Boundary velocity slip of pressure driven liquid flow in a micron pipe

The velocity slip of gas flow in a micron channel has been widely recognized.For pressure driven liquid flow in a macro pipe,theminute velocity slip at the wall boundary is usually neglected.With a decreasing scale in the cross section of the flow passage,the effect of velocity slip on flow and heat transfer behaviors becomes progressively more noticeable.Based on the three Hamaker homogeneous material hypotheses,the method for calculating the acting force between the solid and liquid molecular groups is established.By analyzing the forces exerted on the liquid group near the pipe wall,it is found that the active force arising from the rough solid wall can provide the component force to resist the shearing force and keep the liquid group immobile.Based on this a velocity slip criterion is proposed.Considering the force balance of a slipping liquid group,the frictional force caused by the solid wall can be obtained and then the velocity of the liquid group can be calculated using the derived coefficient of friction.The investigation reveals that,in a micron pipe,a small velocity slip may occur when the flow pressure gradient is relatively large,and will cause errors in the pipe flow estimates.     

Some effects of interface on fluid flow and heat transfer on micro- and nanoscale

The interfacial effects on flow and heat transfer on micro/nano scale are discussed in this paper. Different from bulk cases where interfaces can be simply treated as a boundary, the interfacial effects are not limited to the interface on a microscale but could extend into a significant, even the whole domain of the flow and heat transfer field when the characteristic size of the domain is close to the mean free path （MFP） of the carriers inside an object. Most of microscale thermal phenomena result from interfacial interactions. Any changes in the interactions between the object and boundary particles, such as the force between fluid and solid wall particles, microstructure of interfaces, could affect thermal properties, flow and heat transfer characteristics and hence change thermal conductivity, velocity and temperature profiles, friction coefficient and thermal radiative properties, etc. The properties of nanostructure or flow and heat transfer features of fluid in micro/nanostructures not only depend on themselves, but also on the interaction with the interface because the interface impact can go deep inside the flow. The same fluid, same channel geometry but different wall materials could have different flow and heat transport characteristics on microscale.     

Constructal optimization on T-shaped cavity based on entransy dissipation minimization

The entransy dissipation extremum principle provides new warranty and criterion for optimization of heat transfer. For a heat transfer model of a rectangular solid wall with an open T-shaped cavity, a dimensionless equivalent thermal resistance based on entransy dissipation is taken as optimization objective, and constructal optimization for the model is carried out when the system volume, the cavity volume and the volume of rectangle occupied by T-shaped cavity are fixed. Numerical results indicate that the optimal geometry construct of cavity can be schemed out based on entransy dissipation extremum principle. The formulation of dimensionless global （maximum） thermal resistance presented in a literature is modified; some new rules which are different from those reported in the literature are obtained based on the minimization of the modified objective. Comparisons of the numerical results show that the optimal system constructs deduced respectively from the two thermal resistance objectives are very different. The optimization by taking equivalent thermal resistance minimization as objective can more effectively reduce mean temperature difference of heat transfer than the optimization by taking maximum thermal resistance minimization as objective, so that the performance of heat transfer for the total system can be improved. The more freedom the cavity has, the better the total system performance is. The correlations of the equivalent thermal resistance and the maximum thermal resistance of the system and three geometric degrees of freedom are found by using function fitting.     

A mathematical model for optimized operation and control in a CDQ-Boiler system

Based on analyzing the thermal process of a CDQ (coke dry quenching)-Boiler system, the mathematical model for optimized operation and control in the CDQ-Boiler system was developed. It includes a mathematical model for heat transferring process in the CDQ unit, a mathematical model for heat transferring process in the boiler and a combustion model for circulating gas in the CDQ-Boiler system. The model was verified by field data, then a series of simulations under several typical operating conditions of CDQ-Boiler were carried on, and in turn, the online relation formulas between the productivity and the optimal circulating gas, and the one between the productivity and the optimal second air, were achieved respectively. These relation equations have been successfully used in a CDQ-Boiler computer control system in the Baosteel, to realize online optimized guide and control, and meanwhile high efficiency in the CDQ-Boiler system has been achieved.     

