Phase transition, structure and shape memory effect of Ni47Ti43Hf10 alloy

A Ni47Ti43Hf10 high temperature shape memory alloy is fabricated. The martensitic transformation temperature (TT) is obtained by differential scanning calorimetry and four-probe electrical resistivity measurements. The effect of thermal cycling is investigated and it is found that the TT tends to be stable quickly, which is of benefit to practical applications. The martensite structure is determined to be B19′ monoclinic by X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. One-way and two-way (which is seldom reported before) shape memory properties are studied by tensile and bending tests. The cycling number of two-way shape memory effect is tested for more than 20000 times.     

Forming mechanism of refined granular crystalline of Cu70Ni30 alloy by undercooled solidification

Moth glass fluxing and cyclic superheating techniques were adopted to effectively uudercool the Cu₇₀Ni₃₀ alloy in vacuum. Within the undercooling range of 21 K to 270 K, the microstructure evolution ol the alloy was investigated. When the inell was undercooled to △T > △T', (210 K) , the grain refinement took place abruptly, liascd on the observation of the solidified microstructure, the rnierocheinieal-analysis and the calculated results with UCT model, it is found that the secondary grain refinement mechanism consists of two stages. The dendrite is, firstly, broken into hag-ments owing to the stress caused by uneven shrinking during rapid solidilication, then the fragments, under the driving force of surface and strain energies, merge through the migration of l>ouinlaries, i. c. recryslallization, thus leading to the formation of secondary granular-crystalline .     

Site preference of ternary additions in Ni3Al

The substitution behavior of ternary additions in Ni3Al is systematically studied using interatomic potentials. The pair potentials between identical and distinct atoms are obtained via strict lattice inversion based on the first-principle cohesive energy curves. Taking long-range interaction into account, the quantitative calculations for the alloys containing various amounts of alloying elements are made by utilizing a relaxed sample averaging method. The relative magnitudes of cohesive energy corresponding to different configurations are used. The calculated results are in good agreement with the results of experiments. Finally, some predictions are made for the substitution behavior of certain alloying elements and some elements in the region of surface and interface that have not been previously studied.     

尖晶石型Li4Ti5O12的合成及其性能

采用高温固相法、溶胶-凝胶法和热聚合法制备锂离子电池负极材料Li₄Ti₅O_12.通过X-射线衍射、扫描电镜显微镜、电化学阻抗和恒流充放电表征产物的结构、形貌及电化学性能.3种方法制备的Li₄Ti₅O₁₂均为尖晶石结构,用高温固相法所得的粉体颗粒较大,而用溶胶-凝胶法所得粉体颗粒最小,其平均粒度在200~350 nm范围内,表现出较好的电化学性能;溶胶-凝胶法制备的样品粉末在0.2 C倍率下首次放电容量为174.5 mAh/g,经过25次循环后容量衰减仅5.7%.     

Cu/Ni3Ti原位复合材料的显微组织和力学性能

通过真空电弧熔炼法制备了Cu/Ni₃Ti原位复合材料。采用X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、显微硬度计和纳米压痕仪分别测试了Cu/Ni₃Ti原位复合材料的相组成、微观组织形貌、显微硬度和弹性模量。结果显示,Ni₃Ti相在铜基体中呈针状分布,且铸锭边缘与心部平均晶粒直径分别约为1.74和249 μm。Cu/Ni₃Ti原位复合材料在时效温度为550℃时的强化效果最佳,此时铜基体与Ni₃Ti相的显微硬度最大值分别达到了174和209。在热处理后,Ni₃Ti相的最大硬度和弹性模量分别达到10.5 GPa和249.7 GPa,远高于Cu基体,Ni₃Ti相是一种理想的增强相。     

聚苯胺/钛酸纳米复合材料的合成及其电化学和可见光催化性能的研究与应用

聚苯胺(PANI)/钛酸(H_2Ti_4O_9)层状纳米复合材料以苯胺(ANI)/H_2Ti_4O_9为前驱体,通过原位聚合的方法合成。复合材料的合成过程、形貌和结构通过XRD、SEM、IR和TGA/DSC表征手段进行研究。苯胺以单层且苯环垂直于层板的方式排列在H_2Ti_4O_9层间,聚合后的聚苯胺分子以单层方式排列在层间。PANI/H_2Ti_4O_9复合材料具有优异的热稳定性、氧化还原活性以及可见光催化降解亚甲基蓝活性,在电化学传感器和污水处理方面具有潜在的应用前景。     

