosity of 60 mPa·s when the equivalent diameter of the bubbles was increased from 3 mm to 7 mm. We therefore conclude that small bubbles are also conductive to reducing the entrainment rate. The force analysis results for the water column indicate that the entrainment rate of droplets is affected by the velocity of the bubble passing through the water/silicone oil interface and that the entrainment rate decreases with the bubble velocity.     

Numerical Simulations of the Transparency of Waterfront Bodies

Measured field data was used to analyze the factors which influence the transparency of the Nei River and to develop a multi-factor correlation for the transparency. A 2-D unsteady model which coupled analyses of the water flow, water quality, suspended sediments, and Chl-a was developed to simulate the changes in the transparency for various conditions. The model was then used to forecast the transparency of the Nei River. The suspended sediment concentration （SSC） was found to be the most important factor influencing the transparency, with high concentrations of CODMn and Chl-a also reducing the transparency to some extent. The transparency model is stable and precise, with relative errors between measured and calculated values of less than 15%. With the environmental scheduling schemes, the Nei River transparency can be significantly improved with a mean transparency in high-water years of 69.3 cm, normal-water years of 70.8 cm, and low-water years of 69.8 cm.     

Fabrication and characterization of a PAM modified PHBV/BG scaffold

In order to improve the bioactivity and mechanical strength of the scaffold used in bone repair simultaneously, a novel porous PAM-poly （β-hydroxybutyrate-co-β-hydroxyvalerate） （PHBV）/bioactive glass （BG） scaffold was prepared by photo-initiated polymerization. PAM was used to improve the hydrophilicity of PHBV matrix while the BG particles were added to increase the bioactivity and strength of the matrix synchronously. The grafted amide group and Si-O moieties from acrylamide and the added BG were confirmed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry （FTIR）. The micromorphology of the scaffolds before and after grafting was observed by scanning electron microscopy （SEM）. The resulting images demonstrate that the PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold has a well connected pore structure and appropriate pore size which may be convenient for cells to grow and discharge metabolites. The specific gravity method was used to evaluate the pore property of the scaffold and the result shows that the scaffold has an average porosity up to 82.0%. Mercury intrusion porosimetry （MIP） indicated that the pores of PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold were mainly distributed between 75 and 150 μm. The compressive strength test was adopted to evaluate the mechanical property of the scaffold. The result shows that the PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold has a relatively high compressive strength （0.91 MPa） when compared with the pure PHBV scaffold. Besides, the properties of the pure PHBV scaffold, PHBV/BG scaffold were also evaluated. The newly prepared PAM-PHBV/BG scaffold may be worthy of further studying as a bone repair material.     

Study on the sex-related AFLP marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise

The sex-related molecular marker of the Yangtze finless porpoise was screened using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism （AFLP） technique combined with the bulked segregant analysis. Totally 36 AFLP primer combinations were used to detect the genome DNA bulks of the female and male porpoises, and one sex-related AFLP marker was finally obtained. The marker can be applied to sex identification, and provides a base for further cloning of sex-related genes and analyzing of Y chromosome haplotypes of the Yangtze finless porpoise.     

Variations of optic properties of water under action of static magnetic field

Effects of static magnetic field on optic properties of water are investigated by infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. The ultraviolet spectroscopy experiments show the changes of properties of water under action of static magnetic field, in the region of 191 to 400 nm. The infrared experiment shows that the water exposed in a magnetic field had saturation and memory effects. The magnetized effects increased with increasing exposed time, but were weakened with increasing of time when the magnetic field was removed. In the X-ray experiment, the strength of diffraction increased also, after the water was exposed in magnetic field. Meanwhile, the shift of peak and increase of strength of X-ray diffraction of magnetized water added with nanoFe3O4 occurred as compared with that of pure water added with nano Fe3O4. This result suggests that the magnetized wa- ter has certain magnetism. Finally, these phenomena are simply explained by the molecular structure of water and the theory of magnetization of water.     