Numerical Analysis of Frictional Heat-Stress Coupled Field at Dynamic Contact

A new analysis method was developed to simulate the dynamic process of a frictional heatstress coupled field. The relationship between the frictional heat and the thermal stress was investigated for concave cylinder contact conditions. The results show that, as a nonlinear contact problem, the frictional heat at the contact areas changes with moving velocity in both value and distribution, and that the transient frictional heat at the dynamic condition has a peak within a cycle. The dynamic process of friction heat and thermal stresses affects diffusion of the frictional effects. The result can be helpful for dynamic simulation of diffusion lubrication of elements at elevated temperatures.     

Some Remarks on the Degree of Crystallinity Measured on DSC

A modified mathematical model based on the melting and recrystallization of an initial distribution of melting temperatures predicts the melting behavior of polymer in differential scanning calorimetry ( DSC ) , taking into account of changes in heat of fusion with melting temperature of crystal and average heat capacity of sample. It has been used to analytically prove that the crystallinity measured on a DSC diagram could not be equal to the weight percentage of crystalline state in the initial specimen. The deviation of the measured crystallinity, as observed relevant to the melting and recrystallization processes, is caused by the changes of the heat of fusion with the melting temperature of crystals, as well as the difference of heat capacities of liquid and solid state polymer. Furthermore, upper and lower limits of the deviation have been discussed.     

Mathematical model for the thermal process of controlled cooling of wires and its numerical simulation

The mathematical model for the thermal process of billets rolling has been established, including transporting in air and temperature-holding cover, descaling with high-pressure water, and the process of rolling and cooling in water box. The calculated data by the model have been compared with the measured data and the results show that the model is right and creditable. Based on the model, the main thermal characters of rolling line have been simulated and the influence of all the parameters on the temperature of rolling has been analyzed.     

The effect of phase transition on the compressional wave velocity for a trachybasalt at high temperature and high pressure

Compressional wave velocities in a trachybasalt, from Yichuan County, Henan Province, have been measured at 2.0 GPa and up to 1 350℃ in a YJ-3000 t cubic-anvil high-pressure apparatus. The run products have been gained at the same pressure but different temperatures, the observation of the thin sections of the run products indicates that, corresponding to the variation of the compressional wave velocity in the trachybasalt, the phase transition has taken place. The relationship between the change of the compressional wave velocity and the hydrous mineral dehydration, solid-solid phase transformation and partial melting has been discussed. The experimental data presented here are of great importance to elucidating the geological process in the earth's interior.     

Analysis of switching conditions of chalcogenide alloys during crystallization

To understand the principle and limitation of chalcogenide alloy Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST) in solid-state memory devices during crystallization,it was necessary to develop a physically realistic model that could reflect the electrical and thermal properties of these media. A novel comprehensive numerical model has been developed for simulating these memory devices,which describes the electrical and thermal behavior using the solution of the nonlinear,time-dependent electrical and heat conduction equation. The fi-nite-difference-time-domain technique was adopted to compute the electrical field and heat distribution in the device. Several con-tributing factors that affect the crystallization switching process such as the geometry of the GST layer,temperature and electric field dependency of the electrical conductivity have been discussed. The results of the simulations were then used to provide critical guidelines for fabrication and optimization of the device performance.     

苯二元混合液中的超声速度计算

Ultrasonic velocity and density have been used to study the behaviour of a number of binary liquid mixtures by several workers. In this communication ultrasonic velocities in binary liquid mixtures of benzene have been calculated. The results have been compared with experimental values and good agreement has been found. Sound velocity C, molar volume V and excees molar volume V~E were obtained from the expressions     

Generalized thermal resistance for convective heat transfer and its relation to entransy dissipation

In order to further analyze and optimize convective heat transfer process further, the concepts of heat flux weighted average heat temperature and heat flux weighted average heat temperature difference in multi-dimensional heat transfer system were introduced in this paper. The ratio of temperature differ- ence to heat flux is defined as the generalized thermal resistance of convective heat transfer processes, and then the minimum thermal resistance theory for convective heat transfer optimization was devel- oped. By analyzing the relationship between generalized thermal resistance and entansy dissipation in convective heat transfer processes, it can be concluded that the minimum thermal resistance theory equals the entransy dissipation extremum theory. Finally, a two-dimensional convective heat transfer process with constant wall temperature is taken as an example to illustrate the applicability of generalized thermal resistance to convective heat transfer process analysis and optimization.     