Influence of nickel and copper on liquid structure of CuAINi shape memory alloys

Liquid structure of molten pure Cu, Cu-12Al, Cu-12Al-4Ni (mass fraction, %) alloys has been investigated using the X-ray diffraction method. It is found that the main peak of the structure factor of pure Cu is symmetrical. In the front of main peak, the curve takes on a shape of parabola, whereas a distinct pre-peak has been found around a scattering vector magnitude of 18.5 nm^-1 in the structure factor of the liquid Cu-12Al alloy. This pre-peak increases its intensity with the addition of Ni in the liquid Cu-12Al-4Ni alloy. The appearance of a pre-peak is a mark of the mediate-range order. Based on Daken-Gurry theory and according to mutual interaction between unlike atoms, the analysis of correlation between different composition and liquid structure was done: the strong interaction exists between Cu and Ni, so Cu-Al can form strong chemical bond which causes compound-forming behavior. Therefore, the medium-range size clusters can form in melt. The presence of the pre-peak corresponds to these clusters. The addition of Ni can strengthen the interaction between unlike atoms and increase the sizes of clusters, thus result in the height of pre-peak increasing.     

粒度对TiO2冲击相变的影响

采用高爆炸药爆轰驱动飞片撞击处理TiO₂和铜粉混合压装块体,前体选用60 nm和1.5 μm的金红石相二氧化钛（Rutile）,研究粒度对于冲击相变的影响.利用X射线衍射仪,拉曼光谱,SEM对回收产物进行表征.结果表明,在50 GPa,2 000 K的冲击条件下,两种粒度都发生了金红石相向Srilankite高压相的相变,微米级高压相转化率高达93%,SEM显示为0.5~2.0 μm的椭球形颗粒,高于纳米级转化率45%,证实了二氧化钛冲击相变过程中,粒度越大,越有利于高压相的暴露和截留.     

Heusler合金Fe_2VAl的晶体结构与热电性能研究

采用真空电弧熔炼和放电等离子烧结技术制备了Full-Heusler合金Fe_2VAl,利用XRD、XPS对合金的物相结构与成分进行表征,在300～800K温度区间内测试了合金的Seebeck系数、电阻率、热导率等热电参数,并将实验结果与基于L2_1有序结构Fe_2VAl合金的模拟计算值进行了比较。结果表明,实验所制的合金样品中Fe、Al、V原子比接近于2∶1∶1,基本满足Fe_2VAl合金的成分配比;结合XRD衍射谱及10K下合金的饱和磁矩可知,所制合金样品中除了完全有序的L2_1结构相外,还存在部分的B2相。另一方面,基于热电性能测试结果可知,所制Fe_2VAl合金表现出典型的n型半导体特性,其Seebeck系数和电阻率随着温度的升高而降低,这与利用VASP和BoltzTraP软件包结合计算得到的L2_1结构Fe_2VAl合金的热电参数随温度(300～800K)的变化趋势相符合;合金的热导率随着温度的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势,在500K附近具有极小值,而无量纲参数热电优值ZT在500K附近达到最大值,约为0.052。     

Magnetoelectric and converse magnetoelectric res ponses in TbxDy1-xFe2-y alloy ＆ Pb（Mg1/3Nb2/3）（1-x）TixO3 crystal laminated composites

Measured results of magnetoelectric （ME） and converse magnetoelectric （CME） effects of TbxDy1-xFe2-y/ Pb（Mg1/3Nb2/3）（1-x）TixO3/TbxDy1-xFe2-y （TD/PMNT/TD） and PMNT/TD/PMNT laminated composites are presented. ME effect was determined by measuring laminate voltage output under a Helmholtz-generated AC field biased by a DC field （0-1 kOe） （1Oe = 79.58 A/m）. The CME effect was measured by recording the voltage induced in a solenoid encompassing the ME sample while exposed to a DC bias field and PMNT layer driven by a 10 V AC source. The ME and CME responses in the two laminated structure are linear. The highest values of ME coefficients in TD/PMNT/TD and PMNT/TD/PMNT composites are 384 mV/Oe and 158 mV/Oe, respectively, while the highest values of CME coefficients in the two composites are 118 mG/V and 162 mG/V （1 G=10^-4 T）, respectively.     

济南市春季大气中PM2.5、PM10颗粒物分布状态及元素分析

采用扫描电镜和能谱仪对济南市区春季大气中PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)颗粒物的显微形貌、粒径分布和化学元素进行连续30 d全天候研究,对大气颗粒物的粒径与数量进行统计回归分析,绘制相应粒径变化柱状图。依据检出的元素来推断大气颗粒物化学组成和来源,提出控制大气颗粒物PM2.5、PM10污染的有效对策。实验结果显示,大气颗粒物显微形态有球状、片状、棒状等不同形状且主要集中于0～1.0μm和1.0～2.5μm粒径范围,检出C、O、Cl、Si、Ca、K、Na、Mg、Al、Fe、S等多种化学元素,大多以矿物质氧化物、硫酸盐、硅铝酸盐等形式存在,主要来源于土壤尘、风沙尘、燃煤飞灰等。该方法简单、快速、科学,值得进一步推广应用。     

Characterization of PM2.5/PM2.5-10 and source tracking in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing

Coarse （PM2.5-10） and fine （PM2.5） atmospheric particulate samples were collected in summer and winter during 2005-2007 in the juncture belt between urban and rural areas of Beijing. Elements, ions, organic/elemental carbon （OC/EC） and polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） were determined to obtain some latest information about the particulate pollution in the juncture belt of Beijing. Particulate matter levels at this site were high as compared with the levels at other sampling sites in Beijing. Pollution elements, secondary ions and PAHs were enriched in fine particles rather than in coarse particles. An obvious seasonal variation of the chemical composition of PM was observed. Source apportionment results showed that secondary components were the largest mass contributor of PM2.5, accounting for 28%; whereas soil-related sources were the largest contributor of PM2.5-10, explaining about 49% of the total mass. The abnormal levels of soil heavy metals at the electronic waste disassembly site in the upwind villages suggested the potential impact of such activities to the environment.     

Effect of La2O3 on microstructure, mechanical and tribological properties of Ni-W coatings

In this paper, a Ni-W-La2O3 composite coating was prepared by the electrodeposition method. Microhardness tester and environmental scanning electron microscope equipped energy dispersive spectroscopy were employed to investigate the microhardness and the surface morphology of the composite coatings respectively, and the high temperature friction behavior and corrosion resistance of the coatings against molten glass were investigated by using a high temperature tribometer. The results show that La2O3 can refine the microstructure effectively, and make the element distribution uniform, which leads to the increase of average microhardness. La2O3 particulates can reduce the friction coefficient between the composite coating and glass during the sliding process at about 973 K largely, and the corrosion resistance of the La2O3 added Ni-W coatings is effectively improved compared with that of the non-added one, furthermore the mechanism of friction-reducing and anti-corrosion is also discussed.     

具有介孔结构的锐钛矿型C,Co-MTiO2抗菌性能研究

为了开发不需要人造光源激发,只需要微弱室内光线且改性离子不易泄漏的新型无机抗菌材料,以钛酸异丙酯为钛源,表面活性剂十二胺为模板剂,通过水热合成和超声波联用技术,合成了非金属元素C和金属元素Co共掺杂的具有介孔结构的锐钛矿型二氧化钛(C,Co-MTiO2).用N2等温吸附-解吸附、X-射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)和X-射线光电子能谱(XPS)对材料进行了表征,结果表明,该材料为热稳定性好,比表面积高,具有较大介孔孔径的锐钛矿型TiO2.在无人造光源激发的室内环境中,进行了材料的抗菌性能以及细菌吸附研究,结果表明这种材料在该环境中对大肠杆菌(E.colli)有很好的抑制作用和吸附作用,比Co-MTiO2的抑菌活性提高了20%,具有很好的应用前景.     

添加Y_2O_3对铝镁质干式捣打料微观组织和性能的影响

以电熔白刚玉、电熔镁砂、活性氧化铝为主要原料,以Y_2O_3为添加剂,分别在1300、1400、1500、1600℃温度下保温3h制备铝镁质干式捣打料。研究在不同煅烧温度下添加Y_2O_3对铝镁质干式捣打料物相组成、显微结构、烧结性能、力学性能的影响。研究结果表明,适量Y_2O_3的引入能促进尖晶石材料的烧结,当温度低于1400℃时,Y_2O_3与Al_2O_3通过固相反应形成亚稳相的YAlO3(YAP),随着温度的上升,YAP逐渐被Y3Al5O12(YAG)所取代,其中,Y3+在高温下易固溶到尖晶石晶格内,促进其晶界迁移和晶粒长大,使材料的致密度得到明显提高;在1600℃保温3h的热处理条件下,添加0.5%~1.0%Y2O3所制铝镁质干式捣打料具有较好的烧结性能和力学性能,其中,添加1.0%Y_2O_3所制材料的线变化率约为2.7%、显气孔率为26%、体积密度为2.8g·cm-3、常温耐压强度约为15.4 MPa、高温抗折强度达3.8 MPa。     

超临界CO2对无烟煤孔隙结构影响的实验研究

通过实验室自主研发的超临界CO_2高压加压装置,对临涣矿区的无烟煤进行处理,获得对比煤样。采用压汞法测试了超临界CO_2处理前后煤孔隙的变化情况,获得了处理前后无烟煤孔隙结构的关键参数;同时对进退汞曲线进行分析,进而研究了孔径分布的变化规律。研究结果表明:超临界CO_2处理后的无烟煤在微孔阶段(3~10 nm)多峰现象明显减少,孔隙分布更加连续,大孔阶段(≥1 000 nm)的进汞量明显高于处理前的曲线,大孔和可见孔数量增多。无烟煤的孔隙度和总孔容在处理后增幅达到0.2336%和6.4%;超临界CO_2在一定程度上促进了无烟煤的渗流孔的发育,抑制了吸附孔的发育。