A new model for the grid size optimization of the finite element method --Based on its application to the water quality modeling of the topographically complicated river

The finite element method is one of the typical methods that are used for numerical water quality modeling of the topographically complicated river. In this paper, based on the principle of probability theory the probability density of pollutants is introduced. A new model for the grid size optimization based on the finite element method is developed with the incorporation of the maximum information entropy theory when the length of the grid is given. Combined with the experiential evaluation approach of the flow discharge per unit river width, this model can be used to determine the grid size of the finite element method applied to water quality modeling of the topographically complicated river when the velocity field of the river is not given. The calculating results of the application of the model to an ideal river testified the correctness of the model. In a practical case-the application of the model to the Xingjian River (the Hengyang section of the Xiangjiang River), the optimized width of the grid of the finite element method was gained and the influence of parameters was studied, which demonstrated that the model reflected the real situation of the pollutants in the river, and that the model had many excellent characteristics such as stabilization, credibility and high applicability in practical applications.     

Application of Grey Associative Analysis to the Assessment of Regional Water Security

The assessment of water security is an important content in the security management of water resources due to the fact that the state of water security directly affects both the sustainable development of regional economy and the improvement on the living quality of mankind．Grey associative analysis is introduced and applied to assessment of water security on the basis of grey characteristics of the assessment index system of water security．As a case study shows,grey associative analysis is used for evaluating water security of some provinces in China,and the satisfactory assessment results are obtained．The sequence of provinces in China with regard to water security from good to poor is obtained and,moreover,the water security level of each region is also confirmed．The results obtained accord with the actual state of each region．They are of practical significance and can be used to guide the management of regional water security and a sustainable development of the economy therein．At the same time,the results demonstrate that grey associative analysis provides a new method for assessing water security quantitatively but needs a further study．     

Determination of methylmercury in the tuna tissue by High performance liquid chromatography with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry

This study mainly applied one kind of technologies to determine the methylmercury in the tuna tissue with high performance liquid chromagraphy-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.We choosed the optimum conditions including that the mobile phase was water with 5% methanol,2-mercaptoethanol,0.06mol/Lammonium acetate and pH6.8.The sample amount was 100uL and the flow rate was 0.4mL/min.The optimum checking conditions is that R.F power was 1500W,integral time was 0.3s sampling depth was 8.0mm,velocity of carrier gas was 0.75L/min and velocity of auxiliary gas was 0.40L/min.In this conditions,the calibration curve was linear when the concentrations od methylinercury was in the range of 0-4ug/mL （r=0.9996）,the detection limit can achieve 9ng/L ,R.SD is 8.2%,and the addition recovery is 75%-97%.The results show this method is simple,rapid and sensitive and can be used for the daily analysis of tuna samples.     

Prostate cancer targeted MRI nanoprobe based on superparamagnetic iron oxide and copolymer of poly（ethylene glycol） and polyethyleneimin

Methoxyl poly （ethylene glycol） （mPEG-OH） was successfully grafted onto branched polyethyleneimine （hy-PEI） to yield a water soluble graft copolymer mPEG-g-PEI. This copolymer may package superparamagnetic iron oxide （SPIO） by ligand exchange. The SPIO weight percentage in the polymer coated nanoparticles was determined to be 55%, the size and zeta potential of nanoparticles was 50 nm and 12 mV respectively. Antibody fixation onto the complex （mPEI-g-PEG-SPIO） surface layer was achieved by activated single chain monoclonal antibody against prostate stem cell antigen （PSCA）. Our study showed that the single chain antibody functionalized nanoprobe （scAbpscA-PEI-g-PEG-SPIO） with a small size can specifically enter the prostate cancer cells, decreasing MRI T2-weighted signal intensity of prostate cancer cells to 44.76%, Our results revealed that the potential of this magnetic nanoparticulate system promised as a novel MRI nanoprobe for early diagnosis of prostate cancer （PCa）.