Numerical analysis of the two-phase pressure drop and liquid distribution in single-screw expander prototype

In this paper, the numerical simulations have been carried out to evaluate the two-phase pressure drop and liquid distribution in screw channel. The numerical models are validated against the present experimental data with statistical accuracy. The effects of pitch circle diameter （PCD）, inlet velocity and inlet sectional liquid holdup on the pressure drop and liquid distribution characteristics in the screw channel are illustrated. It is found that decreasing the PCD and increasing the inlet sectional liquid holdup can increase the liquid holdup on the outer side in screw channel. The PCD and the inlet sectional liquid holdup need to be considered in evaluating the two-phase frictional pressure drop per unit length in the screw channel. The PCD has an effect on the development of the average pressure in the various cross sections, and the inlet sectional liquid holdup has no visible impact on the changing process of the pressure drop in the screw channel. The correlation developed predicts the two-phase frictional pressure drop in the screw channel with great statistical accuracy.     

Applications of membrane distillation technology in energy transformation process-basis and prospect

Membrane distillation technology is a new type of efficient separation technology that combines traditional distillation technology and membrane separation technology. In the study, applications of membrane distillation technology in thermal engineering and refrigerating engineering with typical energy transformation process were presented. Desorption and regeneration process of saline solution by vacuum membrane distillation was proposed on the basis of the concentration and separation properties of membrane distillation. Membrane distillation technology could be used in lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system, energy storage system, and the regeneration process of liquid desiccant solution in temperature-humidity independent control air-conditioning system. The aim of the applications was to use the low-grade energy such as waste heat, solar energy and geothermal energy adequately and to improve the available temperature difference of heat source. According to latent heat transfer and thermal conduction across the membrane in direct contact membrane distillation process, a novel membrane heat exchanger with both heat transfer and mass transfer processes was proposed. The heat exchanger could be used as the solution heat exchanger of lithium bromide absorption refrigeration system and as the special heat exchanger that recovered heat and pure water simultaneously. Some feasible process flows about the applications of membrane distillation technology to energy transformation process were listed and analyzed. Finally, future research emphases were indicated.     

Numerical Simulation and Experimental Studies of Air Treatment Process with Water Spray of One Row Parallel Flow

The main purpose of the present work is to make a further insight into the procedure of heat and mass transfer between water droplets sprayed and air stream in a direct evaporative air cooler used in air-conditioning system in textile mills. The thermodynamic models of the two-phase flow in such a air treatment system have been developed for one row parallel flow spray. The fields of temperature and relative humidity in spray chamber, as well as the trajectories of sprayed drops have been obtained by calculation. A series of experiment aiming at quantifying the system performance and its influence factors have been conducted. It indicates that the increases of air velocity and water/air ratio while the decrease of nozzle density are favorable. Finally, the comparison between numerical simulation and experimental results have been carried out. Good agreements have been found for outlet air temperature while a maximum error of 10% has been observed for air relative humidity.     

Modeling and optimization of rotary kiln treating EAF dust

Electric arc furnace (EAF) dust from steel industries is listed by the United Sates EPA as a hazardous waste under the regulations of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act due to the presence of lead, cadmium and chlorine. The disposal of the approximately 650000 t of EAF dust per year in the U.S. and Canada is an expensive and unresolved problem for the majority of steel companies. The Waelz process has been considered as the best process for treating the EAF dust. A process model, combined thermodynamic modeling with heat transfer calculations, has been developed to simulate the chemical reactions, mass and heat transfer and heat balance in the kiln. The injection of air into the slag and the temperature profile along the kiln have been modeled. The effect of (CaO+MgO)/SiO₂ on the solidus temperature of slag has also been predicted and discussed. Some optimized results have been presented.     

Healing of hydrogen-attacked cracks in split specimens with recovering heat treatment in vacuum

The healing mechanism of hydrogen-attacked cracks in low carbon steel and Cr-Mo steel and its influencing factors during the healing process were studied by recovering heat treatment of split specimens in vacuum. The result showed that crack pacing tums much smaller under the condition of pure heating, especially for crack tips. The healing effect is well related to the length of cracks with the shorter in priority. By the primary mechanism of thermal diffusion, iron and carbon atoms must diffuse at the high speed in steel to realize that plasticity deformation energy exceeds and overcomes surface tensile force energy. In addition, phase transformation and stress-stain relationship also have positive effects on the process.     

Study of space heating by dual-function solar collectors

A novel solar collector named dual-function solar collector （DFSC） has been proven feasible for sup-plying warm air for space heating in winter and hot water during none-heating season by theoretical and experimen-tal studies. While integrated with building, the DFSC becomes component of the envelope. Because complexly coupling of several heat transfer modes and subjecting to random weather condition, the thermal influence of DFSC on a building remains obscure. In order to investigate the effect of DFSC for passive and active heating, a demon- strating office building integrated with DFSC panels on the southern wall and roof has been built in Hefei, in the east region of China. A simulation project of the whole building system in winter was built by the software TRNSYS with the new component developed for DFSC and compiled into the TRNSYS library based on the validated theoretical method and experimental results from previous studies. The simulation results show that the energy supplied by the DFSC can meet the heating requirement at most of the time of a sunny day, except early morning. More than 30 % solar fraction can be provided during the whole heating season in Hefei, the value further increases to 59 % in a region of high solar irradiance, such as Lhasa. While active DFSC panels are operated to provide fresh warm air through ventilation system, the flow rate shows strong influence on the solar fraction of heating load. With appropriate operation scheme of the active DFSC, more energy savings and thermal comfort can be achieved.     

The electrical conductivity of H_2O at 0.21-4.18 GPa and 20 -350℃

The electrical conductivity of H2O in solid and liquid phases has been measured at 0.21-4.18 GPa and 20-350℃. The results indicate: ( i ) different phases of H2O in solid have different relations between electrical conductivity and temperature and pressure. The conductivity changes continuously with temperature, but discontinuously with the pressure between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which corresponds to the transforming pressure between ice (Ⅵ) and ice ( Ⅶ ) ; ( ii ) the con-ductivity of H2O in liquid all increases with temperature and pressure, but there are discontinuities at pressures between 0.57 and 0.9 GPa, and between 2.11 and 2.58 GPa, which are also consistent with the polymorph of ice (ice ( Ⅴ), ice (Ⅵ) and ice ( Ⅶ ) ) . This reflects that H2O in liquid at different pressures has quite different properties of electron chemistry. It is prob-ably the important reason that causes the layers with high electrical conductivity and low velocity in the earth's crust and upper mantle.     

Numerical study of flow pattern modulation in a vertical phase separation condenser tube

The passive phase separation concept was proposed to modulate flow patterns for heat transfer enhancement. By the flow pattern modulation, the gas tends to be near the wall and the liquid tends to be in the tube core. Experiment has been performed to verify the fresh idea and the flow pattern modulation mechanism was analyzed qualitatively. This paper focuses on the numerical simulation of the bubble dynamics for a single bubble in the vertical phase separation condenser tube to quantitatively explore the flow pattern mechanism, based on a multiscale grid system and the volume-of-fluid (VOF) method. It is found that: (1) the modulated liquid film thickness can be decreased by 70% compared to that in the bare tube region; (2) the modulated bubble traveling velocity can be doubled, causing the increased liquid velocity and velocity gradient in the annular region to weaken the fluid boundary layer; (3) the significantly increased bubble traveling velocity in the annular region promotes the mass and momentum exchange between the annular region and the core region, and yields the self-sustained pulsating flow in the core region. The above three factors are benefit for the performance improvement of the heat transfer facilities.     

Zonal method solution of radiative heat transfer in a one-dimensional long roller-hearth furnace in CSP

A radiative heat transfer mathematical model for a one-dimensional long furnace was set up in a through-type roller-hearth furnace (TTRHF) in compact strip production (CSP). To accurately predict the heat exchange in the furnace, modeling of the complex gas energy-balance equation in volume zones was considered, and the heat transfer model of heating slabs and wall lines was coupled with the radiative heat transfer model to identify the surface zonal temperature. With numerical simulation, the temperature fields of gas, slabs, and wall lines in the furnace under one typical working condition were carefully accounted and analyzed. The fundamental theory for analyzing the thermal process in TI'RI-IF was provided.